基于光纤锥和纤芯失配的Mach-Zehnder干涉湿度传感器

介绍了一种简单且灵敏度较高的Mach-Zehnder干涉湿度传感器.将单模光纤和多模光纤渐变熔接光纤锥,色散补偿光纤被熔接在两个多模渐变光纤之间,形成了单模光纤-光纤锥-多模渐变光纤-色散补偿光纤-多模渐变光纤-光纤锥-单模光纤结构的传感器.光纤锥起到了增加包层模能量的作用,两个多模渐变光纤节点作为光耦合器,从而形成光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪.外界环境湿度的变化,将使得传感器透射谱能量发生变化,通过测量干涉谱波峰峰值能量实现对湿度的测量.实验结果表明干涉谱波峰峰值能量与环境湿度之间存在良好的线性关系.当环境湿度在35%RH—85%RH范围内变化,一段由20 mm色散补偿光纤组成的传感器,其灵敏度为-0.0668 dB/%RH,相关度为0.995.该传感器结构紧凑、尺寸小、制造工艺简单,这使其可以被广泛用于湿度测量.     

纤芯失配型光纤传感器折射率敏感特性

根据菲涅耳公式和功率反射系数关系式,分析纤芯失配型光纤传感器折射率传感原理;采用单模/多模光纤制作传感器,研究传感器输出光功率随甘油溶液折射率变化特征,并验证理论计算结果.表明媒质折射率n2=1.300～1.441时,传感器输出光功率强且几乎不发生变化;nz=1.441～1.452时,传感器输出光功率呈线性快速下降,其斜率为-155.91;当媒质折射率与单模光纤包层折射率接近时,传感器输出光功率几乎为0.验证实验发现,传感器线性快速下降的折射率范围为1.442～1.454,斜率为-49.67,其输出光功率随甘油溶液折射率变化规律与数值模拟结果基本一致.该传感器具有结构简单、成本低、传感系统全光纤化等特点,能用于有毒有害、易燃易爆等特殊环境下物质折射率的高精度测量.     

基于纤芯失配型马赫曾德尔光纤折射率和温度同时测量传感器的研究

设计和制作了一种基于单模多模细芯单模光纤马赫曾德尔(Mach-Zehnder)干涉仪结构,可同时测量折射率和温度的传感器。该传感器中,多模光纤和细芯单模熔接点充当光耦合器。导入光纤中传输的光经多模光纤后在细芯光纤的纤芯和包层中激发出纤芯模和包层模,不同模式光在细芯光纤中传输时将产生光程差,再经细芯单模熔接点耦合成为导出光纤的纤芯模而干涉。传感器透射光谱随着环境折射率和温度的变化发生漂移,通过监测不同级次的干涉谷可实现折射率和温度的同时测量。通过对传感器的透射光谱进行傅里叶变换分析可知该透射光谱主要由LP01模和LP16模干涉形成。该传感器透射光谱中1535nm附近干涉谷的折射率和温度响应灵敏度的理论值分别为-55.90nm/RIU和0.0501nm/℃(其中RIU为折射率单位);1545nm附近干涉谷的折射率和温度响应灵敏度的理论值分别为-56.26nm/RIU和0.0505nm/℃。在折射率和温度的变化范围分别为1.3449~1.3972和20℃~90℃的环境中对传感器的响应特性进行实验研究,结果表明:透射光谱中1535nm附近干涉谷的折射率和温度响应灵敏度分别为-53.03nm/RIU和0.0465nm/℃;1545nm附近干涉谷的折射率和温度响应灵敏度分别为-54.24nm/RIU和0.0542nm/℃。理论分析与实验结果相一致。该传感器在生物医学领域有较好的应用前景。     

基于光纤气泡级联的高灵敏度马赫曾德干涉液体折射率传感器

通过化学腐蚀方法制作了一种基于光纤气泡级联马赫曾德干涉液体折射率传感器.在细芯光纤两端熔接切割端面被腐蚀的单模光纤,构成气泡-细芯光纤-气泡结构,该结构中两个气泡耦合光场,细芯光纤作为传感臂,构成光纤马赫曾德干涉仪.对该传感器的干涉谱能量随折射率的变化规律进行了研究,结果表明:干涉谱的能量与环境折射率之间存在较好的线性关系,同时波长变化对环境折射率变化不敏感;当外界折射率变化范围在1.345~1.389时,传感器的灵敏度为-216.21dB/RIU.该传感器在生物化学领域有较好的应用前景.     

