Liquid Chromatography Coupled with Fluorimetric Detection and Third Derivative Synchronous Fluorescence Spectroscopy as two Analytical Methods for the Simultaneous Determination of Rabeprazole Sodium and Domperidone After Derivatization with 4-Chloro-7-Nitrobenzofurazan

Two simple, sensitive, rapid, economic and validated methods, namely reversed phase liquid chromatography (method Ι) and third derivative synchronous fluorescence spectroscopy (method ΙΙ) have been developed for the simultaneous determination of rabeprazole sodium and domperidone in their laboratory prepared mixture after derivatization with 4-Chloro-7-nitrobenzofurazan. Reversed phase chromatography was conducted using a Zorbax® SB-Phenyl column (250.0 mm × 4.6 mm id) combined with a guard column at ambient temperature with fluorimetric detection at 540 nm after excitation at 483 nm. A mobile phase composed of a mixture of distilled water with methanol and acetonitrile in a ratio of 50:20:30 adjusted pH to 4 has been used at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. Sharp well resolved peaks were obtained for domperidone and rabeprazole sodium with retention times of 5.5 and 6.4 min respectively. While in method ΙΙ, the third-derivative spectra were estimated at 507 and 436 nm for rabeprazole sodium and domperidone respectively. Linearity ranges for rabeprazole sodium and domperidone respectively in both methods were found to be 0.15–2.0 and 0.1–1.5 μg/mL. The proposed methods were successfully applied for the analysis of the two compounds in their binary mixtures, and laboratory prepared tablets. The obtained results were favorably compared with those obtained by the comparison method. Furthermore, detailed validation procedure was also conducted.     

Determination of Conjugation Efficiency of Antibodies and Proteins to the Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Capillary Electrophoresis with Laser-Induced Fluorescence Detection

The method based on capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced fluorescence detection (CE/LIF) was developed for determination of magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (hydrodynamic diameters of 100 nm) functionalized with molecules containing primary amino groups. The magnetic nanoparticles with carboxylic or aminopropyl-trimethoxysilane groups at their surface were conjugated to the model proteins (bovine serum albumin, BSA; streptavidin or goat anti-rabbit immunoglobulin G, IgG) using carbodiimide as a zero-length cross-linker.The nanoparticle–protein conjugates (hydrodynamic diameter 163–194 nm) were derivatized with naphthalene-2,3-dicarboxaldehyde reagent and separated by CE/LIF with a helium–cadmium laser (excitation at 442 nm, emission at 488 nm). The separations were carried out by using a fused-silica capillary (effective length 48 cm, inner diameter 75 um) and 100 mM sodium borate buffer (pH 9.2), the potential was 30 kV. The detection limit for BSA-conjugate was 1.3 pg/10 nl, i.e. about 20 amol. The present method provides an efficient and fast tool for sensitive determination of the efficacy of biomolecular functionalization of magnetic nanoparticles. The CE/LIF technique requires only negligible sample volumes for analysis, which is especially suitable for controlling the process of preparation of functionalized nanoparticles with unique properties aimed to be used for diagnostic or therapeutic purposes.     

Rapid and controlled transformation of nitrate in water and brine by stabilized iron nanoparticles

Highly reactive zero-valent iron (ZVI) nanoparticles stabilized with carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) were tested for reduction of nitrate in fresh water and brine. Batch kinetic tests showed that the pseudo first-order rate constant (k _obs) with the stabilized nanoparticles was five times greater than that for non-stabilized counterparts. The stabilizer not only increased the specific surface area of the nanoparticles, but also increased the reactive particle surface. The allocation between the two reduction products, NH₄ ⁺ and N₂, can be manipulated by varying the ZVI-to-nitrate molar ratio and/or applying a Cu–Pd bimetallic catalyst. Greater CMC-to-ZVI ratios lead to faster nitrate reduction. Application of a 0.05 M HEPES buffer increased the k _obs value by 15 times compared to that without pH control. Although the presence of 6% NaCl decreased k _obs by 30%, 100% nitrate was transformed within 2 h in the saline water. The technology provides a powerful alternative for treating water with concentrated nitrate such as ion exchange brine.     

