多波长同时照明的菲涅耳域非相干叠层衍射成像

传统的叠层衍射成像往往采用单波长照明,即使使用多波长来提升恢复质量也是采用依次照明的方式,同时对相干性要求很高.非相干光照明一直被认为不利于衍射成像.本文提出了一种多波长同时照明的非相干叠层衍射成像方案及相应的多路复用叠层衍射成像算法,并通过仿真和实验验证了该方案的可行性.相比于传统的相干叠层衍射成像方案,该方案不仅能够很好地恢复物像,同时也能够恢复不同波长下分别对应的物体的光谱响应、复振幅探针和光谱比例,从而获得更多的物体信息,具有多通道和多光谱的优势.同时,通过彩色图像编码的方式,能够实现物体的真彩色复原和图像质量的增强.此外,还证明了该算法具有很强的鲁棒性,研究了最多可分辨波长的数量.该研究结果为叠层衍射成像技术的信息多路复用及多光谱成像在更多领域的应用展现了可能性.     

相干调制成像技术的迭代收敛性及重建唯一性

将相干调制成像(CMI)迭代过程等效为梯度搜索算法,建立了CMI收敛模型,从解方程角度提出为保证重建结果的唯一性需要满足的基本条件,即有调制板时光斑非0点数是无调制板时光斑非0点数的2倍,或有调制板时放大λL(λ为波长,L为衍射距离)倍后的调制板频谱截止宽度与无调制板时光斑截止宽度的比值至少为0.414。通过模拟计算进行了很好的验证。该研究为CMI的进一步优化提供了理论依据。     

基于光栅分光法的相干衍射成像

提出一种可以通过单次曝光实现 PIE(ptychographic imaging engine)成像的方法, 该方法用正交光栅将入射细光束衍射为传播方向不同的子光束簇以对样品进行照明, 并用CCD同时记录各个子光束所形成的衍射光斑阵列. 该方法很好地克服了现有PIE方法的成像质量易受机械扫描误差影响和数据采集时间过长两个缺点, 具有很好的实用价值. 关键词： 相干衍射成像 相位恢复 显微成像 迭代算法     

基于相干调制成像的光学检测技术

作为相干衍射成像技术的一种,相干调制成像(coherent modulation imaging, CMI)是一种无透镜相位成像技术,不同于多光斑相位恢复技术,通过引入已知的强波前调制, CMI可以实现单次曝光下对入射波前的快速重建,同时结构简单不需要参考光.除了能够用于相位成像、解决脉冲光束的在线测量问题外,本文将其用于精密光学元件(峰谷值(peak value, PV)≤0.5l, l=632.8 nm)的面型检测.为验证其测量能力,对10片口径80 mm、PV值介于0.1l和0.5l之间的石英窗口进行了重复测量,相比于商业干涉仪的测量结果,CMI算法测量结果的峰谷比值的标准偏差是0.0305l (l=632.8 nm),均方根(root-mean-square, RMS)的标准偏差为0.0052l,对于PV和RMS的测量精度可达到0.1l和0.01l,为研究其极限性能,同时对PV=l/20的平行平晶进行了对比测量,分析了其噪声来源,考虑到CMI测量算法仍有很大的改进空间,其有望成为一种区别于干涉测量的新型高精度光学元件检测技术.     

可见光域叠层成像中照明光束的关键参量研究

研究了可见光域叠层成像中照明光束的系列关键参量对成像质量的影响. 利用叠层成像迭代恢复算法,通过模拟实验研究了照明光束的交叠率、光束尺寸以及几何形状对成像恢复质量的相互制约关系. 模拟结果表明,光束的交叠率是影响成像恢复质量的主要因素,光束的形状主要影响成像的收敛速度,而光束尺寸对成像的恢复质量以及收敛速度直接影响较小. 因此,通过模拟可以对可见光域、X 射线以及电子波段等其他波段的实验进行系统优化照明光束参数起到一定的理论指导作用. 关键词： 相干衍射 叠层成像 相位恢复     

照明方式对PIE成像质量影响的研究

系统研究了照明光的波前曲率对PIE成像分辨力的影响,证明采用弯曲波前的照明光可以显著提升PIE对随机噪声和量化误差的抗干扰能力,从而能够使重建图像的分辨力提高3倍以上,为实际实验中照明光的选择提供了指导。     

基于菲涅耳衍射的无透镜相干衍射成像

相干衍射成像是一种新型的无透镜成像技术,在光学测量、显微成像和自适应光学等领域有重要应用．本文提出一种基于单幅菲涅耳衍射强度图样的无透镜相干衍射成像方法;该方法采用特殊设计的卷积可解阵列抽样屏,通过对抽样物波的菲涅耳衍射强度图样进行非迭代的逆菲涅耳变换和滤波等数字处理实现被测物波复振幅信息的恢复,最后通过数字衍射得到物体的数字再现像．文中对抽样孔径、衍射距离、图像传感器尺寸等参数对再现像的影响进行了理论分析和模拟实验研究．发现在针孔大小和记录孔径大小一定的条件下,存在一个最佳的衍射距离;衍射距离过大会给重建图样带来噪声,衍射距离过小则会使再现象的分辨率降低．文中还对抽样针孔大小对系统成像分辨率的影响进行了分析,为进一步开展相关实验研究和应用提供了理论依据．     

相干X射线衍射成像技术及在材料学和生物学中的应用

无损获取高分辨率、高衬度微纳米材料结构图像,并能够原位、定量分析是X射线成像技术发展方向之一.最新发展起来的相干X射线衍射成像技术,也称为无透镜成像技术,为实现这一目标提供了可能.本文介绍了相干X射线衍射成像技术的成像原理和发展过程,以及在材料学和生物学中的一些典型应用和最新进展,例如掺杂铋元素在硅晶体中的分布成像,GaN量子点壳层结构的三维高分辨成像,染色大肠杆菌的二维成像,鱼骨的二维成像及矿化机理研究,单个未染色疱疹病毒的二维高衬度成像,未染色酵母菌细胞的三维高分辨成像及原位定量分析.最后对相干X射线衍射成像技术的发展方向做了展望.随着X射线自由电子激光的应用和冷冻技术与相干X射线衍射成像技术的结合,相干X射线衍射成像技术将得到快速的发展和广泛的应用.     

