Perceptual study of soundscapes in train stations

This paper presents a study on the perception of soundscapes in train stations. The two issues addressed by this study are (1) to show that people’s knowledge about the space typology that makes up a train station is also based on sound information, and (2) to show that this information is involved in the recognition of the type of space. This study is composed of two stages. In the first stage, two auditory experiments are performed on 66 soundscape samples recorded under natural conditions: (1) free categorization with verbalization and (2) forced-choice recognition. The statistical and lexical analysis of the first experiment reveals three main types of acoustical information: sound sources, human activities, and room effects. The results of the second experiment show that people were able to recognize the type of space (platform, hall, etc.) just by listening to its soundscape. Comparison between Experiments 1 and 2 reveals the auditory similarities of the soundscapes that were recognized as belonging to the same category. In the second step, an in situ questionnaire survey was carried out and confirms the laboratory results. Indeed, when travelers are asked to describe the soundscape of the space in which they are situated, they use the same kind of auditory similarities as those found in the experiments.     

Influence of soundscape and interior design on anxiety and perceived tranquillity of patients in a healthcare setting

Tranquillity characterized by a pleasant but calming environment is often to be found in natural environments where man-made noise is at a low level though natural sounds can be relatively high. Numerous studies have shown a link between such restorative environments and hospital recovery rates, stress reduction, longevity, pain relief and even how the brain processes auditory signals. In hospitals and primary care facilities there is a need to improve patient waiting rooms as current designs are largely based solely on medical need. There are often long waits in such spaces and patients are coping with the stress and anxiety caused by their medical condition. Attention should therefore be given to creating “restorative environment” as a component to their medical treatment. The study describes the effects of introducing natural sounds and large images of natural landscapes into a waiting room in a student health center. Using self reported levels of anxiety and tranquillity it was possible to assess the impact that these targeted auditory and visual interventions had in affecting the quality of the patient experience. Following the changes results show that levels of reported tranquillity were significantly improved but there were smaller change in reported reductions in anxiety.     

The design and dynamic performance of a moment actuator

I.IntroductionMachinenoiseisanenvironmcnta1po11utantanditscontrolremainsamajorunresolvedprob1cm.Inadditiontoair-bornesound,machinesimpartvibrationalenergyintosupportingandconnectedstructuresbybothtrans1ationa1androtationa1motions.Translationa1compo-nentsarerelative1yeasytoestimatesinccnearpureforcescanbegeneratedandmeasured.ThisisnotthecaseforrotationalcomponentSsincemomcntsaremoredifficu1ttogenerateandmeasure.Suchmeasurementswould1eadtoafu11undcrstandingofthis1ittleunderstoodbutoftenimporta…     

Subjective evaluation and an objective measure of a church bell sound quality

The research described in this paper attempts to give an answer to a very old question about a good sounding bell. To this end, a large number of listening tests were performed in which ten bells were compared in pairs to investigate whether bells could be evaluated by subjective sound quality. Furthermore, two new parameters that can be used for objective evaluation of bell sound quality are proposed: the nearest ideal bell deviation and the percentage of the sound energy contained in the first five partials. The ten bells were compared based on the values of the introduced objective parameters. The paper presents correlation of the subjective and the objective analysis, demonstrating applicability of a novel method for bell sound quality assessment.     

哈尔滨5个宗教建筑广场声景评价中宗教信仰的影响*

为探究宗教信仰是否影响人对宗教建筑广场声景的心理感受,该研究基于声景生态学对声景元素的分类,通过模糊层次综合评价法构建由地球物理声、生物声和人工声3个准则层元素和16个指标层元素组成的宗教建筑广场声景评价体系。以哈尔滨市的5个教堂为例,对有宗教信仰和无宗教信仰的游客和居民进行调查。结果表明：有无宗教信仰的受访者对宗教建筑广场声景总体评价的结果分别为很好和较好;在准则层中,地球物理声的评价结果皆为较好,生物声的评价结果皆在一般及以上,而人工声则与生物声相反;有宗教信仰的受访者对除昆虫鸣叫声外的生物声景的评价等级均比无宗教信仰的受访者高一级,对广场广播声的评价等级比无宗教信仰的受访者低一级,其余指标的评价结果均一致。评价结果符合实际,为今后宗教建筑广场声景评价研究提供了有效方法。     

