Bayesian modeling and forecasting of Value‐at‐Risk via threshold realized volatility

This study proposes a threshold realized generalized autoregressive conditional heteroscedastic (GARCH) model that jointly models daily returns and realized volatility, thereby taking into account the bias and asymmetry of realized volatility. We incorporate this threshold realized GARCH model with skew Student‐t innovations as the observation equation, view this model as a sharp transition model, and treat the realized volatility as a proxy for volatility under this nonlinear structure. Through the Bayesian Markov chain Monte Carlo method, the model can jointly estimate the parameters in the return equation, the volatility equation, and the measurement equation. As an illustration, we conduct a simulation study and apply the proposed method to the US and Japan stock markets. Based on quantile forecasting and volatility estimation, we find that the threshold heteroskedastic framework with realized volatility successfully models the asymmetric dynamic structure. We also investigate the predictive ability of volatility by comparing the proposed model with the traditional GARCH model as well as some popular asymmetric GARCH and realized GARCH models. This threshold realized GARCH model with skew Student‐t innovations outperforms the competing risk models in out‐of‐sample volatility and Value‐at‐Risk forecasting.     

基于Expectile和Realized GARCH模型的波动率预测

Realized GARCH模型是预测波动率的经典模型之一,最小化非对称二次损失函数的Expectile对收益率尾部分布更加敏感,我们在Realized GARCH模型的基础上引入Expectile提出Expectile-Realized GARCH模型。以沪深300指数的高频收益率为例建模分析,对比不同模型下的波动率预测效果,发现Expectile-Realized GARCH模型较Realized GARCH模型对波动率预测能力更好。其中,当风险水平为95%时,对应的Expectile-Realized GARCH波动率预测能力最好。     

不同矩属性波动模型对中国股市波动率的预测精度分析

金融时间序列的波动性建模经历了从一阶矩到二阶矩直到高阶矩(包含三阶矩和四阶矩)的过程,而对于高阶矩波动模型是否有助于对未来市场的波动率预测这一问题,国内外学术界尚无文献讨论。以上证综指长达7年的每5分钟高频数据样本为例,通过构建具有不同矩属性的波动模型,计算了中国股票市场波动率的预测值,并利用具有bootstrap特性的SPA检验法,实证检验了不同矩属性波动模型的波动率预测精度差异。实证结果显示:就中国股市而言,四阶矩波动模型能够取得比二阶矩波动模型更优的波动率预测精度,而三阶矩波动模型并未表现出比二阶矩波动模型更强的预测能力;在高阶矩波动模型中包含杠杆效应项并不能提高模型的预测精度。最后提出了在金融风险管理、衍生产品定价等领域引入四阶矩波动模型的研究思路。     

成交量信息有助于预测中国股票市场的波动吗?

就成交量信息是否有助于预测股票市场的波动率这一问题,目前学术界有两种截然相反的观点存在。本文以中国股票市场代表性指数的代表性波动周期为例,对上述问题进行了实证研究。通过采用较以往研究更为严谨和稳健的样本外滚动时间窗预测法和高级预测能力检验法(Superiorpredictive ability,SPA),本文得到的分析结论包括:(1)成交量信息对中国股票市场的波动过程有显著影响;(2)将成交量纳入GARCH族模型会导致条件方差方程中的波动持续性出现明显下降;(3)引入成交量作为附加解释变量的GARCH族模型并未表现出比一般GARCH族模型更优的波动率预测能力。最后对实证结果给出了理论解释。     

基于价格极差的GARCH模型

本文利用资产价格的极差序列,基于常规GARCH模型的框架,构造了一类关于波动率的新模型,即GARCH-R模型以及能够表达波动率变化非对称性特性的AGARCH-R模型。利用上证综合指数日收益率及相应的高频数据,通过比较不同模型对波动率以及VAR的预测效果,揭示了这种包含了极差信息的新的模型比传统的GARCH类模型的预测效果具有显著的优势。     

Bayesian tail‐risk forecasting using realized GARCH

A realized generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedastic (GARCH) model is developed within a Bayesian framework for the purpose of forecasting value at risk and conditional value at risk. Student‐t and skewed‐t return distributions are combined with Gaussian and student‐t distributions in the measurement equation to forecast tail risk in eight international equity index markets over a 4‐year period. Three realized measures are considered within this framework. A Bayesian estimator is developed that compares favourably, in simulations, with maximum likelihood, both in estimation and forecasting. The realized GARCH models show a marked improvement compared with ordinary GARCH for both value‐at‐risk and conditional value‐at‐risk forecasting. This improvement is consistent across a variety of data and choice of distributions. Realized GARCH models incorporating a skewed student‐t distribution for returns are favoured overall, with the choice of measurement equation error distribution and realized measure being of lesser importance. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于实际波动率的组合选择实证研究

本文对证券组合三因素的7种预测方法进行了实证研究和敏感性检验,得出结论:若以周作为组合持有期,则不论何种收益预测方法,基于实际波率的ARFIMA方法在组合持有期上均取得了正的超额收益;基于实际波动率的ARFIMA法在组合选择的各种方法中是最优的.     

