A numerical study of transient flow around a cylinder and aerodynamic sound radiation

The fully 3D turbulent incompressible flow around a cylinder and in its wake at a Reynolds number Re = = 9×10⁴ based on the cylinder diameter and Mach number M = 0.1 is calculated using Large Eddy Simulations (LES). Encouraging results are found in comparison to experimental data for the fluctuating lift and drag forces. The acoustic pressure in far-field is commutated through the surface integral formulation of the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings (FWH) equation in acoustic analogy. Five different sound sources, the cylinder wall and four permeable surfaces in the flow fields, are employed. The spectra of the sound pressure are generally in quantitative agreement with the measured one though the acoustic sources are pseudo-sound regarding the incompressible flow simulation. The acoustic component at the Strouhal number related to vortex shedding has been predicted accurately. For the broad band sound, the permeable surfaces in the near wake region give qualitative enough accuracy level of predictions, while the cylinder wall surface shows a noticeable under-prediction. The sound radiation of the volumetric sources based on Lighthill tensors at vortex shedding is also studied. Its far-field directivity is of lateral quadrupoles with the weak radiations in the flow and cross-flow directions.     

有限振幅声波间的非线性相互作用对声源远场指向性的影响

根据Fenlon理论推导得到了多频声源的辐射声压.基于单频声源谐波指向性的求解方法,得到了二阶近似下的双频声源辐射出的声波相互作用时的远场指向性.分别研究和讨论了在初始辐射声压和频率不同情况下,两列波的相互作用对其中一列波的一阶波和二阶波远场指向性的影响.结果表明,声波间的相互作用对声源远场指向性的影响根据各波之间的相对初始辐射声压和相对频率的不同而有所变化. 关键词： 有限振幅声波 非线性相互作用 远场指向性     

求解水中加肋板声辐射特性的虚拟声源法*

发展一种利用虚拟声源离散声场的方法求解加肋板在水中的声振耦合问题。由波叠加原理和单元体积速度匹配的原则,根据离散的结构单元满足的动力方程和结构与介质的交界相容性条件,确定虚拟声源强度,计算结构的声辐射功率。本文以简支矩形加肋板为例,在不获得结构表面振速和声压的情况下,计算了结构在水中的声辐射功率,并与解析方法计算的结果进行了比较,表明了该方法具有较好的计算精度。     

圆柱绕流气动声的偶极子及四极子源法定量研究

以亚临界三维圆柱绕流的气动噪声为对象,研究声类比理论中偶极子及四极子源模型在预测低Mach数流动气动声的可靠性及准确性。使用大涡模拟(LES)得到非定常流场,并依据声类比中的Curle等效偶极子面源和Lighthill四极子体源模型,提取相应的声源数据,经Fourier变换得到涡脱落频率处的声源信息,进而定量预测圆柱绕流的气动声。结果表明:Curle模型的结果与实验结果吻合良好,Lighthill体源模型预测的准确性依赖于声源区域截断,不恰当的声源截断将导致错误的声场预测。      

A numerical method for computation of sound radiation from an unflanged duct

Some issues involved in establishing a numerical model for sound radiation from a straight duct are addressed in this paper. The main ingredient of the numerical method is solutions of linearized Euler equations using a high order compact scheme. Farfield directivity is estimated through an integral solution of Ffowcs-Williams Hawkings equations. A generic test case of planar wave radiation from an unflanged duct is studied. The sound pressure level and wave propagation in the nearfield are analyzed, together with the farfield directivity. Comparison with analytical solutions shows good agreement. The effect of grid resolution on the sound radiation pattern and the construction of integration surface on the farfield directivity are discussed.     

Directive sources in acoustic discrete-time domain simulations based on directivity diagrams

Discrete-time domain methods provide a simple and flexible way to solve initial boundary value problems. With regard to the sources in such methods, only monopoles or dipoles can be considered. However, in many problems such as room acoustics, the radiation of realistic sources is directional-dependent and their directivity patterns have a clear influence on the total sound field. In this letter, a method to synthesize the directivity of sources is proposed, especially in cases where the knowledge is only based on discrete values of the directivity diagram. Some examples have been carried out in order to show the behavior and accuracy of the proposed method.     

