电磁编码超材料的理论与应用

本文系统地对编码超材料、数字超材料及现场可编程超材料的新进展进行了综述,讨论其对电磁波的实时调控和构造多功能器件的能力。首先,引入1-bit编码超材料,由"0"和"1"两种编码单元构成,分别对应于相位相反的电磁响应。通过控制不同的"0"和"1"编码序列,可以调控电磁波,并实现不同功能。这种1-bit编码超材料可以扩展到2-bit,甚至更高比特。其次,介绍了一种由开关二极管来控制的数字编码超材料,每个编码单元可通过二极管的开和关来获得不同的相位响应,进而获得不同的数字态。结合现场可编程门阵列(FPGA)控制系统,实现了对数字超材料的实时可编程设计,构造出现场可编程超材料。最后,研究了编码超材料对太赫兹波的调控,包括太赫兹波宽带漫散射及其对目标雷达散射截面(RCS)的缩减、各向异性编码超材料对太赫兹波的极化调控和波束调控等。数值仿真和实验测试结果吻合很好,验证了编码超材料的出色性能,展示了编码超材料调控电磁波的多功能性。编码超材料对微波及太赫兹波的实时控制可用于制作波束分离、波束偏折、极化转换等功能器件,也可在宽带范围内有效缩减目标RCS。     

电磁超表面在微波和太赫兹波段雷达散射截面缩减中的应用研究进展

电磁超表面由于其独特的电磁特性为调控电磁波提供了有力工具,合适地设计成编码、随机、相位不连续、完美吸收器等超表面,就能够控制电磁波的散射以及反射特性,实现雷达散射截面的缩减。本文综述了不同的电磁超表面利用漫反射或者吸收等特性实现在微波和太赫兹波段雷达散射截面缩减中的应用。分析表明,编码超表面由不同的数字单元组成,其反射相位差在很宽的频段范围内满足恒定的关系,设计特殊的单元序列使入射的电磁波产生非定向散射,更高bit编码超表面更容易灵活调控电磁波;随机超表面通过调节阵元的尺寸实现宽带移相从而将金属目标特征性强的反射峰打散成一个无规律、杂乱的波,产生漫反射;不连续超表面由于相位不连续可使电磁波发生漫反射或者异常反射;吸收器通过合理设计结构尺寸实现吸收电磁波能量来减小反射。因此电磁超表面在雷达隐身、宽带通讯、成像等方面具有重要的应用前景。最后对电磁超表面在雷达散射截面缩减中应用的发展趋势进行了初步探讨,未来将向着宽带、柔性、大角度等方面发展。     

基于透射型几何相位编码超表面的太赫兹波束自由操控

为了实现太赫兹波束的自由操控,基于Pancharatnam-Berry几何相位理论,提出一种多层C型单元结构,实现在目标频率下0到2π的太赫兹波透射传输相位调控.基于广义斯涅耳定律,构建2-bit和3-bit编码超表面,在圆偏振入射条件下,实现透射型太赫兹波束的散射角度调控.采用数字信号处理理论中的傅里叶卷积运算,对不...     

太赫兹与远红外频段下铝质目标电磁特性与计算

在太赫兹与远红外频段,铝处于由导体到介质的过渡,研究该频段铝质目标与电磁波的相互作用机理对于实现太赫兹频段目标精确电磁散射计算具有重要意义.基于实验测量数据,设计有效误差准则模型拟合得到了太赫兹与远红外频段铝的介电系数模型;基于拟合模型通过推导过渡阶段不同损耗机理下铝中传播电磁波的空间相位系数与铝的波阻抗等参数,分析了太赫兹与远红外频段电磁波在铝中的透射与反射特性,给出了铝的反射率关于频率的变化曲线.结果表明铝中电磁波传播参数从微波向太赫兹频段过渡时具有很好的连续性与一致性;基于阻抗边界条件的雷达散射截面计算结果表明太赫兹频段光滑铝质目标可视做理想导体进行计算,太赫兹雷达散射截面测量中可利用光滑铝板或铝球做为定标体.     

