黄土高原区域气候暖干化对地表能量交换特征的影响

本文将观测试验资料与陆面过程模式模拟资料相结合, 对目前4个流行的陆面过程模式的模拟资料进行了验证分析, 发现通用陆面模式(CLM)模式的模拟资料在黄土高原地区比较可靠. 在此基础上,利用近几十年CLM模式模拟资料和气象站观测资料, 分析了黄土高原地区的区域气候和地表能量交换特征的变化规律, 研究了该地区地表能量交换对降水和温度变化的响应特征, 讨论了该地区气候变化对地表能量交换特征的影响机理. 研究发现,近几十年来黄土高原区域气候表现为明显的暖干化趋势, 从而引起太阳总辐射、地表反射辐射和地表长波向上辐射的增加 及地表长波向下辐射的减小,并由此造成地表净辐射通量减少. 与之相对应,不仅地表潜热通量呈减小趋势,而且地表感热通量和土壤热通量也呈减小趋势, 但地表热量分量的分配比例基本不变.并且发现,地表感热通量的年变化主要由太阳辐射控制, 而潜热通量的年变化则受太阳辐射和降水共同影响;地表热量分量的年际变化均对降水变化响应很敏感, 而对温度变化响应不太敏感,气候干旱化对地表能量平衡的影响比气温变暖的影响更突出. 关键词： 黄土高原 区域气候暖干化 陆面过程模拟 陆面能量交换     

黄土高原地表能量平衡分量年际变化及其对气候波动的响应

本文利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(SACOL站)2006—2012年陆面过程观测资料和榆中站气象资料,分析了7年间榆中气温降水的气候变化背景,讨论了陆面地表能量平衡分量的年际变化,研究了波文比、能量闭合度的年际波动,探讨了地表能量平衡分量以及各陆面过程参数对黄土高原气温、降水年际波动的反馈.结果显示,地表各能量分量都对气候背景的波动做出响应,但敏感性各有不同,净辐射与气温相关性最强,感热潜热与降水相关性较好.分为冬夏半年讨论后得出,冬半年地表平衡分量与气候波动的相关性更好.冬半年中,各分量又与气温有着较高的相关,可见该地区地表能量各分量对冬半年气温波动的响应更为敏感.波文比的上升趋势与该地区降水量减少的背景响应,说明干旱程度的加深.能量闭合度的波动变化显示了在气候变化的背景下该地区陆面能量不闭合程度的加深.     

干旱区不同下垫面能量分配机理及对微气候反馈的研究

本文利用位于美国新墨西哥州距离接近并且天气背景相同的四种下垫面(沙漠草原、稀疏灌木林、稀树草原和浓密灌木林)站点的通量观测资料, 探讨了几种典型干旱下垫面的能量分配差异, 并分析了其对微气候的反馈机理. 结果表明, 四种下垫面叶面积指数和粗糙度在由沙漠草原指向浓密灌木林的梯度方向上呈现增加的趋势, 低覆盖度下垫面表现出更强的湍流输送阻力. 总体来看, 高覆盖度下垫面的净辐射、感热和潜热相对更高, 尤其在生长季更明显. 利用Penman-Monteith公式以及净辐射结合波文比两种方法诊断了在不同下垫面更替中湍流通量各影响因子的贡献. 随着植被覆盖程度的提高, 净辐射的变化对感热和潜热的变化起着决定作用, 且为正贡献; 地表阻抗和空气动力学阻抗变化引起的贡献相反. 此外, 沙漠草原和稀疏灌木林的地表温度和气温均高于浓密灌木林, 主要源于稀疏植被增大的空气动力学阻抗和波文比引起的增温贡献, 同时抵消了净辐射减小引起的降温效应, 表明在相同气候和天气背景下, 不同下垫面的陆面过程确实会对近地层微气候有明显的反馈作用.     