分层吸声结构的声学设计与性能分析

本文给出了声波在多层介质中的传播方程，通过数值计算，分析了各层参数对分层吸声结构声学性能的影响规律。用参数匹配方法，对多层吸声结构各层材料的参数进行设计。结果表明，通过合理分布各层材料，多层吸声结构可以在较宽频段上达到满意的吸声性能。     

高功率激光装置总体设计的综合评估方法

 建立了较完整的高功率激光装置总体设计的评估指标体系,并运用多目标决策理论和加权综合法,初步建立了多级综合评估数学模型,以期对复杂激光装置的总体设计做出较客观的分析评价,选出合理方案;最后利用所建立的数学模型对目前四种高功率激光装置设计结构的技术性和经济性等方面进行了初步综合评估。评估结果表明,多级综合评估模型较合理,对系统总体优化设计有重要的指导作用。     

高能固体激光系统设计及性能评估

近年来高能固体激光器研究及小型电源技术取得了很大的进展,使得利用电源提供能量的高能激光器在近期的应用成为可望实现的目标.但由于高能激光系统设计复杂,且造价高,需要在激光系统设计制造之前对系统性价比进行优化,并对系统性能进行评估.其中选择激光器主要考虑激光波长位于大气窗口,使得经大气传输后激光能量衰减尽可能小;光学系统设计主要考虑物理光学效应的限制及增加自适应光学系统对大气效应引起的光束畸变进行校正.大气传输与补偿模拟程序可对包括高能激光系统、激光大气传输效应等进行全程数值模拟,从而可在高能激光系统设计制造之前对系统性能进行评估,或对现有高能激光系统性能及其对靶目标的损伤效果进行评估.     

高功率激光装置总体设计的综合评估方法

建立了较完整的高功率激光装置总体设计的评估指标体系,并运用多目标决策理论和加权综合法,初步建立了多级综合评估数学模型,以期对复杂激光装置的总体设计做出较客观的分析评价,选出合理方案;最后利用所建立的数学模型对目前四种高功率激光装置设计结构的技术性和经济性等方面进行了初步综合评估。评估结果表明,多级综合评估模型较合理,对系统总体优化设计有重要的指导作用。     

厅堂中总声压级的修正计算

完全扩散声场中的总声压级计算公式是假设混响声能在厅堂中的分布各处相等，与接收点的位置无关，实测发现该公式的计算值偏高，特别当接收点在临界距离以外时，本文提出了一个总声压级计算的修正公式，它与实测及计算机模拟的值符合较好。     

水声声强测量分析系统及其在水下噪声鉴别中的应用

本文将空气中能形成测量分析系统的声强测量技术引入到水介质中，建立了一套水声声强测量分析系统，讨论了此套水声声强测量分析系统的硬，软件组成及特征，实验验证了本系统的可靠性，利用此声强分析系统对水下双噪声源的近场作了平面扫描测量，可以定位和鉴别这两个噪声源。     

A fast automatic calibration system for a sound level meter in an anechoic room

A fast automatic calibration system for a sound level meter in an anechoic environment has been developed. The precise and fast generation of the constant frequency-independent acoustic pressure field and reduction of digital voltmeter readout to sound pressure level were achieved by a newly designed software algorithm, assuming the system linearity. The performance test justified the assumed linearity, and showed that the searching speed was sufficiently fast within the small error limit.     

个人健康管理系统数据库的设计与实现

个人健康管理系统能够帮助人们获得大量有价值的健康信息,为了实现一款安全、高效的个人健康管理系统,在充分考虑用户实际需求的前提下,对该系统数据库进行了设计与实现。首先对系统数据库进行了全面的需求分析,然后进行概念结构设计,形成实体联系(E-R)图,并将(E-R)图进行逻辑结构的转换,根据三范式的要求形成数据关系表,同时,在设计过程中通过牺牲一定存储空间的反范式操作,来换取更加快速的查询速度。通过上述方法,最终设计并实现了一款个人健康信息数据库。该数据库能够满足个人健康管理系统的实际开发需求,并且保证系统的查询运行效率,让用户能够更加方便,快捷的使用该系统对健康数据进行管理,达到帮助用户获得更多、更有价值的健康信息的目的。     

R-C系统遮光罩的最优化设计

在作图方法的基础上 ,推导出 R- C系统遮光罩尺寸和口径的约束条件 ,利用最优化方法得到 R- C系统遮光罩尺寸和口径的数值解。克服了传统作图方法不足 ,能够和系统的光学设计同时进行 ,有助于获得系统的最优结构。     

A factorial analysis for the determination of an optimal train speed with a desired ride comfort

A new method of optimization of the N_MV is proposed. The comfort index N_MV was measured and analyzed in research carried out for the Greek Railway network. Factorial analysis was used for the calculation of the effect of each factor on the comfort index N_MV. ISO 2631-1 standards were also involved in this study for the design of the equivalent vibration dose lines as a function of the N_MV and the exposure time. Using the factorial model, the N_MV index for different values of a train’s speed and rail condition was predicted. Finally, an optimum speed value, as regards acceptable passenger comfort, was obtained by using the equal vibration dose lines.     

