Tire tread pattern design trigger on the stress distribution over rigid surfaces and soil compaction

Studies comparing the structural differences of tires have not qualitatively or quantitatively considered the effects of tread geometry on tire behaviour or the interactions of the tire with the surface. Therefore, to determine the effects of different tire tread patterns on the stress distribution of the tire and soil compaction, we compared the structural behaviours of a high-flotation tractive-tread (TT) tire and a smooth-tread (ST) tire. The experiments were conducted over a rigid and over a deformable surface. The results from the rigid surface shows the influences of the tread pattern and sidewalls is dependent of the loads. Over the deformable surface, the contact area of the TT tire was larger than that of the ST tire. The inflation pressure (IP) was mainly responsible for the load support before the soil reached its maximum deformation. Next, the tread and sidewalls exhibited the same behaviour as observed on the rigid surface. In addition, we observed alterations in the balloon point with the tread geometry and the type of surface due to changes in the contact pressure. With carcass deformation, the volume of the tire was visibly reduced, which indicated that the IP could increase.     

Effect of rotation direction of a rotary tiller on draft and power requirements in a Bangkok clay soil

Experiments were conducted in a Bangkok clay soil to evaluate the performance of a rotary tiller equipped with reverse or conventional blades. The conventional rotary tiller was equipped with C-type blades whereas the reverse-rotary tiller had new types of blades. Tests were conducted on wet land as well as in dry land. Tests were conducted at tractor forward speeds of 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 km/h. A power-take-off (PTO) power consumed was calculated from the PTO torque and speed. The results indicated that the PTO power consumption was less for the reverse-rotary tiller compared to the conventional tiller for all passes and forward speeds. For both rotary tillers, power consumption decreased as the number of passes increased, whereas power consumption increased when the forward speed was increased. At all forward speeds, the power consumption was the highest during the first pass and lowest during the third pass. The maximum difference of PTO power requirement was after the first pass at 1.0 km/h forward speed. The reverse-rotary tiller consumed about 34% less PTO power under this condition.     

Characteristics of normal and tangential forces acting on a single lug during translational motion in sandy soil

Lugs (i.e., grousers) are routinely attached to the surfaces of wheels/tracks of mobile robots to enhance their ability to traverse loose sandy terrain. Much previous work has focused on how lug shape, e.g., height, affects performance; however, the goal of this study is to experimentally confirm the effects of lug motion on lug–soil forces. We measured normal and tangential forces acting on a single lug as functions of inclination angle, moving direction angle, sinkage length, horizontal displacement, and traveling speed. The experimental results were mathematically fitted by using least square method to facilitate quantitative analyses on effects of changes in these motion parameters. Moreover, we compared the measured tangential forces to values calculated from a conventional tangential force model to evaluate the effects of the lug-tip surface, which is generally ignored in existing terramechanics models. The conclusions from this study would be useful for estimating the traveling performance of locomotive mechanisms equipped with lugs, modeling interaction mechanics between lugged wheels and soil, etc.     

土中爆炸地冲击能量分布研究

利用数值模拟方法研究了土中装药不同埋设深度爆炸能量分布问题,通过试验得到了耦合系数数据。给出了自由场条件下,封闭爆炸最小比例埋深为2.0 m/kg1/3,这与美军设计规范TM5-855-1中的数据0.56 m/kg1/3相差较大,分析了产生差异的可能原因。并指出本文中给出的冲量型耦合系数与TM5-855-1中的应力型耦合系数是有所区别的,应该注意其使用范围和对象。     

A comparison of ground vehicle mobility analysis based on soil moisture time series datasets from WindSat,LIS, and in situ sensors

Soil moisture is a key terrain variable in ground vehicle off-road mobility. Historically, models of the land water balance have been used to estimate soil moisture. Recently, satellites have provided another source of soil moisture estimates that can be used to estimate soil-limited vehicle mobility. In this study, we compared the off-road vehicle mobility estimates based on three soil moisture sources: WindSat (a satellite source), LIS (a computer model source), and in situ ground sensors (to represent ground truth). Mobility of six vehicles, each with different ranges of sensitivity to soil moisture, was examined in three test sites. The results demonstrated that the effect of the soil moisture error on mobility predictions is complex and may produce very significant errors in off-road mobility analysis for certain combinations of vehicles, seasons, and climates. This is because soil moisture biases vary in both direction and magnitude with season and location. Furthermore, vehicles are sensitive to different ranges of soil moistures. Modeled vehicle speeds in the dry time periods were limited by the interaction between soil traction and the vehicles’ powertrain characteristics. In the wet season, differences in soil strength resulted in more significant differences in mobility predictions.     

不同分支坑道分布形式及分布位置对油气爆炸超压特性的影响

为探索洞库支坑道不同分布形式及分布位置对坑道内油气爆炸超压特性的影响,在控制容积、初始油气浓度以及点火能不变的情况下,开展了不同支坑道分布形式及分布位置条件下油气的爆炸超压特性实验,重点对最大超压、最大超压时间、超压上升速率、爆炸强度指数等主要超压特性参数进行了分析。结果表明：密闭容器内坑道的分布形式及分布位置对容器内油气爆炸超压特性有显著影响。相对布置形式下最大超压、最大超压上升速率、爆炸强度指数均小于一字排开和交错布置,达到最大超压和最大超压上升速率的时间也有所延后。3种不同分支坑道分布位置下,最大爆炸超压上升速率和爆炸强度指数由大到小依次为：远离点火端、靠近点火端、沿主坑道均匀分布。分支坑道距离点火端越远,爆炸强度指数越大, 分支坑道距离点火端越近,达到最大爆炸超压上升速率的时间越提前。

     

梁的载荷、内力微分关系推导方法的改进

在推导梁截面上的剪力、弯矩与分布载荷集度之间的关系时, 流行的《材料力学》教材 采用的推导过程在数学上失于严密. 根据导数定义和洛必达(L'Hospital)法则(或积分中 值定理)给出了逻辑严密的推导.     

Local non-similarity solution to impact of chemical reaction on MHD mixed convection heat and mass transfer flow over porous wedge in the presence of suction / injection

Combined heat and mass transfer on free, forced, and mixed convection flow along a porous wedge with magnetic effect in the presence of chemical reaction is investigated. The flow field characteristics are analyzed by the Runge-Kutta-Gill scheme with the shooting method as well as the local non-similarity method up to the third level of truncation, which are used to reduce the governing partial differential equations into nine ordinary differential equations. The governing boundary layer equations are converted to a dimensionless form by Falkner-Skan transformations. Because of the effect of suction/injection on the wall of the wedge with buoyancy force and variable wall temperature, the flow field is locally non-similar. Numerical calculations up to the third order level of truncation are carried out as a special case for different values of dimensionless parameters. Effects of the magnetic field strength in the presence of chemical reaction with variable wall temperature and concentration on the dimensionless velocity, temperature and concentration profiles are shown graphically.