柔性ITO衬底电化学沉积制备Cu/Cu2O薄膜

研究了使用电化学沉积法于碱性条件下在柔性ITO衬底上制备Cu/Cu₂O薄膜的方法。循环伏安曲线表明Cu₂O与Cu的阴极峰分别位于-500 mV(vs Ag/AgCl)和-800 mV(vs Ag/AgCl)附近。利用循环伏安法考察了生长温度和电解液pH值等对Cu₂O与Cu阴极峰电位的影响,阴极峰随生长温度的升高以及pH值的降低而略向阳极移动,沉积电流也随之相应增大。与弱酸性条件相比,上述两个阴极峰随pH值升高而移动的程度明显减小,这可能与碱性条件下C₃H₆O电离程度增大以及C₃H₆O根作为配体的过量程度有关。通过X射线衍射光谱和扫描电子显微镜的表征证实,在所研究的生长温度区间和pH值内可利用电化学沉积法在柔性ITO衬底上制备Cu/Cu₂O纳米混晶薄膜。在相同的生长温度和pH条件下,电化学沉积电位对样品表面形貌和晶体性质具有较大影响。     

Determination of (15)N in (15)N-enriched nitrite and nitrate in aqueous samples by reaction continuous flow quadrupole mass spectrometry

The (15)N tracer method is the most suitable method for studying complex N transformation processes in microbiology and biochemistry. It entails the constant determination of the (15)N abundance of the inorganic nitrogen (N) compounds nitrite and nitrate. However, (15)N analytical methods are time-consuming, difficult to automate, and require at least 10 μg of N per determination. An additional obstacle in the case of nitrite is that it usually only occurs in very small amounts (ppb) dwarfed by much larger quantities of nitrate (ppm). More useful is an approach in which the N compound is selectively converted into a gaseous form suitable for direct measurement by mass spectrometry. By using this 'reaction continuous-flow mass spectrometry' (R/CFMS) we developed methods for the (15)N determination of nitrite and nitrate from tracer experiment samples, i.e. artificially enriched in (15)N. Because both methods are based on the same principle, one continuous flow setup connected directly to a quadrupole mass spectrometer for all determinations was used. Nitrite and nitrate are reduced to NO by iodide and titanium(III) chloride, respectively. The technique developed ensures a precision of relative standard deviation /=1 at.% are to be measured for nitrite and nitrate, respectively. Copyright 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

西维因和蝇毒磷的同步荧光光谱解析及应用研究

研究了西维因、蝇毒磷的荧光行为,发现在pH 3.0的Britton-Robinson缓冲介质中,两种农药均能产生较强的的荧光,但光谱相互重叠,当以波长差Δλ=60 nm进行同步荧光扫描,它们的同步荧光光谱得到较好的分离,同步荧光峰(以激发波长表示)分别位于280和322 nm,可同时分别对其进行定量测定。西维因和蝇毒磷的线性范围分别为0.016～0.384 μg· mL-1和0.016～0.320 μg· mL-1;检出限分别为0.015和0.010 μg· mL-1。混合样本分析无需分离,方法简单、快速,用于蔬菜、水果、大米和水样等测定,结果满意。     