股票波动率模拟及对中国市场预测效果的实证研究

利用实际波动率衡量标准和损失函数评价指标对GARCH类模型的波动率进行模拟并对中国市场的预测效果进行了实证研究,得出:1)在模拟期,EGARCH模型的模拟效果相对最优;2)在预测期,没有一个模型的预测效果表现相对出色;3)以实际波动率为标准,模拟和预测效果均显得不足,预测效果更是不容乐观.     

基于修正的已实现阈值幂变差的股市跳跃波动行为研究

基于非参数统计方法,利用考虑金融资产价格跳跃和杠杆效应的时点波动估计方法修正已实现阈值幂变差,构造甄别跳跃的检验统计量,对金融资产价格中的随机波动、有限活跃跳跃和无限活跃跳跃等问题进行综合研究。为同时吸收波动率的异方差集聚效应和收益率的非对称效应,对原有的已实现波动率异质自回归预测模型进行拓展,将非对称的异质性自回归模型的误差项设定为GARCH模型,以考察跳跃波动序列与连续波动序列之间的复杂关系。利用沪深股指高频数据进行实证研究,包括进行跳跃识别,跳跃活动程度检验和波动率预测效果对比。研究结果表明,沪深股市同时存在布朗运动成分、有限活跃跳跃和无限活跃跳跃成分,其中连续路径方差占主体。同时,收益和波动间的杠杆效应显著,无论短期还是长期,连续波动和跳跃波动对波动率的预测均具有显著影响,同时考虑股价的跳跃、波动和杠杆效应因素有助于更准确地刻画资产价格动态过程。     

Volatility forecasting via SVR–GARCH with mixture of Gaussian kernels

The support vector regression (SVR) is a supervised machine learning technique that has been successfully employed to forecast financial volatility. As the SVR is a kernel-based technique, the choice of the kernel has a great impact on its forecasting accuracy. Empirical results show that SVRs with hybrid kernels tend to beat single-kernel models in terms of forecasting accuracy. Nevertheless, no application of hybrid kernel SVR to financial volatility forecasting has been performed in previous researches. Given that the empirical evidence shows that the stock market oscillates between several possible regimes, in which the overall distribution of returns it is a mixture of normals, we attempt to find the optimal number of mixture of Gaussian kernels that improve the one-period-ahead volatility forecasting of SVR based on GARCH(1,1). The forecast performance of a mixture of one, two, three and four Gaussian kernels are evaluated on the daily returns of Nikkei and Ibovespa indexes and compared with SVR–GARCH with Morlet wavelet kernel, standard GARCH, Glosten–Jagannathan–Runkle (GJR) and nonlinear EGARCH models with normal, student-t, skew-student-t and generalized error distribution (GED) innovations by using mean absolute error (MAE), root mean squared error (RMSE) and robust Diebold–Mariano test. The results of the out-of-sample forecasts suggest that the SVR–GARCH with a mixture of Gaussian kernels can improve the volatility forecasts and capture the regime-switching behavior.     

Modeling the dynamics of interest rate volatility with skewed fat-tailed distributions

This paper proposes generalized parametric models of the short-term interest rate that nest one-factor CEV and discrete time GARCH models. The paper estimates the generalized and nested models with skewed fat-tailed distributions to determine the correct specification of the conditional distribution of interest rates. The results indicate that the discrete time models that incorporate the level and GARCH effects into the diffusion function and that accommodate the tail-thickness of the interest rate distribution perform much better than the CEV model in forecasting the future volatility of interest rates. The results also show that the significance of nonlinearity in the drift function relies crucially on the specification of the volatility function.     

基于非参数GARCH模型的中国股市波动性预测

本文采用上证综合指数和深证成份指数1997年1月2日—2005年6月30日的每日收盘价对数百分收益率为样本,运用非参数GARCH(1,1)模型研究了中国股票市场的波动性,并与参数GARCH(1,1)模型的估计结果进行了比较,最后利用六种预测误差度量指标比较了这两种模型的样本内及样本外预测能力,结果发现,非参数GARCH(1,1)模型对股市波动性的预测精度有明显提高。     

基于双因子已实现GARCH模型的波动率预测研究

准确地预测金融市场的波动率对市场管理者和参与者而言都是至关重要的。本文在标准已实现GARCH模型基础上,将条件方差乘性分解为长期方差和短期方差两部分,分别构造包含杠杆函数的长期方差方程和短期方差方程,用以捕捉波动率的长记忆性和短期微观波动。运用上证综指和日经指数的日收盘价、已实现方差和已实现核波动此类高频数据进行实证分析,结果表明:与标准已实现GARCH模型相比,两指数的双因子已实现GARCH模型在样本内表现出更大的似然估计值;通过样本外误差函数分析和DM检验,双因子已实现GARCH模型也取得更好表现。     

考虑微观结构噪声与跳跃影响的波动建模

现有的金融高频数据研究,并未充分考虑微观结构噪声对波动建模和预测的影响.以非参数化方法为理论框架,基于高频数据,采用适当方法分离出波动中的微观结构噪声成份,构建了新的跳跃方差和连续样本路径方差,将已实现波动分解为连续样本路径方差、跳跃方差和微观结构噪声方差.同时考虑微观结构噪声和跳跃对波动的影响,对HAR-RV-CJ模型进行改进,提出了HAR-RV-N-CJ模型和LHAR-RV-N-CJ模型.通过上证综指高频数据进行实证,结果表明新模型在模型拟合和预测方面均优于HAR-RV-CJ模型.     

