音乐厅音质设计进展述评

本文对近年来音乐厅音质设计中若干问题的进展作一述评。（1）在已建立的众多独立音质参量基础上，如何作出大厅综合评价，就需要考虑到它们的互动性和贡献权，方法学将成为关键。（2）空间感已确认由声源视在展宽度ASW和听者环绕感LEV组成，对于影响两者的诸多复杂因素有了较深入研究，这声场中的细节又将如何与大厅设计相联系亦备受关注。（3）听众及座椅吸声这个老问题有了新的研究成果，对于空、满场的声学关系已积累了更多资料，使大厅音质的估算更为精确可靠。（4）常说扩散对大厅音质很重要，但其主观效应仍然处于玄虚状态，一些新的主观试听实验结果还不足以说明问题。     

Jefferson国家实验室（JLab）简介

简要介绍了JLab的一般情况、JLab高性能加速器CEBAF（Continue Electron Beam Accelerator Facility）和3个实验大厅的主要实验设备。着重介绍了CEBAF的连续束流与实验大厅的高密靶及高精度谱仪结合所得到的高精度实验结果，介绍了JLab实验室要解决的根本问题、相应的物理课题以及中国组正在参与数据分析和正在做的实验。最后简要介绍了CEBAF升级至12 GeV及其带来新的研究机会和新的物理课题，以及中国组与JLab的合作情况。The general situation of JLab is briefly introduced. The accelerator CEBAF with high quality and the equipments in the three Halls are described. The experimental results with high accuracies, which were obtained by using continue beam with high energy resolution, and high density target and high resolution spectrometers in the halls, are presented with two examples. The basic physics problems which JLab intends to solve, and the programs which JLab completed and is going to do, are stated. The programs which China group is cooperating with other groups are emphasized. The energy escalation for CEBAF will bring new opportunities for scientific researches.     

首都钢铁公司鸿儒厅的声学改建

首都钢铁公司鸿儒厅为一多用途大厅,主要用于宴会、会议和文艺演出,也可用来举行舞会及放映电影。大厅建成后,在开会、演出及放映电影时出现了语言清晰度差,音质不佳等问题,影响了大厅的使用。为此,声学工作者和建筑师密切配合、在不破坏大厅原有建筑环境的条件下,对大厅进行了声学改建,加装了吸声体、舞台反射板等声学构件。改建后的大厅语言清晰、音质良好,并使良好的听觉环境与良好的视觉环境达到了统一,受到了使用者的好评。     

密闭实验大厅内散射中子注量的模拟研究

为能够快速评判实验测试方案和预估实验结果,建立了中子体通量的快速估算模型。理论上,封闭空间中子平均体通量与特征长度的平方成反比,且中子体通量的大小能反映散射中子注量强弱。采用蒙特卡罗模拟方法,计算得到了密闭实验大厅内中子的体通量,以及不同位置处的散射中子注量,并将模拟得到的体通量和散射中子注量拟合成便于工程实践中应用的解析表达式,拟合结果与模拟结果的相对偏差小于10%。研究结果表明,球形空间内中子的体通量与球半径的1.905次方成反比;密闭实验大厅的中子体通量与大厅横截面宽度的1.948次方成反比,与长宽比的0.775次方成反比;球形空间结构内,每个源中子的平均径迹长度约为半径的5.4倍,而长方体密闭实验大厅内,单个源中子的平均径迹长度为大厅特征尺度的2~3倍。     

ARGO-YBJ实验“Scaler模式”计数的气象效应

对中意合作西藏ARGO-YBJ实验“Scaler模式”下次级宇宙线计数的气象效应进行了讨论,计算了计数率与大气压强、室外温度、大气电场及实验大厅内温度、湿度等5个气象参量的偏相关系数。结果表明,大气压强与次级宇宙线计数有很强的负相关,与室外温度也有一定的负相关,而实验大厅顶部的大气电场与实验记录的次级宇宙线计数基本没有关联。另外,实验大厅内温度也是影响次级宇宙线地面测量的一个重要因素,实验大厅内的湿度也有一定影响。随着符合多重数的增加,实验大厅内温度和湿度的影响变得不再重要。另外,对次级宇宙线计数率进行了多参量的气象效应修正。结果表明,这种修正是可靠的,为进一步利用ARGO-YBJ实验“Scaler模式”下的实验数据进行各种物理分析打下了基础。     