太赫兹多波束调控反射编码超表面

已报道的大多数编码超表面仅利用相位或幅度编码进行电磁波调控,限制了太赫兹波调控灵活性.本文提出了一种反射超表面单元,通过相位编码构造超表面,在圆极化波入射下获得反射波束分裂和偏转功能,实现对圆极化波束的灵活调控;同一超表面单元结构利用幅度编码构造超表面在线极化太赫兹波入射下,实现空间成像功能.通过相位编码和幅度编码结合构造超表面,提高了对太赫兹波操控的灵活性,该编码超表面构造思路可以为太赫兹器件设计提供一种全新思路.     

基于二氧化钒的太赫兹双频多功能编码超表面

提出了一种基于二氧化钒且工作频段可切换的太赫兹编码超表面.该编码超表面由金属-二氧化钒复合层、聚酰亚胺介质层、金属反射层构成,主要通过对顶层双裂环谐振器和十字结构的参数进行设计,获得其所需的性能;而二氧化钒材料的引入,巧妙地使其可工作于双频点,进而实现不同功能的切换.仿真结果表明:当二氧化钒处于绝缘态时,在f₁=0.34 THz的圆极化波垂直入射下,设计的编码超表面可以视为3-bit Pancharatnam-Berry相位编码超表面,通过对单元中双裂环谐振器设计卷积编码序列,使该编码超表面具有以特定角度出射拓扑荷数l=±1涡旋波束的功能;当二氧化钒处于金属态时,在f₂=0.74 THz的正交线极化波垂直入射下,设计的编码超表面可以视为2-bit各向异性编码超表面,通过对单元中十字结构分别设计随机编码序列和棋盘格编码序列,使该编码超表面具有雷达散射截面缩减和波束分束的功能.其可为太赫兹电磁超材料多功能器件的设计提供一定的参考.     

基于编码超表面的太赫兹宽频段雷达散射截面缩减的研究

本文设计了一种柔性, 非定向低散射的1bit编码超表面, 实现了太赫兹宽频带雷达散射截面的缩减. 这种设计基于对“0”和“1”两种基本单元进行编码, 其反射相位差在很宽的频段范围内接近180°, 为一种非周期的排列方式, 该电磁超表面使入射的电磁波发生漫反射, 从而实现雷达散射截面的缩减. 全波仿真结果表明, 在垂直入射条件下, 编码超表面的镜像反射率低于-10 dB的带宽频段范围为1.0-1.4 THz, 该带宽内超表面相对同尺寸金属板可将雷达散射截面所减量达到10 dB以上, 最大缩减量达到19 dB. 把柔性编码表面弯曲在直径为4 mm的金属圆柱面上, 雷达散射截面的所减量高于10 dB以上的带宽频段范围为0.9-1.2 THz, 仍然可实现宽频带缩减特性. 总之, 编码超表面为调控太赫兹波提供一种新的途径, 将在雷达隐身、成像、宽带通信等方面具有重要的意义.     

基于编码相位梯度超表面实现太赫兹雷达散射截面缩减

本文设计了一种编码相位梯度超表面,用于实现太赫兹频段的雷达散射截面（RCS）缩减。依据Pancharatnam-Berry(PB)几何相位原理在超表面单元中引入相位梯度,设计出1 bit编码的两个元素“0”和“1”,使得两者的反射相位差接近180°。通过遗传算法得到编码相位梯度超表面中编码元素的最佳排列,实现了太赫兹波宽带RCS缩减。对编码相位梯度超表面进行建模分析,结果表明,在0.87～1.725 THz的宽频段内,设计的1 bit编码相位梯度超表面能实现大于10 dB的RCS缩减,最大缩减值达到31.26 dB。此外,分析了x和y极化波的入射角度变化对编码相位梯度超表面性能的影响,在0°～30°范围内,其性能稳定。以上结果表明,该类超表面在雷达隐身等方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

GaAs光电导天线辐射太赫兹波功率的计算

在Larmor公式的基础上建立了适合计算光电导天线辐射太赫兹波功率的数学模型,利用此数学模型通过蒙特卡罗方法分别计算了不同实验条件下GaAs光电导天线辐射太赫兹电磁波功率.计算结果表明,增加光电导天线的偏置电场或触发光能量,都能够提高天线辐射太赫兹波功率,大孔径光电导天线能够承载更多的光生载流子,因而可以产生比小孔径光电导天线功率更高的太赫兹波. 关键词： 光电导天线 Larmor公式 太赫兹波功率     