基于多模-细芯-多模光纤结构的Mach-Zehnder干涉仪的温度传感实验研究

介绍了一种基于纤芯失配的光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉(MZI)液体温度传感器。并对所制作的传感器进行了环境溶液温度响应特性实验研究,实验结果表明干涉谱峰值波长漂移量与溶液温度变化量之间存在良好的线性关系,当环境溶液温度变化范围在26~90℃时,传感器相应灵敏度为42.6pm/℃,线性度为0.994,且该传感器能够很好的消弱环境液体折射率变化对干涉谱峰值波长的影响,溶液折射率在1.345~1.403变化范围时,灵敏度仅为0.247 nm/RIU。     

纤芯失配熔接的高灵敏度光纤折射率传感器

提出并实验验证了一种基于马赫泽德干涉仪(MZI)的高灵敏度光纤折射率(RI)传感器。传感头由一段单模光纤(SMF)夹熔在两段较短的细芯光纤(TCF)中组成TCF SMF-TCF结构,其总长度为9 mm。由于光纤纤芯失配导致的纤芯模和包层模发生干涉,干涉谱对传感头外部折射率的响应极其敏感。使用该传感器检测具有不同折射率的甘油水溶液,实验结果显示:传感器干涉谱的共振波长随环境折射率的增大向长波方向漂移,其折射率灵敏度在1.33 RIU～1.38 RIU范围内约为159 nm/RIU。该传感器具有结构简单、易于制造、成本较低、灵敏度高、抗电磁干扰能力强等优点,在生物化学与环境监测等领域具有较大的应用潜力。     

高圆双折射率螺旋芯光纤

已研制出一种高性能螺旋芯光纤，这种光纤广泛使用于大电流或强磁场光纤传感系统。其性能指标分别为：螺距１．５ｍｍ、芯偏２５５μｍ、拍长３．５ｍｍ及损耗小于０．５ｄＢ／ｍ。     

基于纤芯失配和光纤布拉格光栅实现温度和应变同时测量

基于纤芯失配理论,提出了一种多模单模多模（MSM）结构与光纤布拉格光栅（FBG）级联实现温度和应变同时测量的光纤传感器。利用MSM结构的干涉谱和FBG对温度和应变的不同响应灵敏度,实现了对温度、应变的同时测量。实验结果表明,在20 ℃~80 ℃的温度范围内,MSM结构的干涉谱和FBG的温度灵敏度分别为0.091 nm/℃和0.0102 nm/℃;在0～650 με的应变范围内,应变灵敏度分别为 -0.0013 nm/με和0.0012 nm/με。因此利用敏感矩阵,即可实现对温度和应变的同时测量,且温度和应变的最大测量误差分别为±0.2 ℃和±8.25 με。该结构灵敏度高,结构简单,且不易受电磁等干扰,实验结果具有良好的线性度,在工程领域应用前景良好。     

相位调制全光纤Mach-Zehnder干涉仪传感实验

使用单模石英光纤设计了相位调制全光纤M-Z干涉仪传感实验系统,采用CCD技术显示干涉条纹的空间分布及其移动情况,同时利用光电检测及可逆计数技术实现移动条纹的自动计数.利用该系统进行了光纤温度传感、光纤应变传感原理性实验测试.     