马尔科夫状态转换GARCH模型的波动持续性研究——对估计方法的探讨

由于GARCH模型的系数固定不变,不能反映金融市场波动的结构变化,所以对于波动预测和动态风险管理都还不够完善。本文在GARCH模型中引入马尔科夫过程,从而使状态的转换体现在GARCH模型中,通过设置状态变量,构建马尔科夫状态转换GARCH模型(MRSGARCH),从而较好地揭示了存在结构转换的波动特性,对MRSGARCH模型进行参数估计,并给出了预测的详细过程,最后提出了MRSGARCH的波动持续性的估计方法。     

"已实现"波动率在VaR计算中的实证研究

本文根据“已实现”波动率的性质用ARF IM A模型对其进行模拟,并在此基础上研究了V aR,发现在学生T分布和GED分布下有比较好的预测效果.     

基于GARCH类模型和SV类模型的沪深两市波动性研究

以CSMAR数据库2007年2月27日至2008年5月14日共297个交易日的上证综指和深证综指的收盘价数据为研究对象,通过比较5类GARCH模型和两类SV模型对上证综指和深证综指样本内(2007年2月27日至2008年2月27日)收益率波动特征的描述能力以及样本外(2008年2月28日至2008年5月14日)收益率波动的预测能力,得出GARCH类模型相比SV类模型更适合描述中国证券市场的波动性.     

Exploratory Analysis and Modeling of Stock Returns

In this article, novel joint semiparametric spline-based modeling of conditional mean and volatility of financial time series is proposed and evaluated on daily stock return data. The modeling includes functions of lagged response variables and time as predictors. The latter can be viewed as a proxy for omitted economic variables contributing to the underlying dynamics. The conditional mean model is additive. The conditional volatility model is multiplicative and linearized with a logarithmic transformation. In addition, a cube-root power transformation is employed to symmetrize the lagged response variables. Using cubic splines, the model can be written as a multiple linear regression, thereby allowing predictions to be obtained in a simple manner. As outliers are often present in financial data, reliable estimation of the model parameters is achieved by trimmed least-square (TLS) estimation for which a reasonable amount of trimming is suggested. To obtain a parsimonious specification of the model, a new model selection criterion corresponding to TLS is derived. Moreover, the (three-parameter) generalized gamma distribution is identified as suitable for the absolute multiplicative errors and shown to work well for predictions and also for the calculation of quantiles, which is important to determine the value at risk. All model choices are motivated by a detailed analysis of IBM, HP, and SAP daily returns. The prediction performance is compared to the classical generalized autoregressive conditional heteroskedasticity (GARCH) and asymmetric power GARCH (APGARCH) models as well as to a nonstationary time-trend volatility model. The results suggest that the proposed model may possess a high predictive power for future conditional volatility. Supplementary materials for this article are available online.     

基于LST-GARCH模型的国际油价波动研究

本文基于西德克萨斯轻质原油现货价格日数据,采用逻辑斯特机制平滑转换GARCH模型(LST-GARCH)实证研究国际油价波动特征,研究表明收益率波动的高持久性是一种假象,国际油价的波动过程存在机制转换效应;与传统的GARCH模型相比,LST-GARCH机制转换模型能够刻画油价波动过程的机制平滑转换特征;国际油价波动性对外部冲击有明显的杠杆效应,即相同幅度负的外部冲击比正的冲击引起更大的油价波动;另外国际油价波动过程具有非线性,即波动规律的时变特征。模型的检验与预测结果表明LST-GARCH模型比GARCH模型更好地描述国际油价波动特征。     

基于GED—GARCH模型的中国原油价格波动特征研究

本文采用中国大庆原油价格日平均交易数据,建立了基于GED分布的GARCH(1,1)、GARCH-M(1,1)和TGARCH(1,1)三个模型,描述了中国原油价格与国际接轨以来的波动特征。实证结果表明,与国际油价类似,中国原油价格的波动也存在显著的GARCH效应,但其波动冲击的半衰期要比国际油价短,为5天。而且,中国原油收益率受到预期风险的负向影响,表明中国原油市场并非完全市场化运作,当然这种负向影响程度较小,约为8%。另外,中国原油价格的波动存在显著的杠杆效应,相同幅度的油价下跌比油价上涨对未来油价的波动具有更大的影响,前者是后者的1.7倍左右。最后,基于GED分布的GARCH模型比基于正态分布的GARCH模型能够更好地描述中国原油价格的波动特征,并且具有较好的预测能力。