基于石墨烯编码超构材料的太赫兹波束多功能动态调控

提出了一种基于石墨烯带的太赫兹波段的1 bit编码超构材料,可以实现太赫兹波束的数目、频率、幅度等参数多功能动态调控.该结构由金属薄膜、聚酰亚胺、硅、二氧化硅、石墨烯带组成.通过对石墨烯带施加两种不同的电压,可以实现一定频率范围内相位差接近180?的"0"和"1"数字编码单元,进而构成1 bit动态可控的编码超构材料.全波仿真结果表明,不同序列的编码超构材料能够实现波束数目从单波束、双波束、多波束到宽波束的调控.相同序列的编码超构材料,通过施加石墨烯带的不同电压能够实现宽频段波束频率的偏移.对于000000或者111111周期序列的编码超构材料,通过施加石墨烯带的不同电压还能够实现波束幅度的调控.因此这种基于石墨烯带的编码超构材料为灵活调控太赫兹波提供了一种新的途径,将在雷达隐身、成像、宽带通信等方面具有重要的意义.     

基于石墨烯的太赫兹波散射可调谐超表面

设计了一个可调谐的太赫兹超表面,由在随机反射超表面基底中嵌入可偏置的双层石墨烯构成,可以实现对太赫兹波散射特性的动态调控.全波仿真试验结果证实了所预期的超表面散射可调性能.通过增大偏置电压提升石墨烯的费米能级,使得该超表面的太赫兹波散射样式从漫反射逐渐向镜面反射过渡,从而实现散射特性的连续调控,且该超表面具有对电磁波极化角度不敏感的特点.这些特性使得该超表面能很好地融合到变化的环境中,在太赫兹隐身方面具有潜在的应用价值.     

Multi-function terahertz wave manipulation utilizing Fourier convolution operation metasurface

We propose a novel metasurface based on a combined pattern of outer C-shaped ring and inner rectangular ring. By Fourier convolution operation to generating different predesigned sequences of metasurfaces, we realize various functionalities to flexible manipulate terahertz waves including vortex terahertz beam splitting, anomalous vortex terahertz wave deflection, vortex terahertz wave splitting and deflection simultaneously. The incident terahertz wave can be flexibly controlled in a single metasurface. The designed metasurface has an extensive application prospect in the field of future terahertz communication and sensing.     

Transmissive 2-bit anisotropic coding metasurface

Coding metasurfaces have attracted tremendous interests due to unique capabilities of manipulating electromagnetic wave. However, archiving transmissive coding metasurface is still challenging. Here we propose a transmissive anisotropic coding metasurface that enables the independent control of two orthogonal polarizations. The polarization beam splitter and the orbital angular momentum (OAM) generator have been studied as typical applications of the anisotropic 2-bit coding metasurface. The simulated far field patterns illustrate that the x and y polarized electromagnetic waves are deflected into two different directions, respectively. The anisotropic coding metasurface has been experimentally verified to realize an OAM beam with l = 2 of right-handed polarized wave, resulting from both contributions from linear-to-circular polarization conversion and the phase profile modulation. This work is beneficial to enrich the polarization manipulation field and develop transmissive coding metasurfaces.     

Broadband and high efficiency terahertz metasurfaces for anomalous refraction and vortex beam generation

The applications of metasurfaces are currently a highly active research field due to their extraordinary ability to manipulate electromagnetic waves. The ultra-thin characteristics of metasurfaces allow the miniaturization and integration of metasurface devices. However, these devices work typically under a low efficiency and narrow bandwidth condition. In this work, we design eight multilayered unit cells with similar amplitudes and a phase interval of π/4, which convert the polarization states of the terahertz (THz) waves between two orthogonal directions. The average cross-polarized transmission amplitudes of these cells are all around 0.9 in an ultra-broad frequency range from 0.5 THz to 1.4 THz. Furthermore, unit cells are used to construct both an ultra-thin anomalous refraction metalens and a vortex phase plate. Our simulation results show that the anomalous refraction for the transmitted linear polarization component is comparable to the theoretical prediction, and the maximum error is determined to be below 4.8%. The vortex phase plate can also generate an ideal terahertz vortex beam with a mode purity of 90% and more. The distributions of longitudinal electric field, intensity, and phase illustrate that the generated vortex beam has excellent propagation characteristics and a weak divergence. Simulations of the two types of metasurface devices, based on the eight unit cells, exhibit very high efficiencies in a wide bandwidth. Our research will assist in the improvement in the practical applications of metasurfaces. It also provides a reference for the design of high efficiency and broadband devices that are applied to other frequency ranges.     