陇中黄土高原自然植被下垫面陆面过程及其参数对降水波动的气候响应

作为气候敏感区和生态脆弱区,黄土高原地区的陆面物理过程受气候波动影响十分明显.目前,虽然对黄土高原特定气候条件下的陆面物理过程有了一定认识,但对其随气候波动的动态变化规律认识却非常有限.本文利用黄土高原陆面过程观测试验在陇中黄土高原榆中SACOL站5年多的观测资料,系统分析了该地区自然植被下垫面陆面水分收支和能量平衡及地表反照率、土壤热传导率和粗糙度长度等陆面过程参数对气候波动的响应规律,发现陇中黄土高原自然植被下垫面的陆面过程特征及其参数对降水的气候波动十分敏感,不仅对降水量波动响应显著,而且与降水性质也密切相关.土壤湿度并不完全随年总降水量波动,而是随有效降水量增加而增大;陆面水分收支和土壤水分收支也随有效降水量波动变化明显;近地层垂直感热平流通量随年总降水量增加而减弱,地表能量不平衡差额却随年总降水量增加而增大.夏半年平均反照率随有效降水量增加而减小,但全年平均地表反照率却受冬季积雪时数影响十分明显,而且随积雪时数增加而增大;土壤热传导率和粗糙度长度均随年有效降水量增加而增加.并且,降水量越小,陆面过程参数对降水波动的响应就越敏感.不过,陆面过程参数基本在荒漠气候平均值和农田气候平均值之间波动,并没有突破气候约束,能够用拟合关系来表示它们对降水因子波动的响应规律,这种动态参数化关系可用来改善以往数值模拟或微气象分析时由于使用非动态陆面过程参数所带来的误差.     

深冷壁面霜层生长的数值模型

文中对深冷壁面结霜过程进行了理论研究。综合考虑对流传热、相变潜热和辐射传热的影响,通过质量平衡、能量平衡,采用准稳态的方法建立了深冷表面的结霜过程数学模型及计算求解方法,研究了霜层生长规律、霜层物性和结霜过程传热量等随时间的变化规律。提供了一种能够进行深冷工况霜层生长规律和霜层物性预测的计算方法。     

黄土高原半干旱区地表能量不闭合及其对二氧化碳通量的影响

利用兰州大学半干旱气候与环境观测站(Semi-Arid Climate and Environment Observatory of Lanzhou University, SACOL) 2008年资料分析了SACOL代表的黄土高原半干旱区稀疏草地下垫面上的能量平衡闭合情况. 不同季节, 白天总体能量平衡比率在0.80左右. 夜间只有0.20左右. 选取不存在局地环流的资料, 考虑土壤热存储和垂直感热平流后, 白天能量平衡比率在85%以上, 春夏秋三季夜间也达到70%, 但冬季夜间能量闭合度仅为29.4%. 白天, 涡动相关系统对湍流热量通量观测的偏差存在季节差异, 冬季低估最多, 秋季次之, 春夏季观测相对较理想; 夜间, 涡动相关系统对湍流热通量严重低估. 湍流热量通量的低估通过空气密度效应修正传递对CO₂通量产生影响, 造成长期净碳交换的不确定性. WPL修正引入的湍流热量误差导致涡动相关系统错误地高估下垫面吸收存储CO₂能力, 全年NEE估计偏高41.2%. 关键词： 黄土高原 涡动相关 能量闭合 密度效应修正     

太阳能电热联用系统动态特性分析

建立了太阳能电热联用系统的二维动态模型.模拟了晴天和多云两种气象条件下系统性能的日变化和年变化,分析了系统的水温、输出电功以及热电效率随辐射强度的日变化和年变化规律.结果表明,太阳辐射强度对PV/T系统的水温、输出电功以及电效率有直接影响,而热效率还与日辐射变化特性相关.     

