Oxymethylcrowned chromene: photoswitchable stoichiometry of metal ion complex and ion-responsive photochromism

Chromene derivatives bearing oxymethyl-12-crown-4 (1), -15-crown-5 (2), -18-crown-6 (3) ether moieties, and non-cyclic analogue (4) were synthesized, and their metal ion binding properties and photochromism were examined. NMR titration with alkali metal ions revealed that 1 formed a 1:2 complex (metal ion: ligand) with Na⁺, while Li⁺ afforded a 1:1 complex of 1. In cases of K⁺ and Rb⁺, the complexes were a mixture of 1:1 and 1:2 complexes, but the formation of 1:1 complex was observed again with Cs⁺. Under UV irradiation, however, the complex stoichiometry of 1 with all alkali metal ions was 1:1. As a comparison of NMR spectra between the Li⁺ and Na⁺ complexes of 1 indicated considerable upfield shift for the chromene moiety of the Na⁺ complex, π-π stacking of the chromene moiety seems to induce formation of the 1:2 complex. These results indicate that the chromene moiety is not only to show photochromism but also to induce aggregation to form the 1:2 complex resulted in switching of the complex stoichiometry by UV irradiation. The formation of 1:2 complex appeared only with 1 because flexibility of the crown moieties for 2 and 3 interfered the formation of 1:2 complex. Studies on photochromism in the presence of a metal ion demonstrated that the chromene derivatives bearing crown ether moieties show ion-responsive photochromism depending on the metal ion binding ability of their crown ether moieties.     

Two-photon photochromism of diarylethene dimer derivatives.

Photochromic diarylethene dimer derivatives with large two-photon absorption (TPA) cross-sections have been designed and synthesized. The derivatives have a D-pi-D structure in which indole rings are used as donor units (D) and 1,4-bis(ethynyl)benzene or 1,4-bis(ethenyl)benzene as a pi-conjugated chain unit (pi). Compound 5 a, which has oxazole rings as one of the aryl groups, showed a TPA cross-section of 23 GM at 820 nm and exhibited efficient two-photon photochromic reactivity.     

Synthesis and photochromism of polymer-bound phenoxyquinone derivatives

Acrylate- and styrene-derived polymers having pendant phenoxyquinones for photochromism were prepared by 2,2′-azoisobutyronitrile (AIBN)-initiated radical polymerization. Synthesis of the monomers were straightforward and the polymers were obtained in high yields in spite of the quinone moieties presented in the monomers, which usually can function as radical scavengers and/or catalysts poison. Photo-induced rearrangement from the “trans”-quinone forms to the “ana”-quinone forms readily occurred when the polymer films were irradiated with UV light.     

Iodine catalyzed synthesis of the chromene derivatives in one-pot

Iodine catalyzed one-pot reactions of salicylaldehyde and dimolecular 1 H-indene-1,3(2H)-dione,barbituric acids,4-hydroxycoumarin, or 4-hydroxy-6-methylpyran-2-one were performed and provided a rapid,convenient and general approach to synthesize the chromene derivatives.2-(11-Oxo-10,11-dihydroindeno[l,2-b]chromen-10-yl)-1H-indene-1,3(2H)-diones P1-P4 and 10-(4-hydroxy-6-methyl-2-oxo-2H-pyran-3-yl)-3-methylpyrano[4,3-6]chromen-1(10H)-ones P8-P9 were unprecedentedly prepared and structurally identified by NMR and Mass.The confirmation of structure by single crystal X-ray crystallography is reported for P3.     

Frequency dispersed transient absorption spectra of dissolved perylene: A case study using the density matrix version of the MCTDH method

A theoretical scheme is presented to calculate non-linear optical spectra of molecules in solution. Starting with electronic structure calculations of the ground and excited state, a subset of vibrational coordinates exhibiting the largest Huang–Rhys factors is assigned. It is used to set up a model Hamiltonian for density matrix multi configurational time-dependent Hartree (MCTDH) calculations. The expression derived for the dissipative part of the equation of motion goes beyond the earlier used Lindblad-form. In order to calculate the non-linear response the electric field strength is introduced into the density matrix equations used to directly determine the polarization. The whole scheme is applied to perylene as a reference case.     