On the Mach number and temperature dependence of jet noise: Results from a simplified numerical model

Numerical simulations of sound radiation from perturbed round jets are used, firstly to explore the structure of the sound sources and then to carry out a parametric study of the effect of jet Mach number and jet temperature. The simplified model problem includes a steady base jet flow, maintained in the absence of disturbances, superimposed with instability waves that are free to interact nonlinearly. Simulations over a range of subsonic jet Mach numbers show that a nonlinear mechanism dominates over a linear mechanism for low-frequency sound radiation, while for supersonic Mach numbers the linear mechanism is dominant. Additional insight is gained from a frequency-wavenumber analysis, including a transformation in the radial direction. With this decomposition, the acoustic field is located by the arc of a circle in plots of radial against streamwise wavenumber for discrete frequencies. The transformation is applied to both the pressure field, showing the sound directivity, and to selected source terms, showing characteristic directivity patterns for the streamwise and radial quadrupole terms. Decreasing the Mach number leads to a reduction in amplitude of the sources and of the sound radiation. Simulations with broadband forcing show that the qualitative effects of Mach number and jet heating are captured by this approach, which requires less resolution than a direct numerical simulation. A significant increase in the strength of the acoustic radiation for cold jets is observed, which is worthy of further investigation.     

Incorporating source directionality into outdoor sound propagation calculations

Many outdoor sound sources, such as aircraft or ground vehicles, exhibit directional radiation patterns. However, long-range sound propagation algorithms are usually formulated for omnidirectional point sources. This paper describes two methods for incorporating directional sources into long-range sound propagation algorithms. The first is the equivalent source method (ESM), which determines a compact distribution of omnidirectional point sources reproducing a given directivity pattern in the far field. This method can be used with any propagation algorithm because it explicitly reconstructs a source function as a set of point sources with certain amplitudes and positions. The second is a directional starter method (DSM), which is developed specifically for the parabolic equation (PE) algorithms. This method derives narrow- or wide-angle directional starter fields, corresponding to a given source directivity pattern, without reconstructing the equivalent source distribution. Although the ESM can also be used for the PE, the DSM is simpler and can be more convenient, especially if the sound propagation is calculated only for one or a few azimuthal directions. While these two methods are found to produce generally distinct starter fields, they nonetheless yield identical directivity patterns.     

逆向傅里叶衍射定理快速预报水下目标三维声散射指向分布

提出逆向运用傅里叶衍射定理预报水下弱散射目标三维声散射指向分布的快速计算方法。依据目标形状、周围介质的密度和声速构建三维声场图像模型,建立散射远场积分结果与图像频域幅值的关系式,提取频域中半径为水中波数k;的球型表面上的幅值,获得精细化的宽带、全方位散射声压指向特性。数值计算表明:将傅里叶衍射定理逆向运用于解决声学正问题,适用于分层的、不均匀的、非规则及多体弱散射目标散射声场的求解。通过插值提取频域样本获得远场声压的方法,避免了有限元法(3D-FEM)所必须的大规模的网格划分和迭代运算,可以有效地减少计算成本并拓展散射频率响应的带宽。在水池中完成两种具有不同声学参数和形状目标指向性测试实验,得到散射声压指向性幅度函数与理论预报相一致。      

基于联合波叠加法的浅海信道下圆柱壳声辐射研究

针对浅海信道下弹性结构声辐射预报尚无高效可靠的研究方法,提出了一种浅海信道下弹性结构声辐射快速预报的联合波叠加法.该方法结合了浅海信道传输函数、多物理场耦合数值计算法和波叠加法理论,运用该方法可对浅海信道下弹性结构辐射声场进行快速预报.经数值法和解析解法验证后,从信道下辐射源、环境影响和辐射声场测量的角度研究分析了浅海信道下弹性圆柱壳的声辐射特性,阐释了进行浅海信道下结构声辐射研究的必要性.研究结果表明,仅在低频浅海信道下弹性结构可近似等效为点源,信道上下边界对声场产生显著的耦合影响,高频段的空间声场指向性分布尤为明显,垂直线列阵进行信道下结构辐射声功率测量时,测量结果受到信道环境边界和潜深的影响较大.     

