溶剂热法制备无皂阳离子P(MMA-St)纳米胶乳粒子

运用溶剂热法,以丙酮-水为分散介质,偶氮二异丁基脒盐酸盐(AIBA)引发苯乙烯(St)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)共聚,制得粒径约为40nm的无皂阳离子聚(苯乙烯-甲基丙烯酸甲酯)纳米胶乳粒子[P(MMA-St)],其结构经TEM,FT-IR,TG和DTA表征。讨论了不同引发剂[AIBA与KPS(过硫酸钾)],AIBA浓度{[AIBA]},单体总浓度{[M0]}对聚合速率的影响。结果表明:相同条件下AIBA引发聚合速率比KPS的快;随着[AIBA]的增大,聚合速率先增大后减小,而粒径先减小后增大;随着[M0]的增大,聚合速率增大;得到[M0]和[AIBA]影响聚合速率的动力学方程为:RP=kP·[M0]0.59[AIBA]0.77;[P(MMA-St)]的热稳定性显著提高。     

苯乙烯与富马酸二甲酯的原子转移自由基无规共聚

2-溴丙酸乙酯(EBP)为引发剂,CuBr为催化剂,N,N,N′,N″,N″-五甲基二亚乙基三胺(PMDETA)为配位剂的富马酸二甲酯(DMF)与苯乙烯(St)的原子转移自由基无规共聚合,转化率低于60％时,1n([M]0／[M])随聚合时间线性增加,数均分子量(Mn)随转化率性增长,所得聚合物分子量分布(PDI)较窄。根据元素分析所得共聚物的平均组成,由Kelerr—Tudos方程,计算两种共聚单体的竞聚率分别是rst=0．488,rDMF=0．303。并探讨了单体与引发剂配比以及温度对聚合反应的影响。     

水分散体系中苯乙烯和甲基丙烯酸甲酯梯度共聚物的合成与表征

以2-溴代异丁酸乙酯(EBiB)为引发剂,CuBr/CuBr₂/1,10-邻二氮菲(phen)为复合催化剂,十二烷基磺酸钠(SLS)为乳化剂,考察了水分散体系中苯乙烯(St)和甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的原子转移自由基共聚合的可控性和相对反应活性.在此基础上,通过反应进料法在水分散体系中进行了St和MMA的梯度共聚合,反应表现出“活性”聚合的特征,即所得共聚物的数均分子量随着单体转化率的增加而增大,分子量分布较窄(M_w/M_n<1.50).用¹HNMR跟踪分析了聚合反应过程中共聚物微观组成的变化规律,结果表明,共聚物链中MMA链节的累积含量和瞬时含量都随着共聚物相对链长的增加而增加,即随着聚合物相对链长的增加共聚物的微观组成从St链节占主导地位逐渐变化为以MMA链节占主导地位,表明确实形成了St和MMA的梯度或渐变共聚物.     

丙酮对MMA-St无皂乳液聚合速率的影响

运用溶剂热法,以丙酮-水为分散介质,过硫酸钾为引发剂引发甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和苯乙烯(St)共聚,制备了P(MMA-St)。讨论了丙酮含量对MMA,St均聚和MMA-St共聚的影响。实验结果表明：随着丙酮含量的增加,MMA成核速率先减小后增大,聚合速率先减小后增大再减小;St成核速率先增大后减小再增大,聚合速率先增大后减小;丙酮含量对MMA-St共聚的聚合速率的影响与单体比例有关,当V(MMA)：V(St)=1：1时,聚合速率随丙酮的增加逐渐降低,当V(MMA)：V(St)=1：3和3：1时,聚合速率随丙酮的增加先增大后逐渐减小;当丙酮含量高于40％后,MMA,St各自均聚和共聚的反应速率均明显减小。     

苯乙烯与N-取代马来酰亚胺的可逆加成-断裂链转移交替共聚合

研究了二硫代苯甲酸酯存在下偶氮二异丁腈引发苯乙烯(St)、St与N-对羟基苯基马来酰亚胺(HPM)、St与N-对(2-氯/溴丙酰氧基)苯基马来酰亚胺(CPPM/BPPM)的可逆加成-断裂链转移(RAFT)均/共聚,聚合物的结构由紫外-可见光(UV-Vis)与凝胶渗透色谱(GPC)表征.结果表明,St的RAFT均聚以及St与N-取代马来酰亚胺的RAFT共聚均呈现活性聚合特征,分子量随着转化率上升而增加,且分子量分布较窄.对于St的RAFT均聚,由于双基终止,聚苯乙烯(PSt)链中"戴帽效率"随着转化率上升逐渐下降.对于St与N-取代马来酰亚胺的RAFT共聚合,电荷转移复合物的形成显著地提高了共聚反应速度,并促进交替结构的形成.随后进行了以P(St-alt-BPPM)引发St的原子转移自由基聚合以制备梳型PSt,结果表明在强极性溶剂中进行的聚合过程失去可控性,所得产物分子量极宽,而在本体聚合中所得聚合物分子量相对较窄,有一定的可控性.     