3,6-和2,7-咔唑衍生物单光子和双光子吸收性质的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论B3LYP方法以及ZINDO/SDCI方法计算3,6-和2,7-咔唑衍生物的分子平衡几何结构、电子结构及单光子和双光子吸收性质.乙烯基吡啶取代基的位置影响分子的单光子和双光子吸收性质.与3,6-咔唑衍生物相比,2,7-咔唑衍生物的单光子吸收波长红移,振子强度增大;双光子吸收波长红移,双光子吸收截面增加.结果表明,2,7-咔唑衍生物是更好的双光子吸收材料.     

有机杂环分子的双光子吸收特性

利用少态模型和密度泛函理论计算了新近合成的三个具有有机杂环结构的苯并噻唑衍生物的非线性光学性质. 计算结果表明，随着有机分子的分子电子离域结构的增大，最大吸收峰红移.当共轭链较长时，共轭链的增长对增强分子双光子吸收截面的影响远大于吸电子基强度变化的影响.该类分子具有较好的双光子吸收特性.最后给出了三个分子的电荷转移过程.     

Unique photochromism of two solid-emissive boron difluoride-based diarylethenes with isomeric structures

Two solid-emissive boron difluoride-based diarylethenes with isomeric structures are synthesized and the boron-difluoride chromophores are one part of the photoisomerization units in both diarylethenes. These two diarylethenes show similar fluorescent properties in the solid state as in dilute chloroform solutions because intermolecular planar π-π interactions are significantly alleviated as verified by their X-ray single crystal structures. However, only one of these two diarylethenes exhibits typical reversible absorption and fluorescence changes upon UV or visible light irradiation, and their diverse response to light irradiation is investigated by X-ray single crystal analysis and also DFT calculation. The investigation presented here provides valuable insight into the designing and development of diarylethene-based fluorescent switches in the solid state.     

Basis set effects on the stability of the Cl2O3 isomers using B3P86 and B3LYP methods of density functional theory

Four Cl₂O₃ isomers have been calculated using density functional theory with B3P86 and B3LYP functionals and various basis sets. The energy hypersurfaces of Cl₂O₃ are very flat and the relative energies of the isomers which have hypervalent characters such as ClOCl(O)O and ClClO₃ are strongly dependent on the basis sets. The stability for Cl₂O₃ isomers are in the order of (1)ClOOOCl(C_s), (2)ClOOOCl(C₂), (3)ClClO₃ and (4)ClOCl(O)O with ClOCl(O)O being most stable. We suggest that at least the cc-pV6Z(-ghi) basis set for Cl and the cc-pVTZ basis set for O are required to obtain reliable relative stabilities of Cl₂O₃ isomers with hypervalent characters.     

Design,synthesis, characterization,and antimicrobial evaluation of some new pyridine and chromene derivatives containing Lidocaine analogue

In an attempt to find a new class of antimicrobial agents, a series 2-pyridinone and 2-iminochromene derivatives containing Lidocaine analogue were designed and synthesized. The 2-pyridinone derivatives (3), (4), and (6) were obtained through the cyclocondensation of 2-cyano-N-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)-acetamide (2) with 1,3-dicarbonyl compounds and/or ternary condensation of (2), aromatic aldehyde, and malononitrile. Also, a series of 2-iminochromene derivatives (7–9) were synthesized through the condensation reaction of cyanoacetamide derivative (2) with salicylaldehyde derivatives. The structure of the new compounds were confirmed based on elemental analysis and spectral data. These compounds were screened for their antibacterial and antifungal activity The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) (µg/mL) of the most active (4), (5b), and (8) derivatives were determined. The MIC values between 7.81 and 31.26 µg/mL against bacterial species for (8) derivative, and upon comparison to tetracycline exhibited a positive control MIC (31.26–62.6 µg/mL). Besides, the activity against C. albicans (ATCC 1023) showed a MIC value of 15.63 µg/mL, which is similar to that of Amphotericin B.     