基于熔融拉锥光纤的液体折射率传感器

从理论和实验上研究了一种价格低廉、操作简单、可用于多点并行测量的液体折射率光纤传感器.该传感器采用分路器进行预分光,利用高稳定放大自发辐射光源作为光源、普通光功率计作为光电探测器,以熔融拉锥光纤作为传感单元.建立了一个简单模型,分析了芯层所携带的光功率占总的光功率的比值随外部介质折射率变化的关系.实验上对不同折射率样品的传输损耗进行了测量,采用对比方法作出了传输损耗随折射率变化的定标曲线.实验结果表明:外部介质折射率越高,传输损耗越大.并验证了反射器(光纤布拉格光栅)的引入能够有效的提高系统的灵敏度.     

Temperature-induced effect on refractive index of graphene based on coated in-fiber Mach-Zehnder interferometer

The temperature-induced complex refractive index(CRI) effect of graphene is demonstrated theoretically and experimentally based on a graphene coated in-fiber MZI(Mach-Zehnder interferometer). The relationships between real and imaginary parts of the graphene CRI and temperature are obtained through investigating the dip wavelength and intensity of the MZI interference spectrum changing with temperature, respectively. The temperature effect of CRI of the graphene is also analyzed theoretically. Both experimental and theoretical studies show that the real part and imaginary part of the CRI nonlinearly decrease and increase with temperature increasing, respectively. This graphene-coated in-fiber MZI structure also possesses the advantages of easy fabrication, miniaturization, low cost and robustness. It has potential applications in nanomaterial-based optic devices for communication and sensing.     

用M-Z干涉仪对空气折射率的定量测量与理论探讨

用自行组建的M-Z干涉仪测量空气在不同压强下的折射率,得到恒定温度下折射率随压强变化的具体关系,并从理论上对空气折射率的成因进行了分析,较好地解释了实验结果.     

基于无芯光纤的多参数测量传感器

设计并制作了一种基于单模-无芯-单模-无芯-单模光纤结构的马赫-曾德尔传感器,可用来同时测量折射率和温度.该传感器中,两处无芯光纤充当输入、输出耦合器,中间单模光纤作为传感臂.利用有限元仿真和理论分析,确定耦合器和传感臂的最优长度为15 mm.在无芯光纤中激发出的高阶模进入单模光纤的包层传输,由于倏逝场的作用,受到环境折射率和温度的影响.选取透射谱不同干涉级次的波谷作为研究对象,实现了折射率和温度的同步测量.实验结果表明:1545 nm附近干涉谷的折射率和温度灵敏度分别为–153.89 nm/RIU(refractive index unit)和0.166 nm/℃;1570 nm附近干涉谷的折射率和温度灵敏度分别为–202.74 nm/RIU和0.183 nm/℃.该传感器在实现折射率和温度同步测量的同时,仍能保持较高灵敏度,在生物医疗等方面有着较好的应用前景.     

Fabrication of an integrated optical Mach-Zehnder interferometer based on refractive index modification of polymethylmethacrylate by krypton fluoride excimer laser radiation

It is known that deep ultraviolet (UV) radiation induces a refractive index increase in the surface layer of polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) samples. This effect can be used for the fabrication of integrated optical waveguides. PMMA is of considerable interest for bio and chemical sensing applications because it is biocompatible and can be micromachined by several methods, e.g. structuring by photolithography, ablation and hot embossing. In the presented work direct UV irradiation of a common PMMA substrate by a krypton fluoride excimer laser beam through a contact mask has been used to write integrated optical Mach-Zehnder interferometers (MZI). MZI are used as sensitive bio and chemical sensors. The aim was to determine contact mask design and laser irradiation parameters for fabricating single-mode MZI for the infrared region from 1.30 μm to 1.62 μm. Straight and curved waveguides have been generated and characterized to determine the optical losses. The generation of channel waveguide structures has been optimized by a two step irradiation process to minimize the lithographic writing time and optical loss. By flood exposure to UV laser radiation in the first step the optical absorption of PMMA can be increased in the irradiated region. The required refractive index profile is then achieved with a second lithographic irradiation. The spectral behaviour of an unbalanced, integrated optical MZI fabricated by this excimer laser based contact mask method is shown for the first time. Further the optical intensity at the output port of a MZI has been measured while the optical path length difference was tuned by creating a temperature difference between the two arms of the MZI.     