二阶导数光谱法快速测定硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮

紫外吸收方法中，硝酸盐氮(NO-₃-N)的紫外吸收峰在202.0 nm左右，而亚硝酸盐氮(NO-₂-N)的紫外吸收峰在210.0 nm左右，两者吸收峰位置距离很近，因此，在分析过程中两者的紫外吸收曲线严重重叠，相互之间严重干扰，不经过分离很难用单波长对二者的含量进行测定而常用的国标方法过程又过于繁琐，耗时较长。为了准确、快速、环保的实现环境水体和饮用水中的硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮快速监测，避免国标方法中对二者测定的诸多不足，结合紫外吸收和二阶导数光谱法，在不经过任何预先分离处理的情况下，建立了水体中这两种物质的快速分析方法，实现水样中二者的快速准确测定。研究采用优级纯试剂配制硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮系列标准溶液。以去离子水做参比，采用紫外-可见光分光光度计扫描其在195～250 nm范围内的紫外吸收光谱，之后采用Origin软件对所获得的光谱图做二阶导数处理，并采用Origin软件中的Savitzky-Golay方法对处理后的二阶导数光谱进行平滑处理以去除其他无关的干扰和噪声。通过观察上述所得两组二阶导数光谱图，得出以下结论，不同浓度的亚硝酸盐氮样品在223.5 nm处吸光度的二阶导数均为0，不同浓度的硝酸盐氮样品在216.5 nm处的吸光度的二阶导数也均为0。通过实验可见硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮混合样品的紫外吸收光谱的二阶导数在这两个特定波长处符合朗伯比尔定律。实验通过配制硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮混合样品，并扫描混合样品的紫外吸收光谱，采用上述方法对所得光谱做二阶导数及平滑去噪处理。研究混合样品二阶导数光谱图可以看出在硝酸盐氮浓度相同而亚硝酸盐氮浓度不同时，亚硝酸盐氮的浓度变化会对硝酸盐氮的吸光度的二阶导数有影响，但是各种混合样品的二阶导数光谱在223.5 nm处几乎交叉于一点，说明此处亚硝酸盐氮的浓度不同不会对硝酸盐氮的二阶导数吸光度有影响。且在223.5 nm处硝酸盐氮二阶导数吸光度随浓度增加而线性增加。因此，223.5 nm可作为混合组分中硝酸盐氮的测定波长。参照以上方法，可得亚硝酸盐氮的测定波长为216.5 nm。在223.5 nm处对单组分的硝酸盐氮的浓度值及其相应的吸光度的二阶导数进行线性回归，其线性关系良好，得到标准曲线的回归方程为C=438.69A+0.015，R2=0.995 9。同理，得到亚硝酸盐氮在216.5 nm处回归方程为C=-657.29A+0.068 8，R2=0.998。为了验证这种方法在实际水样测量中能否成立，取秦皇岛市新河、汤河以及戴河三种河水水样进行实验验证，结果表明，回收率在96.7%～103.0%之间，相对标准偏差在1.46～3.68之间。该方法结果较准确，且操作更加简便，成本较低，可同时实现硝酸盐氮和亚硝酸盐氮快速在线监测。     

超高压处理对毛栓菌多酚氧化酶的影响

 以茶多酚为底物,测定毛栓菌多酚氧化酶（Polyphenol Oxidase,PPO）活性的最适pH值为5.0、最适底物浓度为4 mg/mL,经100、300和500 MPa超高压处理10 min的PPO酶活分别是未处理的93%、87%和86%。圆二色谱和高效液相凝胶渗透色谱分析结果显示,100和300 MPa压力处理PPO的圆二色谱位于190~210 nm的正Cotton效应峰分别产生“褶皱”和“分蘖”;高效液相凝胶渗透色谱中的第一时间出峰组分（即最大分子量组分）的保留时间由6.678 min分别提前至1.514和2.296 min。500 MPa压力处理PPO的圆二色谱和高效液相凝胶渗透色谱与对照相比差异更加显著,其圆二色谱中只有一个正Cotton效应峰;其高效液相凝胶渗透色谱中主要组分的色谱峰面积减小（即280 nm的响应值降低）。不同压力处理的PPO的圆二色谱与高效液相凝胶渗透色谱图的差异程度具有对应关系。     

SiO2微球表面吸附PDADMAC的研究

研究了SiO2 微球表面吸附聚阳离子电解质聚二烯丙基二甲基氯化铵PDADMAC的吸附等温线分别随溶液NaCl浓度、pH值和温度的变化趋势 ,以及不同 pH值下的Zeta电位 .测试结果表明 ,聚电解质在SiO2 微球表面的吸附分别随盐浓度和pH值的增加而增加 ,该吸附属于Langmuir型 .随着PDADMAC吸附量的增加 ,SiO2微球的等电点逐渐向碱性范围移动 .在碱性条件下 ,吸附PDADMAC的SiO2 微球显示良好的分散稳定性 .XPS分析显示 ,SiO2 微球表面吸附PDADMAC后含氮 ,其N1s结合能为 4 0 1.7eV .O1s谱含两个峰 ,分别对应低结合能的SiO2 结构氧和高结合能的吸附氧 .当SiO2 微球表面吸附PDADMAC后吸附氧部分的O1s峰增加 .     