草地下垫面地表温度与近地面气温的对比研究

地表温度是气候系统中的关键参数,它与近地面气温的差异极大地影响着地-气界面上能量和水汽通量的交换。根据大气辐射国际联合观测网合肥站2002年9月至2005年8月三年期间无云晴天的地面观测资料,研究了该地区草地下垫面的地表温度(辐射测温法)和近地面气温的年变化、季节变化和日分布特征。着重讨论了两者差值的变化情况以及两者的相关性,提出了基于近地面气温的地表温度的经验计算方法。研究发现,当地表比辐射率ε的取值范围为0.94～1.00时,ε每改变0.01,草地地表温度的平均变化小于0.2 K。该研究结果可为卫星资料的地面验证提供参考。     

基于机载平台测量地表反照率的方法

地表反照率是研究陆地辐射收支情况、区域及全球气候、地貌等信息的先决条件,对其进行精确测量是开展相关研究的前提和保证。由于大气层吸收的影响,地表反照率不能进行直接测量。因此,采用测量垂直向下与向上散射光的方法,结合SCIATRAN辐射传输模型获得地表反照率。基于此方法,在机载平台上进行观测实验,获取机载平台上垂直向上和向下的辐亮度值,采用迭代反演方法获得石家庄到保定地区紫外波段350~395nm的地表反照率,并对不同下垫面、不同波段反照率进行比较,对城区中心到边缘过渡变化进行详细分析。结果表明,紫外波段350~395nm地表反照率随波长增大而缓慢升高,结果与中等分辨率成像光谱仪(MODIS)数据可达到良好的一致性。不同观测区域结果对比显示,城区地表反照率大于农田,且城区中心比边缘地表反照率大0.014左右,其差异也随波长增大而升高。     

空气热储存、光合作用和土壤垂直水分运动对黄土高原地表能量平衡的影响

地表能量不平衡问题一直是陆面过程研究的一个重要科学难题. 本文利用黄土高原陆面过程试验(LOPEX)资料, 在将垂直感热平流项引入地表能量平衡方程的基础上, 估算了空气热储存和光合作用储存的大小, 并分别用水分守恒关系和两层土壤温度方法计算了浅层土壤水分垂直通量, 考察了空气热储存、光合作用储存和水分垂直运动热量输送对地表能量平衡的影响.结果表明: 黄土高原区自然植被下垫面的空气热储存、光合作用储存和土壤水分垂直运动热量输送平均日变化峰值分别达到1.5, 2.0和7.9 W·m^-2; 在能量平衡方程中引入这三项后, 地表能量闭合度由88.1%提高到89.6%. 空气热储存、光合作用储存和水分垂直运动热量输送对于改善黄土高原地表能量不平衡状况有一定作用, 研究区域的半干旱气候背景和植被状况是导致各热储存量与其他试验区存在差异的根本原因.     

Evaporation and heat exchanges between the sea and the atmosphere in the Gulf of Trieste during 1988

Summary Daily mean values of meteo-oceanographic parameters are used to compute evaporation and heat fluxes between the sea and the atmosphere in the Gulf of Trieste during 1988. Incoming solar radiation, long-wave radiation, latent and sensible heat fluxes are considered in the total heat budget. The contribution of the single parameters entering each formula is examined and a comparison between the results from different evaporative formulae is performed. The total heat budget for the year considered gives a net loss of energy of 21 W/m² which must be supplied by the heat transported by marine currents. The balance is positive for the sea surface from April to July, negative for the remaining period. Long-wave radiation accounts for the 45% of the total heat loss, latent heat for 53% and sensible heat for 2%. Computed annual mean evaporation is 1058 mm, with high peaks of more than 15 mm/day during strong Bora wind events. Evaporation slightly prevails on precipitation giving a net water loss of 30 cm. A comparison with what is found in the literature shows these results representative of the entire North Adriatic Sea. They confirm that this basin represents a sink of heat whose role in the general Mediterranean circulation consists in trasforming surface warmer waters coming from South in denser ones.     