Tunable double-clad ytterbium-doped fiber laser based on a double-pass Mach-Zehnder interferometer

We have demonstrated an adjustable double-clad Yb³⁺-doped fiber laser using a double-pass Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The laser is adjustable over a range of 40 nm from 1064 nm to 1104 nm. By adjusting the state of the polarization controller, which is placed in the double-pass Mach-Zehnder interferometer, we obtained central lasing wavelengths that can be accurately tuned with controllable spacing between different tunable wavelengths. The laser has a side mode suppression ratio of 42 dB, the 3 dB spectral width is less than 0.2 nm, and the slope efficiencies at 1068 nm, 1082 nm and 1098 nm are 23%, 32% and 26%, respectively. In addition, we have experimentally observed tunable multi-wavelengths lasing output.     

In-fiber modal interferometer based on dual-concentric-core photonic crystal fiber and its strain, temperature and refractive index characteristics

An in-fiber modal interferometer is demonstrated by splicing a section of homemade dual-concentric-core photonic crystal fiber (DCCPCF) and two segments of single-mode fibers (SMFs) with collapsing the air holes in the splice regions. By analyzing the transmission spectra and the spatial frequency spectra of the interferometers, it's observed that the main interfering modes are the high-order ring modes, which are different from the previously reported interferometers using the single-, few- or multi-mode fibers. The influences of the lengths of DCCPCF and the first collapsed region on the interferometers were investigated experimentally. The strain, temperature and refractive index characteristics of the interferometer were analyzed.     

全光纤干涉式结构中传感模式仿真分析

全光纤干涉式传感结构中包层模场与外界物理量作用,携带被感测信息,因此对包层模的研究是设计制作和提高该类传感器传感性能的关键.利用有限差分光束传播法获得传感光纤不同长度和不同芯径比时传感器对应的光谱,通过傅里叶变换获得其干涉频谱,计算出各主要参与干涉的包层模组的有效折射率,利用色散方程确定对应包层模.理论仿真结果显示,随着传感部分光纤长度增加,参与干涉的包层模式随之增加,并且向高阶模式变化,光谱变得稠密,是多阶包层模干涉的叠加,传感器输出干涉谱的自由光谱范围变小.随着输入光纤与传感光纤芯径比变化,会明显改变纤芯包层功率分布,同时,芯径比增大也会增加参与干涉的包层模种类和阶数.     

飞秒激光刻蚀非平行壁光纤微腔Mach-Zehnder干涉仪特性及其流体传感研究

实验发现,飞秒激光微加工光纤微腔时,两个侧壁与纤芯轴向并不完全垂直, 刻蚀的非平行壁光纤微腔Mach-Zehnder干涉仪出现光程差随波长增大而线性减小、 微腔总损耗随波长增大呈递减变化等反常现象.对此,提出非平行壁光纤微腔Mach-Zehnder 干涉仪新模型并初步建立了分析理论,采用新模型及分析理论对新型微腔干涉仪特性进行了研究. 数值分析了微腔底角、深度等参数对谱峰波长位置的影响,理论研究了微腔的光波传输损耗、 吸收损耗、插入损耗、材料红外吸收损耗以及对干涉条纹对比度的影响, 理论分析与实验结果相符.实验获得水溶液干涉条纹对比度高达35 dB的非平行壁光纤微腔Mach-Zehnder干涉仪, 将新型光纤微腔干涉仪用于流体传感,其蔗糖水溶液折射率传感灵敏度高达-12937.31 nm/RIU.