Simple suppression of spurious peaks in TROSY experiments

In (1)H-(15)N TROSY experiments of proteins and nucleic acids, where the second coherence transfer delay time tau' has been fixed as 5.6 ms, 1/(2(1)J(NH)), in order to achieve complete spin-state selection, spurious negative peaks are observed along the (15)N axes. These peaks are often annoyingly large, especially for nucleic acids. A simple product operator calculation, however, indicated that the shortening of the second delay time tau', which is next to the t1 period, would efficiently suppress these spurious peaks, without sacrificing the sensitivities of the TROSY peaks too much. We have shown for three systems, two 11- and 17-kDa proteins and one 8-kDa DNA duplex, that these spurious peaks can be effectively suppressed with delay times of 3.3 ms for the two proteins and 2.3 ms for the DNA. These delay times, optimized by trial and error, for the spurious peak suppression did not depend on the magnetic field strength and the temperature very much. Although the shortened tau' delay times attenuate the TROSY peak intensities by about 10 and 20% for the two proteins and the DNA, respectively, this simple modification will be useful for the quantitative uses of TROSY peaks and will result in cleaner spectra for various TROSY-based multiple resonance experiments.     

甲磺酸培氟沙星-La(Ⅲ)络合物的荧光特性研究及应用

在pH 5 6的乙酸 乙酸钠缓冲溶液中 ,La3 与甲磺酸培氟沙星形成络合物。该络合物的荧光强度是甲磺酸培氟沙星的 1 5倍 ,最佳激发波长与最佳发射波长分别为 2 76和 4 4 0nm ,线性范围为 0 0 4～ 2 0mg·L-1,测定下限为 2 8μg·L-1。该体系的抗干扰能力与稳定性较好 ,成功地用于直接测定人血清中甲磺酸培氟沙星含量 ,测定结果为 :含量 4 79mg·L-1,RSD 6 3% ,回收率 95 %。本法亦用于测定胶囊中甲磺酸培氟沙星含量 ,测定结果与紫外 可见光度法一致     

Application of phosphoenolpyruvate into canine red blood cell cryopreservation with hydroxyethyl starch

Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) is a phosphorylated glycolytic intermediate that can penetrate the RBC membrane and be metabolized to 2,3-DPG and ATP. In this study, we evaluated the effects of PEP treatment on canine red blood cells (RBCs) cryopreserved with 12.5% (w/v) HES. RBCs were incubated for 30, 60, and 90 min at 37 degrees C with PEP solution containing 60 mM mannitol, 30 mM sodium chloride, 25 mM glucose, 1 mM adenine and 50 mM PEP (340 m osm/kg), pH 6.0 and then cryopreserved in liquid nitrogen with 12.5% (w/v) HES for 2 weeks. 2,3-DPG and saline stabilities of the PEP treated groups were increased and osmotic fragility indices were significantly decreased compared to the untreated control group. There were no differences in 2,3-DPG levels within the PEP treated groups with different PEP incubation times. These results suggest that PEP treatment may be beneficial for the cryopreservation of canine RBCs with HES.     

Effect of high hydrostatic pressure on the profile of proteins extracted from Betula pendula pollens

High hydrostatic pressure (HHP) has high success potential in pollen protein extraction, but its effect on pollen protein profiles has not been studied yet. The aim of this study is to put forward whether HHP processing causes a change in the protein profiles extracted from pollens or not. In this study, proteins extracted from Betula pendula pollens were studied at 100, 200 and 300?MPa at room temperature for 5?min. In addition, the efficiency of three different extraction solvents, namely phosphate buffer saline (PBS) buffer pH 7.5, trichloroacetic acid–acetone and Tris–HCl buffer pH 8.8, was also observed, and the results were compared with the conventional pollen protein extraction procedure. As a result, it is concluded that 200?MPa for 5?min has extracted similar amounts of protein compared with the conventional extraction method which lasted for 24?h, which lasted for 24 h. On the other hand, the application time for 200 MPa for 5 min is extremely shorter when it is compared to the conventional extraction method.     