空间声场全息重建的波叠加方法研究

提出了基于波叠加法的近场声场全息技术，并将其用于任意形状物体的声辐射分析.在声辐射计算问题中，边界元法是通过离散边界面上的声学和位置变量来实现，而波叠加方法则通过叠加辐射体内部若干个简单源产生的声场来完成.因而，基于波叠加法的声全息就不存在边界面上的参数插值和奇异积分等问题，而这些问题是基于边界元法的声全息所固有的.与基于边界元法的声全息相比较，基于波叠加法的声全息在原理上更易于理解，在计算机上更容易实现.实验结果表明：该种全息技术在重建声场时，具有令人满意的重建精度. 关键词： 声全息 逆问题 波叠加方法 正则化方法     

On the sound radiation of a rolling tyre

The sound radiation from rolling tyres is still not very well understood. Although details such as horn effect or directivity during rolling have been investigated, it is not clear which vibrational modes of the tyre structure are responsible for the radiated sound power. In this work an advanced tyre model based on Wave Guide Finite Elements is used in connection with a contact model validated in previous work. With these tools the tyre vibrations during rolling on an ISO surface are simulated. Starting from the calculated contact forces in time the amplitudes of the modes excited during rolling are determined as function of frequency. A boundary element model also validated in previous work is applied to predict the sound pressure level on a reference surface around a tyre placed on rigid ground as function of the modal composition of the tyre vibrations. Taking into account different modes when calculating the vibrational field as input into the boundary element calculations, it is possible to identify individual modes or groups of modes of special relevance for the radiated sound power. The results show that mainly low-order modes with relative low amplitudes but high radiation efficiency in the frequency range around 1 kHz are responsible for the radiated sound power at these frequencies, while those modes which are most strongly excited in that frequency range during rolling are irrelevant for the radiated sound power. This fact is very essential when focusing on the design of quieter tyres.     

基于声压场描述的扩散声场多自由度互易原理研究

应用于复杂结构中频声振分析的扩散场多自由度互易原理采用位移变量描述系统,实质为弹性波场互易原理,应用于声波场时会造成模型自由度数不必要的增加。建立基于声压描述的扩散声场受挡模型,利用声辐射模态描述扩散声场中结构的表面受挡声压;据此提出基于声压描述的扩散声场多自由度互易原理,发现扩散声场中结构表面受挡声压的互谱矩阵与该结构在自由空间中振动辐射声波的声阻矩阵成正比。该互易原理与传统的单自由度互易原理表达形式相似,但适用于任意自由度结构。该互易原理可用于扩散声场中复杂结构的表面受挡声压的自谱及相关分析,仿真研究表明当边界元网格尺寸小于声波波长的1/6(线性单元)或1/3(二次单元)时,数值解与理论解完全吻合。      

含损伤黏弹性阻尼加筋层合板声功率和指向性变异

该文旨在研究损伤位置和程度对自由阻尼加筋层合板声辐射功率和指向性的影响.基于Mindlin和Timoshenko梁理论,建立了自由阻尼层合板-梁组合结构有限元模型.数值求解四边简支边界条件自由阻尼加筋层合板振动响应,继而通过Rayleigh积分计算加筋层合板辐射声功率和指向性.将计算得到的前4阶模态固有频率、声辐射功率...     

线阵声强缩放方法在水下声源辐射功率估算中的应用_

为了解决水下声源辐射声功率难以计算的问题,利用线阵声强缩放方法在波束形成声源识别的基础上,根据波束输出结果与声源辐射声功率之间的换算关系来获得相应的声功率.为了提高线阵声强缩放方法的水下声功率估算精度,给出了一定动态范围限制的主瓣区域积分方法,并通过仿真验证了该方法的有效性.在消声水池中开展了水下声功率估算的实验研究....     

水下涡流场前向声散射特性分析

研究水下涡声散射特性,在目标探测和流场声成像领域具有重要意义。针对水下低马赫数涡流场前向声散射建立了数值计算方法,探究了其形态函数和指向性。首先,基于摄动声学理论给出了考虑流声耦合作用的涡声散射模型,采用时域有限差分结合完美匹配层构建了数值求解方法;随后,在算法验证的基础上,预报分析了高斯涡涡核尺寸在1~10 m,同时入射平面波无量纲波数在1~10范围内,涡流场强度对前向声散射特性的影响。结果表明,低马赫数下,声散射场具有对称性,且有明显的主瓣和指向性。其前向散射形态函数随入射波波数、涡核尺寸、涡流场强度增加而增大;主瓣方位角随波数增加而趋近入射波传播方向。      