An ultra-wideband 2-bit coding metasurface using Pancharatnam—Berry phase for radar cross-section reduction

An ultra-wideband 2-bit coding metasurface is designed for radar cross-section (RCS) reduction. The design process is presented in detail, in which a polarization conversion metasurface (PCM) is first proposed. The proposed PCM can realize ultra-wideband circular polarization (CP) maintaining reflection. Moreover, Pancharatnam—Berry (PB) phase will be generated in the co-polarized reflection coefficient by rotating the metallic patches in its unit cells. Thus, based on the PCM, the four coding elements of a 2-bit coding metasurface are constructed using PB phase, and an ultra-wideband PB 2-bit coding metasurface is proposed according to an appropriate coding sequence. The simulated and experimental results show that the coding metasurface has obvious advantages of wideband and polarization-insensitivity. Compared to a metallic plate of the same size, it can achieve more than 10 dB RCS reduction in the frequency band from 9.8 GHz to 42.6 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 125.2% under normal incidence with arbitrary polarizations.     

Real-time programmable coding metasurface antenna for multibeam switching and scanning

Novel electromagnetic wave modulation by programmable dynamic metasurface promotes the device design freedom, while multibeam antennas have sparked tremendous interest in wireless communications. A programmable coding antenna based on active metasurface elements (AMSEs) is proposed in this study, allowing scanning and state switching of multiple beams in real time. To obtain the planar array phase distribution in quick response, the aperture field superposition and discretization procedures are investigated. Without the need for a massive algorithm or elaborate design, this electronically controlled antenna with integrated radiation and phase-shift functions can flexibly manipulate the scattering state of multiple beams under field-programmable gate array (FPGA) control. Simulation and experimental results show that the multiple directional beams dynamically generated in the metasurface upper half space have good radiation performance, with the main lobe directions closely matching the predesigned angles. This metasurface antenna has great potential for future applications in multitarget radar, satellite navigation, and reconfigurable intelligent metasurfaces.     

Ultrawideband Spin-Decoupled Coding Metasurface for Independent Dual-Channel Wavefront Tailoring

Achieving distinct functionalities for electromagnetic (EM) waves with opposite handedness in a broad frequency range is highly desirable and essential for modern wireless communications and radar stealth. However, available functional meta-devices still suffer from the issues of locked functionalities or spin-decoupled properties but with limited bandwidth. Here, a spin-decoupled coding metasurface is presented for achieving independently spin-controlled functionalities with high efficiency in an ultrawide frequency band. By synthesizing the Jones matrix, it is predicted that two half-wave plates with a phase difference of 90° can form a 1-bit coding metasurface operating for orthogonal spins independently. As proofs of concept, two meta-devices are implemented by the metasurface in the microwave region. The first meta-device performs as a spin-decoupled beam deflector while the second one shows an ability to generate spin-decoupled multi-beams carrying desired orbital angular momentums. Both of the designed meta-devices can operate in the whole band of 7.5–18.5 GHz (with relative bandwidth of 80%), which, to the best knowledge, is so far the broadest bandwidth that can be achieved by spin-decoupled metasurfaces. This may trigger interest and open opportunities for advanced functional meta-devices in practical applications, for example, multichannel metasurface antennas, or multifunctional low-scattering devices in microwave region.     

Mathematical Operations of Transmissive Near Fields Controlled by Metasurface with Phase and Amplitude Modulations

Metasurfaces show great potential due to their powerful ability to manipulate electromagnetic waves as desired, which has been widely investigated in the microwave, terahertz, infrared, and visible regimes. Here, it is proposed to control near-field distributions through use of a metasurface with both amplitude and phase modulations. A C-shaped particle is designed to provide stable and continuous amplitude and phase profiles independently of transmitted waves by varying its opening and orientation angles. Benefiting from both amplitude and phase modulations on the metasurface, differentiation and integration on electric-field distributions can be achieved by changing the arrangements of complex coefficients on the metasurface. Besides, the differential operation can be utilized to show the edges of predesigned electric-field distributions. It is believed that the proposed method will accelerate the pace of metasurfaces towards many applications by engineering and operating the near-field distributions.