Thermal aspect of the diurnal variation of tropical convective and stratiform rainfall

The diurnal variation of radiation plays a key role in determining the diurnal variations of tropical oceanic convective and stratiform rainfall, and the examination of such a relationship requires a direct link between the radiation term in a heat budget and the surface rain rate in a cloud budget. Thus, the thermally related surface rainfall budgets derived from the combination of cloud and heat budgets are analysed with two-dimensional equilibrium cloud-resolving model simulation data to study the effects of sea surface temperature (SST) and cloud radiative, and microphysical processes on the diurnal variations of convective and stratiform rainfall. The results show that the increase in SST, the inclusion of diurnal variation of SST and the exclusion of cloud radiative processes increase negative diurnal anomalies of heat divergence over rainfall-free regions during the nighttime through changing the vertical structures of diurnal anomaly of radiation in the troposphere. The strengthened negative diurnal anomalies of heat divergence over rainfall-free regions enhance positive diurnal anomalies of heat divergence over convective regions, which intensifies the positive diurnal anomaly of convective rainfall. The exclusion of microphysical effects of ice clouds increases the negative diurnal anomaly of heat divergence over rainfall-free regions during the nighttime through reducing latent heat; this appears to enhance the positive diurnal anomaly of heat divergence over raining stratiform regions, and thus stratiform rainfall.     

Estimation of daytime radiative and soil heat fluxes at Trombay, Bombay (19.1° N, 72.8° E) using routine weather data

Summary This note presents estimates of hourly averages of insolation, net radiation and soil heat flux during daytime from solar-elevation angle and routine weather data on cloud cover and screen level air temperature using a formulation procedure generally adopted in surface layer parametrisation schemes. The estimation procedure employs commonly used forms of empirical relationships and the estimates are compared with the concurrent field observations at Trombay site in Bombay (19.1° N, 72.8° E) India. Wherever possible site-specific empirical coefficients are derived. Using the observed insolation, the net radiation and soil heat flux are respectively estimated within ±18% and ±14% of their observed values. Estimated insolation was found to be within ±37% of the observed values and, when used to derive the fluxes, the uncertainty increases to ±25% and ±27%, respectively.     

On nonlinear oscillations in an inhomogeneous electron flux

This work considers nonlinear oscillations in an inhomogeneous electron flux moving in a high-frequency field between two parallel planes placed perpendicular to the beam motion. It is shown with the help of the Hamiltonian formalism in the threewave approximation that under specific conditions there occurs a periodic exchange of energy between the high-frequency field and the electron flux and also between the long-wave and short-wave harmonics of the flux.The authors express thanks to N. M. Filipenko who participated in the discussion of the obtained results.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 6, pp. 88–93, June, 1981.     

An idealized radiative transfer scheme for use in a mechanistic general circulation model from the surface up to the mesopause region

A new and numerically efficient method to compute radiative flux densities and heating rates in a general atmospheric circulation model is presented. Our method accommodates the fundamental differences between the troposphere and middle atmosphere in the long-wave regime within a single parameterization that extends continuously from the surface up to the mesopause region and takes the deviations from the gray limit and from the local thermodynamic equilibrium into account. For this purpose, frequency-averaged Eddington-type transfer equations are derived for four broad absorber bands. The frequency variation inside each band is parameterized by application of the Elsasser band model extended by a slowly varying envelope function. This yields additional transfer equations for the perturbation amplitudes that are solved numerically along with the mean transfer equations. Deviations from local thermodynamic equilibrium are included in terms of isotropic scattering, calculating the single scattering albedo from the two-level model for each band. Solar radiative flux densities are computed for four energetically defined bands using the simple Beer-Bougert-Lambert relation for absorption within the atmosphere. The new scheme is implemented in a mechanistic general circulation model from the surface up to the mesopause region. A test simulation with prescribed concentrations of the radiatively active constituents shows quite reasonable results. In particular, since we take the full surface energy budget into account by means of a swamp ocean, and since the internal dynamics and turbulent diffusion of the model are formulated in accordance with the conservation laws, an equilibrated climatological radiation budget is obtained both at the top of the atmosphere and at the surface.