Prediction of the spatial characteristics of higher mode sound transmission through a periodic slit screen

Periodic slit screens are often installed in rectangular apertures either to mask the opening or to reduce transmitted noise. This investigation considers the higher-order scattered and transmitted sound from a point source through a periodic screen mounted in a rigid baffle. In particular, this paper considers the spatial characteristics, or directivity, of the scattered field for a particular higher order mode. Uncoupled higher-order mode analysis is used to estimate the scattered and transmitted sound fields for the selected mode of the aperture without the presence of the screen. Transmission coefficients for the screens are then calculated using the well established equivalent mass layer effect and applied to the calculated higher-order mode scattered and transmitted sound pressures. Using an anechoic chamber, measurements were made over a small arc of the scattered sound field through a range of screens of different aspect ratios but the same porosity. The screens consisted of equally spaced open slits and solid laths and the number of slits was reduced to change the aspect ratio. In each case the point source was positioned on the impinging side of the aperture so as to drive one particular scattered higher-order aperture mode at or near cut-on. Comparison of the measured and predicted sound pressures indicate that good estimates of the sound field can be obtained through the approach of applying simple corrections for the presence of the screens to the estimates for the open aperture established using uncoupled calculations for the higher-order modes. It is also shown that the results for a specific mode excited at one particular frequency are applicable at other excitation frequencies provided that the correct non-dimensionalisation is applied.     

Underwater measurement of narrowband sound power and directivity using Supersonic Intensity in Reverberant Environments

A laboratory underwater acoustic measurement technique, Supersonic Intensity in Reverberant Environments (SIRE), is developed analytically and validated experimentally and numerically. Unlike standard free or diffuse field techniques, SIRE enables the measurement of narrowband sound power and directivity in an environment with inexact field conditions. The technique takes advantage of underwater vector sensors, measuring only acoustic pressure and the normal component of particle velocity/acceleration, and supersonic wavenumber filtering in the near field of a source. The result is outward-propagating acoustic waves separated from interfering incoming and/or evanescent waves. The SIRE technique was experimentally applied to monopole and dipole sources and the results are compared with theory and standard methods. SIRE is shown to accurately measure radiated sound power to within the limits of ANSI S12.51 and to accurately measure the directivity indices of simple sources to within ±3 dB. A coupled finite element/boundary element model of a point-driven, thin-walled cylinder is also developed to establish the limitations of the SIRE technique. The model results show that the measurement standoff distance should be less than the reciprocal of the largest wavenumber in the frequency band of interest. Furthermore, the maximum measurement grid spacing must be less than twice the standoff distance.     

Localization of multiple sound sources with two microphones

This paper presents a two-microphone technique for localization of multiple sound sources. Its fundamental structure is adopted from a binaural signal-processing scheme employed in biological systems for the localization of sources using interaural time differences (ITD). The two input signals are transformed to the frequency domain and analyzed for coincidences along left/right-channel delay-line pairs. The coincidence information is enhanced by a nonlinear operation followed by a temporal integration. The azimuths of the sound sources are estimated by integrating the coincidence locations across the broadband of frequencies in speech signals (the "direct" method). Further improvement is achieved by using a novel "stencil" filter pattern recognition procedure. This includes coincidences due to phase delays of greater than 2pi, which are generally regarded as ambiguous information. It is demonstrated that the stencil method can greatly enhance localization of lateral sources over the direct method. Also discussed and analyzed are two limitations involved in both methods, namely missed and artifactual sound sources. Anechoic chamber tests as well as computer simulation experiments showed that the signal-processing system generally worked well in detecting the spatial azimuths of four or six simultaneously competing sound sources.     

Rigorous solutions for sound radiation from circular ducts with hyperbolic horns or infinite plane baffle

A rigorous treatment is presented of sound radiation from circular ducts with either a hyperbolic horn or an infinite plane baffle. In the analysis hyperboloidal wave functions are used, which are defined here, for the first time, as a class of eigensolutions of the wave equation for oblate spheroidal co-ordinates. The numerical results include the complex conversion (or reflection) coefficients and the radiation directivity for various incident wave modes, spinning modes as well as axisymmetric modes. The solutions are valid for the whole frequency range including frequencies above and below the cut-off frequencies of the duct modes involved.