Time-dependent density functional study of the electronic spectra of oligoacenes in the charge states −1, 0, +1, and +2

We present a systematic theoretical study of the five smallest oligoacenes (naphthalene, anthracene, tetracene, pentacene, and hexacene) in their anionic, neutral, cationic, and dicationic charge states. We used density functional theory (DFT) to obtain the ground-state optimised geometries, and time-dependent DFT (TD-DFT) to evaluate the electronic absorption spectra. Total-energy differences enabled us to evaluate the electron affinities and first and second ionisation energies, the quasiparticle correction to the HOMO–LUMO energy gap and an estimate of the excitonic effects in the neutral molecules. Electronic absorption spectra have been computed by combining two different implementations of TD-DFT: the frequency–space method to study general trends as a function of charge-state and molecular size for the lowest-lying in-plane long-polarised and short-polarised π → π^* electronic transitions, and the real-time propagation scheme to obtain the whole photo-absorption cross-section up to the far-UV. Doubly ionised PAHs are found to display strong electronic transitions of π → π^* character in the near-IR, visible, and near-UV spectral ranges, like their singly charged counterparts. While, as expected, the broad plasmon-like structure with its maximum at about 17–18 eV is relatively insensitive to the charge-state of the molecule, a systematic decrease with increasing positive charge of the absorption cross-section between 6 and 12 eV is observed for each member of the class.     

Microwave assisted synthesis of indole-annulated dihydropyrano[3,4-c]chromene derivatives via hetero-Diels-Alder reaction

An efficient two-step synthesis of indole-annulated dihydropyrano[3,4-c]chromene derivatives is achieved via Knoevenagel condensation of O-propargylated salicylaldehyde derivatives with indolin-2-ones followed by a microwave-assisted intramolecular-hetero-Diels-Alder reaction of the resulting (Z)-3-(2-(prop-2-ynyloxy)benzylidene)indolin-2-ones in the presence of 20 mol % CuI in acetonitrile.     

Synthesis and crystalline state photochromism of 3,3′-diaryl biindenylidenedione derivatives

A new series of 3,3′-diaryl biindenylidenedione derivatives were synthesized through Grignard reaction. Some of their stereoisomers were obtained by photochemical transformation upon heating and a plausible reaction mechanism was proposed. Most of these compounds exhibited photochromism in crystalline states as well as generation of stable organic radicals. The absolute configurations of the stereoisomers were determined by single crystal X-ray crystallography. The results showed that the position of substituent could dramatically affect molecular structure and photochemical properties of the biindenylidenedione derivatives.     

单、双及双混氮杂卟啉的结构和电子吸收光谱

利用密度泛函和含时密度泛函理论对卟啉(FBP)、单氮杂卟啉(N/Neo-CPs)、双氮杂卟啉(DNCPs)及双混氮杂卟啉(Neo-C-NCPs)的结构与电子吸收光谱进行了研究。结果表明,由于N/C位置改变,分子对称性和轨道组成发生改变,氮杂卟啉中2-NCP-2H,2,18-DNCP-2H和1,17-Neo-C-NCP的各前线和近前线轨道能级发生较大变化,光谱峰红移较显著;电子-空穴分布图表明3类氮杂卟啉电子跃迁途径更丰富。进一步探讨了水、氯仿和苯3种溶剂对4类卟啉分子的影响。结果表明,随着溶剂极性减小,FBP,N-/Neo-CPs,DNCPs和Neo-C-NCPs的Q带吸收峰红移越明显,吸收略有增强。     

The evaluation of bond dissociation energies for simple sulphur containing molecules using ab initio and density functional methods

