Synthesis and stacked conformations of symmetrical and unsymmetrical oligo-ureas of metaphenylenediamine

The addition of substituted anilines to nitro-substituted isocyanates followed by reduction generates new aniline-substituted ureas, which can be further extended in a one- or two-directional iterative manner to form oligomeric ureas based on a m-phenylenediamine monomer. Oligo-ureas with up to eight urea linkages are reported. Fully N-substituted oligo-ureas are crystalline, and the X-ray crystal structures display ring-stacked conformations. 1H NMR studies indicate that the stacked conformation persists in solution.     

Aminosubstituted disilanes: Synthesis by unsymmetrical and symmetrical reductive coupling

The reductive coupling of chlorotris(diorganylamino)silanes 1 with chlorotrimethylsilane by the action oflithium in THF provides for steric reasons, an easy access to unsymmetrical aminosubstituted disilanes (R₂N)₃Si-SiMe₃ 3. Similarly, cross-coupling to give pentakis(diethylamino)disilane 4 is observed between 1a and bis(diethylamino)chloro-hydridosilane 2a on treatment with lithium. In reactions of the less bulky bis(diorganylamino)chlorohy-dridosilanes 2 with ClSiMe₃ and Li, however, thesymmetrical coupling is preferred and affords SiH-functional substituted (R₂N)₃₂HSi-SiH(NR₂)₂ 5. Aminosubstituted disilanes 3–5 are useful starting materials for modification of disilanes or syntheses ofsilicon heterocycles via generation and trapping of aminosilylenes, as exemplified by diethylaminosilacyclopent-3-ene 6a. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Heteroatom Chem 9:311–316, 1998     

Synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical diindolylmethanes via acid-catalysed electrophilic substitution reactions

A range of activated indole-2-carboxylate derivatives was prepared via the Hemetsberger indole synthesis. Vilsmeier formylation was explored to establish regioselectivity and to prepare a range of new indole carbaldehydes. The indole aldehydes were reduced to the corresponding hydroxymethylindoles in good yields by the use of sodium borohydride in THF. Symmetrical 4,4′-, 6,6′- and 7,7′-diindolylmethanes were prepared via the acid-catalysed reaction of the corresponding hydroxymethylindoles. Furthermore, the treatment of methyl 4-hydroxymethyl-5,6-dimethoxyindole-2-carboxylate and a range of methyl indole esters with acetic acid led to the formation of unsymmetrical 4,6′- and 4,7′-dindolylmethanes.     

Thiolation of symmetrical and unsymmetrical diketopiperazines

The introduction of sulfur units into a variety of symmetrical and unsymmetrical diketopiperazines (DKPs) is described. We investigated different thiolation methods utilizing several bases and electrophilic sulfur reagents, leading to monomethylthio-, bis(methylthio)-, and epithio-DKPs. Their formation proceeded diastereoselectively, facilitating the application in total syntheses of many thiodiketopiperazine (TDKP) natural products. Furthermore, possible side reactions as well as mechanistic studies and stereochemical structural assignments of the obtained products are given.     

Synthesis, photophysical and thermal studies of symmetrical and unsymmetrical zinc phthalocyanines

The novel zinc phthalocyanine (3) with malonylester and chloro groups on each benzo unit was synthesized from 4-diethoxymalonyl-5-chloro-phthalonitrile (1). The unsymmetrically substituted zinc phthalocyanine (5), carrying hexylthio, malonylester and chloro groups at the periphery, was obtained from 4-diethoxymalonyl-5-chloro-phthalonitrile (1) and 4,5-bis-hexylsulfanyl-phthalonitrile (2) by a statistical condensation method as an A₃B type unsymmetrical phthalocyanine compound. Transesterification of the malonyl esters of the new symmetrical and unsymmetrical phthalocyanines occurred during the cyclotetramerization of dinitriles with Zn(CH₃COO)₂ in 1-pentanol in the presence of DBU. Octa-hexylthio-substituted zinc phthalocyanine (4) was prepared according to the literature. The photophysical and thermal properties of all the phthalocyanine complexes are described for the first time. These novel symmetrical and unsymmetrical phthalocyanine macrocycles have been characterized by a series of spectroscopic methods including ¹H NMR, electronic absorption, IR and mass spectroscopy, in addition to elemental analysis. Their narrow long wavelength absorption band shows that the bulky substituents on the periphery prevent aggregation. The unsymmetrically substituted phthalocyanine (5) gave a greater fluorescence quantum yield in chloroform than the symmetrical analogues (3 and 4).     