用适配体修饰纳米金做共振瑞利散射光谱探针检测妥布霉素

用硼氢化钠还原氯金酸制备了金纳米粒子(GN),用妥布霉素适配体(Apt)修饰GN可获得较稳定的Apt-GN探针。在pH 6.8 Na₂HPO₄-NaH₂PO₄(PBS)缓冲液及NaCl存在下,Apt-GN探针稳定而不聚集;当有妥布霉素(Tbc)存在时,它与Apt-GN探针中的Apt特异性结合并释放出纳米金,纳米金在NaCl作用下聚集,导致体系在368 nm处的共振瑞利散射光增强。在选定实验条件下,368 nm处的共振散射峰强度的增大值ΔI与抗生素妥布霉素(Tbc)浓度在1.9～58.3 ng·mL-1范围内呈良好线性关系,其线性回归方程为ΔI=35.3c-23,检出限为0.8 ng·mL-1 妥布霉素。分别对10.0,20.0和30.0 ng·mL-1 Tbc平行测定5次,求得其相对标准偏差分别为6.8%,5.0%和4.4%。考察了共存离子对测定38.9 ng·mL-1 妥布霉素的干扰情况。结果表明,当相对误差在±10%以内,80倍Zn2+;40倍L-谷氨酸,Cu2+,Mg2+,Ca2+;20倍葡萄糖、盐酸土霉素;10倍L-苯丙氨酸、甘氨酸;2倍L-天冬氨酸;6倍HSA和BSA不干扰测定。这说明本方法具有较好的选择性。该法用于分析测定妥布霉素滴眼液中的妥布霉素含量,结果令人满意,相对标准偏差在6.5%～7.6%之间,回收率在95.0%～107%之间。     

黄原酯棉分离富集和石英缝管技术的FAAS测定环境水中痕量铅

本文研究了黄原酯棉富集铅的条件，探讨了应用石英缝管技术测定铅的方法。实验表明ｐＨ＝７左右时，黄原酯棉能够定量地富集水中痕量铅，以１％ＨＮＯ３、水浴２０ｍｉｎ即可定量解脱。应用石英缝管技术可比常规火焰测定铅的灵敏度提高３．３倍。本方法可应用于野外富集。     

同步镀铋膜差分脉冲伏安法测试土壤中铬

采用同步镀铋膜法修饰玻碳电极及差分脉冲溶出伏安法测试土壤中Cr。在优化的实验条件下,以KNO3为支持电解质,NaAc-HAc(pH=5.5)为缓冲溶液的铋膜上得到Cr溶出特征峰电位为-1.14V,线性方程为:I=0.0747C+0.31054,相关系数为0.9981,检出限为0.001μg/L,线性范围为0.01—60μg/L,RSD=2.47%,该方法简单快速,准确度和精密度均符合要求,回收率为96.7%—104.5%。     

Influence of ultrasonic waves in the reduction of nitrate to nitrite by hydrazine-Cu(II)

Colorimetric methods are still important for determining nitrate and nitrite. A critical step in the use of these methods to determine nitrate in low concentrations is the reaction time required to totally reduce nitrate to nitrite, i.e., 24h in the dark. This work involved a study of the influence of ultrasonic irradiation on the nitrate reduction reaction by hydrazine. Our findings indicated that ultrasonic irradiation, associated with copper(II) ion as a catalyst, increased the redox reaction rate, decreasing the reaction time to about 10min when the power of the ultrasonic irradiation was set in 14.0357W. The strong influence of the ultrasonic irradiation in the reduction reaction rates can be sustained by an excellent linear correlation (R(2)=0.9993) between the kinetic constants and ultrasonic powers. Nitrate conversion also increased from 68% to 98% at the latter conditions. It thus become clear that high intensity ultrasound is very beneficial for this reduction reaction to proceed in good yield and in short reaction time in comparison to its silent reaction.     