ARGO-YBJ实验“Scaler模式”计数的气象效应

对中意合作西藏ARGO\|YBJ实验“Scaler模式”下次级宇宙线计数的气象效应进行了讨论, 计算了计数率与大气压强、 室外温度、 大气电场及实验大厅内温度、 湿度等5个气象参量的偏相关系数。结果表明, 大气压强与次级宇宙线计数有很强的负相关, 与室外温度也有一定的负相关, 而实验大厅顶部的大气电场与实验记录的次级宇宙线计数基本没有关联。 另外, 实验大厅内温度也是影响次级宇宙线地面测量的一个重要因素, 实验大厅内的湿度也有一定影响。 随着符合多重数的增加, 实验大厅内温度和湿度的影响变得不再重要。 另外, 对次级宇宙线计数率进行了多参量的气象效应修正。 结果表明, 这种修正是可靠的, 为进一步利用ARGO\|YBJ实验“Scaler模式”下的实验数据进行各种物理分析打下了基础。     

HL-2A装置真空监测系统的研制

HL-2A装置是我国第一个具有轴对称（极向）偏滤器位形的大型托卡马克装置。其真空系统的工作特点是长时间连续的不间断运行，实验人员值班时间过长，极易产生疲劳，在这种状况下很容易发生事故，并且在放电实验期间会产生辐射，因此在进行放电实验时，装置大厅内不允许人员进入，所以有必要设计一套远程自动化监测系统放在装置大厅外，使值班人员在友好的人机界面下，实时完成对装置真空状态和现场真空设备的监视，这样既能增加装置的安全性和真空系统的可靠性，同时也能减轻值班人员的劳动强度。本文详细介绍了该系统的设计和应用过程。     

声纹鉴定技术及其应用

本文简要介绍了声纹鉴定的基本知识，发展概况，理论依据和基本方法及其适用的领域和作用。     

北京工人俱乐部剧场的声学设计——多用途剧场可调混响方面的进展

北京工人俱乐部始建于50年代初,在戏剧界被认为是国内演出京剧音质最好的大厅。但出于结构安全和多用途使用方面的需要,于1987年进行翻建。翻建后的观众厅要求保持京剧演出时原有的音质水平,同时,在声学上要适应多用途的需要。对此,采用了可调混响结构,并对大厅的体形、每座容积、增强早期反射声等方面也作了改进。该工程于1988年10月竣工。通过声学测定和试用表明,大厅的声学设计达到了预期目的,特别在扩大低频混响的可调幅度方面取得了新的进展。     

电子全息术

本文简要叙述了电子全息术的原理、记录和重现方法，并着重介绍了它的应用，指出了发展这一学科的重要性。     

Relation of acoustical parameters with and without audiences in concert halls and a simple method for simulating the occupied state

Five acoustical parameters-reverberation time RT, early decay time EDT, clarity C80, strength G, and interaural cross-correlation coefficient IACC-were measured using identical procedures with and without audiences in six concert and opera halls. Reverberation times without audiences were measured in 15 additional halls using the same measuring techniques as for the six halls above, but for full occupancy the data were taken from musical stop chords at symphonic concerts. This paper shows that in all halls (1) the occupied RT can be predicted from the unoccupied RT using a linear regression equation, y = a - b exp(x), within acceptable limits, at low- and mid-frequencies. It is also shown for the six halls that (2) occupied C80's are predicted accurately from unoccupied values by the newly proposed equation; (3) G's with and without audiences are highly correlated by a first degree linear regression equation; and (4) IACCs have nearly the same value in both occupied and unoccupied halls. As a separate subject, the successful use of a cloth covering for seats in a concert or opera hall to simulate the occupied condition has been developed.     

On the combined effects of early- and late-arriving sound on spatial impression in concert halls

This paper describes six new experiments involving subjective ratings of the listener envelopment, LEV, and the apparent source width, ASW, of simulated sound fields. Previous work has identified LEV and ASW as the principal components of spatial impression in concert halls and has shown that ASW is primarily influenced by the level of early lateral reflections and LEV by late-arriving lateral reflections. The new results in this paper show that LEV can result from nonlateral late-arriving sounds and demonstrate the conflicting effects of early- and late-arriving lateral sound on ASW and LEV when both are present, as would occur in real halls. While it is possible to create simulated sound fields with only either LEV or ASW, in typical concert halls, the balance between early- and late-arriving lateral sound will determine the relative importance of LEV and ASW. LEV and ASW are shown to be perceived when the critical components of the sound field are salient relative to other components. The results of the new subjective studies were used to estimate expected ASW and LEV in 16 halls. In these halls LEV is predicted to be the stronger component of spatial impression.     