The S–H and C–S bond dissociation energies for simple alkylthiols and dialkylsulphides, along with the S–S bond dissociation energy for dimethyl disulphide, compounds which have been used in the metal–organic chemical vapour deposition (MOCVD) growth of wide band gap II–VI (12–16) Zn- and Cd-based compound semiconductors, have been computed using the ab initio (ROHF and MP2) and density functional theory (DFT) methods (BHandH, BHandHLYP, B3LYP, B3P86, B3PW91, BLYP and BP86) with the 6-311+G(2d,p) basis set along with high accuracy complete basis set, CBS-4 and CBS-Q energy computations. The computed energies are compared with experimental results and the suitability of the DFT methods, for the computational study of these systems, is discussed.     

Adiabatic integration formula for the correlation energy functional of the Hartree–Fock density

An adiabatic integration formula for the quantum chemistry correlation energy functional of the Hartree–Fock density, E _c ^QC[n], is presented. The functional E _c ^QC[n] is meant to be added to the completed Hartree–Fock energy to produce the exact ground-state energy of the system under consideration. The initial slope of the integrand in this connection formula is identified as a second-order energy and an explicit expression for the initial slope of the integrand is presented. Our expression should be useful for arriving at new improved approximations to E _c ^QC[n]. Previous numerical results by Huang and Umrigar (1997) Phys Rev A 56:290, for two-electron densities are proved, and a generalization to more than two electrons is presented. Results obtained by means of the present density functional theory correlation energy functionals, when used to approximate the initial slope in our adiabatic integration formula for E _c ^QC[n], are compared against exact numbers. Received: 10 September 1998 / Accepted: 3 February 1999 / Published online: 21 June 1999     

DFT Investigations About Pyrazine Molecules on Si（100）-2×1 Surface

It is important to understand the interface of aromatic molecules on semiconductor surfaces because of the rich functionality of such molecules on semiconductor surfaces. The chemisorption of pyrazine molecules on the Si （100）- 2×1 surface has been investigated using the B3LYP density functional theory with Si9H12 one-dimer and Si15Hl6 two-dimer cluster models. The calculated results predict that N-dative bonded-state, C2=C5 [E4＋2] and the tight- bridgel,2,5,6 products may coexist on the Si（100）-2 × 1 surface.[第一段]     

Unsaturation in binuclear iron trifluorophosphine carbonyl derivatives: comparison with binary iron carbonyls

Bridging PF₃ groups are obviously very unfavorable as indicated by their absence in Fe₂(CO) _n (PF₃)₂ (n?=?7,?6,?5,?4) complexes optimized by density functional theory even though many such structures have one or more bridging CO groups. Except for some Fe₂(CO)₇(PF₃)₂ structures, the two terminal PF₃ groups are bonded to different irons. Structures of the saturated Fe₂(CO)₇(PF₃)₂ having one, two, and three bridging or semibridging CO groups have similar energies suggesting a fluxional system. The lowest energy structures for the unsaturated Fe₂(CO) _n (PF₃)₂ (n?=?6,?5,?4) derivatives are triplet spin-state structures. However, higher energy singlet Fe₂(CO) _n (PF₃)₂ (n?=?6,?5,?4) structures are found having formal iron–iron multiple bonds and various combinations of bridging and terminal CO groups leading to the favored 18-electron configurations for iron. Most singlet Fe₂(CO) _n (PF₃)₂ (n?=?6,?5,?4) structures are analogous to those of the previous studied Fe₂(CO) _{n +2} structures.     

DFT Investigations About Pyrazine Molecules on Si(100)-2×1 Surface

It is important to understand the interface of aromatic molecules on semiconductor surfaces because of the rich functionality of such molecules on semiconductor surfaces.The chemisorption of pyrazine molecules on the Si(100)-2×1 surface has been investigated using the B3LYP density functional theory with Si9H12 one-dimer and Si15H16 two-dimer cluster models.The calculated results predict that N-dative bonded-state,C2-C5 [4 2] and the tight-bridge1,2,5,6 products may coexist on the Si(100)-2×1 surface.