Synthesis and structure characterization of unsymmetrical oxacalix[2]benzene[2]pyrazines

The synthesis of two unsymmetrically linked oxacalix[2]benzene[2]pyrazines (1 and 2) is described. X-ray single crystal structure analysis revealed a highly distorted 1,3-alternate conformation of compound 1 (containing ortho- and meta-diphenol components) and a distorted boat conformation of compound 2 (containing meta- and para-diphenol components). Oxacalix[2]benzene[2]pyrazine containing both ortho- and para-diphenol components was not obtained via similar synthetic strategy.     

Tris-phosphorylated esters of symmetrical and unsymmetrical triols

By reaction of a series of triols and monosaccharides with 5,5-dimethyl-2-chloro-1,3,2-dioxaphosphorinane their tris-phosphorylated derivatives were synthesized, and the simplest chemical transformations of the latter were studied. Structures of the obtained P(V) derivatives were confirmed by ¹H, ¹³C and ³¹P NMR spectroscopy and by the MALDI TOF mass spectrometry and X-ray structural analysis.     

Photochromic dihetarylethenes. 14. Synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical dihetarylcyclobutene-1,2-diones

A procedure was developed for the synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical cyclobutene-1,2-dione derivatives bearing thiophene and thieno[3,2-b]thiophene substituents by the Friedel—Crafts reaction of the corresponding heterocyclic compounds with squaric acid dichloride in the presence of AlCl₃. In addition to the target dihetarylcyclobutenediones, monoacylation products of methyl (2,5-dimethylthiophen-3-yl)acetate and methyl 5-methylthieno[3,2-b]thiophene-2-carboxylate with squaric acid dichloride were isolated and characterized.     

Palladium-catalysed symmetrical and unsymmetrical coupling of aryl halides

Pd(OAc)₂ is a convenient catalyst under basic conditions for the synthesis of symmetrical biaryl moieties from aryl halides. This homocoupling of aryl halides is a good catalytic alternative to classical biaryl formations involving stoichiometric amounts of metal. This method is compatible with sensitive functional groups. We also studied the extension of this reaction to unsymmetrical aryl coupling.     

Addition of arylboronic acids to symmetrical and unsymmetrical azo compounds

[reaction: see text] The addition of aryl- and heteroarylboronic acids to azo compounds is described. Copper salt catalysis was necessary to perform the reaction under mild conditions and high yields. Excellent regioselectivity was observed in addition to unsymmetrical azo compounds.     

Strong dual-state emission of unsymmetrical and symmetrical thiazolothiazole-bridged imidazolium salts

A novel thiazolothiazole-bridged imidazole derivative (1) was found to exhibit blue fluorescence in gaseous state or in methanol and yellow fluorescence in solid state. The N-alkylation of imidazole subunit(s) in 1 using n-propyl iodide generated unsymmetrically or symmetrically alkylated thiazolothiazole-bridged imidazolium salts with good water solubility and remarkably strong emission in solution. Furthermore, the replacement of iodide counter-anion by triflate or bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl)imide achieved remarkably strong emission in solid state and in solution as well as good water solubility. The strong fluorescence of dicationic salts with triflate and NTf₂^– counter-anions in solid state can be ascribed to their twisted and rigid structures induced by interionic C?H···F hydrogen bonding.     

Synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical N,N'-diaryl guanidines via copper/N-methylglycine-catalyzed arylation of guanidine nitrate

CuI/N-methylglycine-catalyzed coupling reaction of guanidine nitrate with both aryl iodides and bromides takes place at 70-100 °C, affording symmetrical N,N'-diaryl guanidines with good to excellent yields. Unsymmetrical N,N'-diaryl guanidines can be assembled via monoarylation of guanidine nitrate with aryl iodides bearing a strong electron-withdrawing group and subsequent coupling with another aryl iodide.     

A simple preparation of symmetrical and unsymmetrical diarylsulfides from arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates

The reaction between arenediazonium tetrafluoroborates and arenethiolates in Me₂SO represents a mild, efficient, and safe alternative to the Ziegler synthesis of diaryl sulfides.     

Large-scale synthesis of both symmetrical and unsymmetrical triacylglycerols containing docosahexaenoic acid

A large-scale (∼100 g) synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical triacylglycerols containg docosahexaenoic acid (D) and two of either lauric (L), palmitic (P) or stearic acid (S) is described. Key improvements in purification of synthetic intermediates, in addition to a more efficient acetonide cleavage reaction affords the six TAGs (LaDLa, LaLaD, PDP, PPD, SDS, SSD) in yields of 80-90% and in regioisomeric purities greater than or equal to 90%.     

Synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical 3,3-di(indolyl)indolin-2-ones under controlled catalysis of ionic liquids

Three ionic liquids, [BMIM][BF₄] doped with 60 mol % of LiCl ([BMIM][BF₄]-LiCl), N,N,N,N-tetramethylguanidinium trifluoroacetate (TMGT), and N,N,N,N-tetramethylguanidinium triflate (TMGT_f) were found useful as catalyst solvents for controlled 3-indolylation of isatins. Our investigation revealed that the reaction between isatin and indoles in [BMIM][BF₄]-LiCl or TMGT_f media stops at the step of addition of the two components providing 3-indolyl-3-hydroxyindolin-2-ones while the ionic liquid TMGT runs the reaction further through accompanying Friedel-Crafts substitution to afford symmetrical 3,3-di(indol-3-yl)indolin-2-ones. To take advantage of the difference between the effects of these ionic liquids on the reaction progress, we planned a two-step protocol for the efficient synthesis of unsymmetrical 3,3-di(indol-3-yl)indolin-2-ones.     

One-pot synthesis of symmetrical and unsymmetrical acridine sulfonamide derivatives catalyzed by p-TSA

Research on Chemical Intermediates - Synthesis of a series of symmetrical and unsymmetrical 1,8-dioxo-octahydroacridine benzenesulfonamide derivatives has been achieved by one-pot, multicomponent...     

Polyaromatic pyrazines: Synthesis and thermogravimetric analysis

The syntheses of five polyaromatic pyrazine polymers are described. These polymers were synthesized by the condensation of bis-α-haloaromatic ketones with ammonia in N,N-dimethylacetamide (DMAc) solvent in the presence of air or peroxides. The condensation of bis-p-(α-bromoacetyl)benzene (IIIa), bis-p,p′-(α-chloroacetyl)biphenyl (IIIb) bis-p,p′-(α-chloroacetyl)diphenyl ether (IIIc), bis-p,p′-(α-chloroacetyl)diphenylmethane (IIId), and α,α′-dibenzoyl-α,α′-dibromo-p-xylene (V) under these reaction conditions gave poly[2,5-(1,4-phenylene)pyrazine] (IVa), poly[2,5-(4,4′-biphenylene)-pyrazine] (IVb), poly[2,5-(4,4′-oxydiphenylene)pyrazine] (IVc), poly[2,5-(4,4′-methylenediphenylene)pyrazine] (IVd), and poly[2,5-(1,4-phenylene)-3,6-diphenylpyrazine] (VI), respectively. Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of these polymers showed them to be thermally stable up to the temperature range of 450–550°C in air for short periods of time. The inherent viscosities of these polymers ranged from 0.18 to 1.30.     

A versatile access to unsymmetrical and symmetrical α-diketones via organotin reagents

Unsymmetrical α -diketones have been obtained via cross coupling of acyltins with acyl halides under PdCl₂(PPh₃)₂ catalysis while symmetrical α -diketones have been readily obtained via “in situ” formation of acyltins using hexabutylditin and acyl chlorides under similar experimental conditions.     

Distinct electronic effects on reductive eliminations of symmetrical and unsymmetrical bis-aryl platinum complexes

Symmetrical bis-aryl platinum complexes (DPPF)Pt(C(6)H(4)-4-R)(2) (R = NMe(2), OMe, CH(3), H, Cl, CF(3)) and electronically unsymmetrical bis-aryl platinum complexes (DPPF)Pt(C(6)H(4)-4-R)(C(6)H(4)-4-X) (R = CH(3), X = NMe(2), OMe, H, Cl, F, CF(3); R = OMe, X = NMe(2), H, Cl, F, CF(3); R = CF(3), X = H, Cl, NMe(2); and R = NMe(2), X = H, Cl) were prepared, and the rates of reductive elimination of these complexes in the presence of excess PPh(3) are reported. The platinum complexes reductively eliminated biaryl compounds in quantitative yields with first-order rate constants that were independent of the concentration of PPh(3). Plots of Log(k(obs)/k(obs(H))) vs Hammett substituent constants (sigma) of the para substituents R and X showed that the rates of reductive elimination reactions depended on two different electronic properties. The reductive elimination from symmetrical bis-aryl platinum complexes occurred faster from complexes with more electron-donating para substituents R. However, reductive elimination from a series of electronically unsymmetrical bis-aryl complexes was not faster from complexes with the more electron-donating substituents. Instead, reductive elimination was faster from complexes with a larger difference in the electronic properties of the substituents on the two platinum-bound aryl groups. The two electronic effects can complement or cancel each other. Thus, this combination of electronic effects gives rise to complex, but now more interpretable, free energy relationships for reductive elimination.