Influence of source directivity on noise levels in industrial halls: Simulation and experiments

Noise exposure of workers in industrial halls is mainly induced by noisy machines whose acoustical features are often globally known by Sound Pressure Level. The evaluation of the directivity of these noise sources can help to anticipate specific solutions for noise reduction.This study shows how the directivities of three wood-working machines have been characterized. Some characterisations have been achieved with a simple and fast acoustical intensity mapping which meets the constraints of industrial areas.When source directivity is evaluated, its influence on the noise field in industrial halls can be assessed. Some simulations and some experiments allowed the estimation of the noise field induced in workshops by both directional and omnidirectional sources. Comparison of the fields prove that the noise distribution is influenced by the source directivity if the halls are empty. As soon as the halls contain scattering objects, the directivity effect is reduced a lot and the noise field remains nearly the same far from the source whatever source used. Nevertheless, workers close to a machine are exposed to noise according to their position with respect to the machine. Exposure at the workplace can vary from 4 to 8 dB(A) according to the directivity of machines such as those measured in the trials.     

Sound strength and reverberation time in small concert halls

Sound strength and reverberation time measurements have been carried out in six small concert halls in Cambridge, UK. The sound strength G is a measure of the physical sound level in a concert hall and is closely related to the subjective sensation of loudness. It compares integrated impulse responses at a point in the measured room with that measured at ten metres distance in the free field.The aim of the measurements is to investigate the acoustic characteristics of the halls concerning sound strength and reverberation time. Furthermore the effect of the variable acoustics in the halls on these parameters is discussed in this paper. Especially for bigger ensembles it is often desirable to reduce the sound level in a small concert hall. The measurement results show that for a fixed hall volume, this can primarily be achieved by decreasing the reverberation time in the hall. However, with regard to the sound quality of a hall and the recommended reverberation times for chamber music, reverberation time cannot be reduced by an arbitrary extent. Therefore reverberation time and strength have to be balanced very carefully in order to obtain sufficient reverberation whilst at the same time avoiding excessive loudness. Finally the measured strength levels are compared to values derived from traditional and revised theory [Barron M, Lee L-J. Energy relations in concert auditoriums. J Acoust Soc Am 1988;84(2):618-28] on strength calculations in order to assess the accuracy of the theory for small chamber music halls. Possible reasons for the low measured strength levels observed are discussed with reference to related design features and objective acoustic parameters.     

Analysis of Sabine and Eyring equations and their application to concert hall audience and chair absorption

Historically, two equations have been used for predicting reverberation times, Sabine and Eyring. A precise means is presented for determining Eyring absorption coefficients alpha(eyring) when the Sabine coefficients alpha(sabine) are known, and vice versa. Thus, either formula can be used provided the absorption coefficients for the Sabine formula are allowed to exceed 1.0. The Sabine formula is not an approximation to the Eyring equation and is not a shortcoming. Given low reverberation times, the ratio of alpha(sabine) to alpha(eyring) may become greater than 2.0. It is vital that, for correct prediction of reverberation times, the absorption coefficients used in either formula must have been determined in spaces similar in size and shape, with similar locations of high absorption (audience) areas, and with similar reverberation times. For concert halls, it is found that, when the audience area (fully occupied) and midfrequency reverberation time are postulated, the hall volume is directly proportional to the audience absorption coefficient. Approximately 6% greater room volumes are needed when choosing nonrectangular versus classical-rectangular shaped halls and approximately 10% greater volumes when choosing heavily upholstered versus medium upholstered chairs. Determinations of audience sound absorption coefficients are presented, based on published acoustical and architectural data for 20 halls.     

Acoustic Features of Organ Concert Halls: Trends and Problems

Acoustical Physics - The main acoustic requirements in organ concert halls, their evolution in recent decades, and the problems arising in the creation and rebuilding of these halls are considered....     

关于音乐厅响度评价的研究

该文回顾并综述了对音乐厅(包括西洋交响乐厅及中国民族音乐厅)响度评价的研究历程,指出采用乐队齐奏强音标志乐段的平均声压级L_pF作为评价音乐厅响度客观指标的合理性与可行性。文中给出L_pF的计算方法以及对若干厅堂计算值与实测值的比较,并通过主观评价,给出L_pF的初步优选值域。采用L_pF作为响度评价指标的好处不仅在于它能表征听众听到的绝对响度的感受,还在于能预判何种规模的乐队适于在多大规模的音乐厅中演出,以便达到较佳响度效果的问题。     

L'importance et les consequences architecturales de l'insonorisation des grandes salles dans les batiments sociaux et culturels

In the first part of this paper, after underlining the diversity of large halls, both for social and cultural purposes, such halls are divided acoustically into four groups:     

A group of objective acoustical criteria for concert halls

To establish a definite list of the most important objective criteria for concert halls is not easy, but it is suggested that a group of four or five criteria may be sufficient to characterise, in general, the ‘acoustics’ of a specific hall. Comparing various concert halls by means of their measured objective criteria indicates that a rather simple method of ranking is feasible.