活性正离子聚合与原子转移自由基聚合转换合成聚β-蒎烯接枝共聚物

通过活性正离子聚合与原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP)转换合成了β-蒎烯与甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)、丙烯酸丁酯(BA)、苯乙烯(St)的新型接枝共聚物.首先以α-氯代乙苯/TiCl4/Ti(OiPr)4/nBu4NCl体系引发β-蒎烯活性正离子聚合,合成预定分子量大小和窄分子量分布的聚β-蒎烯,然后经N-溴代琥珀酰亚胺(NBS)定量溴化,得到溴化聚β-蒎烯大分子引发剂(Br/β-蒎烯链节摩尔比为0.5).然后将该大分子引发剂与溴化亚铜(CuBr)/2,2′-联吡啶(bpy)复合,引发MMA、BA、St进行ATRP接枝聚合.接枝反应显示一级动力学特征,且产物的分子量及分子量分布可控,表明上述ATRP接枝聚合反应具有可控聚合特征.接枝产物的结构经1H-NMR分析得到进一步证实.     

溴化铜对异丙醇铝存在下原子转移自由基聚合的影响

研究了以2-溴异丁酸乙酯为引发剂、溴化亚铜(CuX)/联二吡啶(bPy)/异丙醇铝[Al(OPrⁱ)₃]为三元复合催化体系,40℃下甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)在环己酮中的原子转移自由基聚合,详细研究了溴化酮对聚合反应的影响.实验结果表明,以异丙醇铝为助催化剂,MMA可在较低温度下进行活性聚合;随着CuBr₂浓度的提高,自由基浓度降低,终止反应受到抑制;不加CuBr₂时,聚合物的分子量分布较宽(M_w/Mn);加入CuBr₂时,聚合物的分子量分布较窄(M_w/Mn=1.2～1.5),而且对数转化率与时间呈线性关系.     

含卤高聚物记录材料的研究——不同共聚单体对紫外光敏性的影响

研究了与偏二溴乙烯(VDBr,M_1)共聚的不同单体(M_2)——丙烯酸甲酯(MA)、甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)和苯乙烯(St)的性质和共聚物的序列分布对记录材料紫外光敏性的影响。结果表明,含St的紫外光敏性最高,含MA的较差。对同一类共聚物记录材料而言,光敏性与共聚物的序列分布,主要是P_2(M_1M_2)有对应关系。本文还报道了VDBr与MA、MMA及St在55±0.2℃以偶氮二异丁腈为引发剂的自由基共聚反应竞聚率(r)分别为,VDBr-MA:r_1=0.72±0.05,r_1=0.72±0.05;VDBr-MMA:r_1=0.50±0.04,r_2=1.74±0.04;VDBr-St:r_1=0.40±0.04,r_2=1.12±0.04。     

采用RATRP沉淀聚合法合成聚合物PMMA和PSt

以甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)或苯乙烯(St)为单体,偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)为引发剂,乙醇为溶剂,CuCl2/PMDETA(N,N,N’,N″,N″-五甲基二乙烯基三胺)为催化体系,MMA或St经反向原子转移自由基沉淀聚合法合成了聚合物PMMA或PSt。研究结果表明:PMMA和PSt的分子量分布较窄(Mw/Mn<1.3),聚合反应速率对单体呈一级动力学特征,数均分子量与单体转化率呈线性关系。反应具有"活性"/可控聚合的特征。     

甲基咪唑乙酸盐介质中CuBr催化的MMA活性聚合

以甲基咪唑乙酸盐为聚合介质、α-溴代异丁酸乙酯/溴化亚铜为引发体系,研究了甲基丙烯酸甲酯(MMA)的原子转移自由基聚合(ATRP).结果表明:MMA的聚合具有活性自由基聚合的特征.聚合体系中的引发剂和催化剂CuBr比例分别为0.33:1、1:1和1:3时,聚合体系具有活性可控的特征,所得的PMMA分子量分布较窄Mw/Mn＜1.26,体系的引发效率随着引发剂浓度的增加而降低.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。