Post mortem energy metabolism and pH development in porcine M. longissimus dorsi as affected by two different cooling regimes. A (31)P-NMR spectroscopic study

(31)P-NMR spectroscopy was carried out on M. longissimus dorsi samples chilled by two different cooling profiles corresponding to commercial batch and tunnel chilling. The half-life of post mortem phosphocreatine (PCr) degradation was found to be significantly less in muscle samples exposed to tunnel chilling (rapid) compared with muscle samples exposed to batch chilling (soft) conditions, while no difference in the post mortem ATP degradation was found. Moreover, the post mortem pH development in the muscle samples differed considerably between the two cooling regimes. A maximum difference of approx. 0.25 pH units between the two cooling profiles was observed around 150 min post mortem. Theoretical calculations of the registered pH difference between rapid and soft chilling of muscle samples revealed that the temperature effect on the buffer capacity of muscle is the major determining factor in the detected difference in intracellular pH between the two cooling profiles, while any contribution from a temperature-induced delayed progress in the lactate formation post mortem seems negligible. Moreover, calculations on the effect of the registered pH difference between rapid and soft chilling of muscle samples resemble a 2.5 times greater denaturation of myosin in samples which were chilled softly compared with samples chilled more rapidly. Finally, the relationship to the functionality of meats from soft and rapid chilled pork carcasses is discussed.     

Rapid, Sensitive and Highly Selective (15)N Analysis of (15)N Enriched Nitrite in Water Samples and Soil Extracts by Nitric Oxide Production and CF-QMS Measurement

Abstract Nitrite is a very important intermediate in many microbiological N transformations in soils and water. The stable isotope (15)N is often used to investigate these processes. The determination of (15)N in low concentrations of nitrite in the presence of large concentrations of nitrate is very difficult. Methods used so far for the isotope analysis of nitrite are unsatisfactory, because the nitrite must be calculated as the difference between nitrate plus nitrite and nitrate alone. More useful are mehods by which the nitrite is selectively converted into a chemical form that is suitable for (15)N analysis and that is free from interference from other N species, particularly nitrate. Using this principle in the present study we developed a method where the nitrite is reduced to nitric oxide by iodide in acid medium. This reaction is fast and quantitative, and the (15)N abundance of NO can be precisely measured by continuous flow mass spectrometry. This method is used for samples from tracer experiments with artificially enriched nitrogen 15. Therefore, the use of simple quadrupole mass spectrometers directly linked to the reaction unit is possible with sufficient precision (Reaction-Continuous Flow Quadrupole Mass Spektrometry-RCFQMS). Using the technique developed sample volumes up to 10ml containing at least 1.0 μg nitrite-N (0, 1 μg/ml) with a (15)N abundance of ? 0.42 at.% gave a precision of RSD ? ± 3%.     

Rapana thomasiana hemocyanin (RtH): dissociation and reassociation behavior of two isoforms, RtH1 and RtH2

Rapana thomasiana hemocyanin (RtH) is a mixture of two hemocyanin isoforms, termed RtH1 and RtH2. The two subunit types, purified by ion exchange chromatography, were used for macromolecular reassociation studies. In vitro reassociation was achieved with Tris-saline stabilizing buffer at pH 7.4, containing 100mM calcium and magnesium chloride at 4 degrees C. The relatively slow progress of reassociation was monitored, and the different oligomeric forms of RtH1 and RtH2 were studied by transmission electron microscopy, using samples negatively stained with 1% (w/v) uranyl acetate or 5% (w/v) ammonium molybdate containing 1% (w/v) trehalose at pH 7.0. The two subunits reassociate to produce characteristic didecamers, oligomeric and polymeric forms depending on the dissociated material and the reassociation conditions (i.e. divalent ion concentration, duration). In contrast to the didecamers of the freshly isolated RtH preparations, RtH1 and RtH2 show after 2 weeks' reassociation a clear tendency to generate multidecameric structures. The behavior of the native RtH1 and RtH2 during reassociation in the presence of 100mM calcium and magnesium chloride corresponds to the reported common oligomerization characteristics of KLH1/HtH1 and KLH2/HtH2, respectively. It is important to note that during the reassociation of the RtH isoforms: (I) no smaller diameter tubular polymers (ca. 25-27nm) were formed from the subunits as well as from the decamers; (II) multidecamers with one or more 'nucleating' didecamers were detected in addition to the multidecamers, composed of didecamers with associated decamers at one or both ends.