基于自由曲面反射镜的低投射比超短焦投影物镜的光学设计

为了设计低投射比的超短焦投影物镜,本文采用自由曲面和折反式的光路结构设计了一种具有低投射比的超短焦投影物镜系统。该物镜由一个旋转对称的折射透镜组和一个自由曲面反射镜组成。采用11.938 mm的数字微镜器件(DMD)作为空间光调制器产生图像源。采用法线加权迭代优化的方法计算自由曲面。最后,分析了系统的性能。仿真结果表明:超短焦投影物镜可在580 mm的投影距离处实现3048 mm尺寸的大屏幕投影,系统的投射比低至0.19,系统的最大畸变小于0.72%。能够满足低投射比超短焦投影物镜的设计要求。该投影系统具有低投射比、低畸变、投影效果好等优点,可为超短焦投影系统的进一步发展提供有益参考。     

Design of an end station for a high current ion implantation system

Single crystal silicon has been implanted with nitrogen and phosphorus ions at MeV energies to fluences between 10¹⁶ and 1.6 × 10¹⁸ ions/cm₂. Infrared transmission and reflection spectra in the range of 1.25 to 40 μm were measured for as-implanted samples and after various annealing treatments. Interference fringes were observed in the IR spectra which are produced by the interference of light which has been multiply reflected between the front surface and the buried layers. By detailed theoretical analyses of the interference fringe structure, we obtained refractive index profiles, which, under suitable interpretation, provide accurate measurements and several quantities of interest. These quantities are the range and straggling of the implanted ions, the depth of disordered layers, and the width of the order-disorder transition. Mechanisms for the refractive index changes which have been identified include amorphization of the implanted silicon, bulk compositional change in the buried layer, localized vibrational mode dispersion, and free electron dispersion. Experimental results and theoretical predictions are presented, demonstrating each of these mechanisms.     

The system design and assemble for the high resolution telescope system with segmented aperture

A design method along with its results, for a space optical system with high resolution and wide field of view, is described. Such optical systems can be used in the infrared as well as visible configurations. The proposed design is based on an on-axis Ritchey-Chrétien system with corrected lens element while the primary mirror is a segmented aperture. Here the on-axis concept allows wide-field enabling a variety of observations designed for the multi-object spectrometer instruments, optimized for low scattering and low emission of light. The use of segmented mirrors in the optical system allows adopting any method for its fabrication purposes. Segment results are discussed and the image quality of the design based on these results is evaluated in this paper.     

The design of an apochromatic optical spectrograph for astronomical purposes

An optical spectrograph for use in the OGS (Optical Ground Station), a 1 m telescope in Izaña Observatory (Tenerife, Spain) and the GTC telescope at Islas Canarias observatory has been designed, built and tested. The dispersive part was designed and built at the Centro de Investigaciones en Óptica, A.C. Due to requirements from Instituto Astrofísico de Canarias this Spectrograph has an f/5 collimator and camera with a plate factor of 6.55 nm/mm. Since the resolution of the system has to have a high resolution of the order of 15 μm or less, an apochromatic design was selected. This article describes this design and its main characteristics.     

Properties of train traffic flow in a moving block system

The development direction of railways is toward the improvement of capacity and service quality, where the service quality includes safety, schedule, high speed, and comfort. In light of the existing cellular automaton models, in this paper, we develop a model to analyze the mixed running processes of trains with maximal speeds of 500 km/h and 350 km/h respectively in the moving block system. In the proposed model, we establish some sound rules to control the running processes of a train, where the rules include the departure rules in the intermediate stations, the overtaking rules, and the conditions of speed limitation for a train stopping at a station or passing through a station. With the consideration of the mixed ratio and the distance between two adjacent stations, the properties of the train traffic flow (including capacity and average speed) are simulated. The numerical results show that the interactions among different trains will affect the capacity, and a proper increase of the spatial distance between two adjacent stations can enhance the capacity and the average speed under the moving block.