相干X射线衍射成像的数字模拟研究

相位重建是实现X 射线相干衍射成像的关键, 它利用远场采集的样品傅里叶相干衍射花样、结合过采样理论,再采用迭代算法复原样品的相位信息. 文中采用数字模拟的方法, 利用小尺寸二维非周期性图形作为物场, 研究了过采样比对重构结果的影响, 研究发现, 迭代次数为1000 次时最佳过采样比的范围是3—7 之间. 利用噪声模拟方法, 研究了噪声对相位重建的影响, 找到了完成相位重建的噪声限是信噪比不能低于10. 分析了重构结果中孪生像以及随机平移的产生原因, 并给出了相应的解决办法, 结果表明, 此方法可有效地提高重构图像的质量. 关键词： 相干X射线衍射成像 过采样 相位重建算法 显微成像     

PIE成像中周期性重建误差的研究

本文分析了PIE技术中周期性误差出现的根本原因,并在此基础上提出一种能明显减小此种误差的方法.通过将现有PIE成像技术中的定步长二维周期扫描变为步长和方向都不确定的随机二维扫描,可以根本上去除样品重建像中的周期性误差,从而得到准确的相位和振幅像,对提高PIE成像的精度有较好的现实意义.     

Influence of the illumination coherency and illumination aperture on the ptychographic iterative microscopy

While ptychography is an algorithm based on coherent illumination,satisfactory reconstructions can still be generated in most experiments,even though the radiation sources that are used are not ideally coherent.The underlying physics of this phenomenon is that the diffraction patterns of partially coherent illumination can be treated as those of purely coherent illumination by altering the intensities of the diffracted beams relative to their real values.On the other hand,due to the inconsistency in the altering interference among all the diffraction beams,noise/distortion is always involved in the reconstructed images.Furthermore,for a weak object,the noise/distortion in the reconstruction can be mostly reduced by using a highly curved beam for illumination in the data recording and forcing the dark field diffraction to be zero in the reconstruction.     

A general phase retrieval algorithm based on a ptychographical iterative engine for coherent diffractive imaging

Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) is a lensless imaging technique and can achieve a resolution beyond the Rayleigh or Abbe limit. The ptychographical iterative engine (PIE) is a CDI phase retrieval algorithm that uses multiple diffraction patterns obtained through the scan of a localized illumination on the specimen, which has been demonstrated successfully at optical and X-ray wavelengths. In this paper, a general PIE algorithm (gPIE) is presented and demonstrated with an He-Ne laser light diffraction dataset. This algorithm not only permits the removal of the accurate model of the illumination function in PIE, but also provides improved convergence speed and retrieval quality.     

基于电子束剪切干涉的PIE成像技术研究

提出了基于M?llenstedt电子双棱镜的电压扫描剪切干涉全场ptychographic iterative engine(PIE)显微成像技术.从低到高逐步改变电子双棱镜的电压,并同时记录所形成的剪切干涉条纹,待测样品透射电子束的强度和相位分布就可以用PIE算法得以快速重建,而且双棱镜的方向、位置和实际电场强度分布等诸多实验中不可避免地偏差都可以在迭代过程中自动得以更正.所提技术能够克服现阶段用电子束进行PIE成像的诸多技术困扰,从而有望推动PIE技术在电子显微成像领域的发展和应用.     

A general phase retrieval algorithm based on ptychographicaliterative engine for coherent diffractive imaging

Coherent diffractive imaging (CDI) is a lensless imaging technique and can achieve a resolution beyond the Rayleigh or Abbe limit. The ptychographical iterative engine (PIE) is a CDI phase retrieval algorithm that uses multiple diffraction patterns obtained through the scan of a localized illumination on the specimen, which has been demonstrated successfully at optical and X-ray wavelengths. In this paper, a general PIE algorithm (gPIE) is presented and demonstrated with an He-Ne laser light diffraction dataset. This algorithm not only permits the removal of the accurate model of the illumination function in PIE, but also provides improved convergence speed and retrieval quality.     

An ART iterative reconstruction algorithm for computed tomography of diffraction enhanced imaging

X-ray diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI) has extremely high sensitivity for weakly absorbing low-Z samples in medical and biological fields. In this paper, we propose an Algebra Reconstruction Technique (ART) iterative reconstruction algorithm for computed tomography of diffraction enhanced imaging (DEI-CT). An Ordered Subsets (OS) technique is used to accelerate the ART reconstruction. Few-view reconstruction is also studied, and a partial differential equation (PDE) type filter which has the ability of edge-preserving and denoising is used to improve the image quality and eliminate the artifacts. The proposed algorithm is validated with both the numerical simulations and the experiment at the Beijing synchrotron radiation facility (BSRF).     

An ART iterative reconstruction algorithm for computed tomography of diffraction enhanced imaging

X-ray diffraction enhanced imaging （DEI） has extremely high sensitivity for weakly absorbing low- Z samples in medical and biological fields. In this paper, we propose an Algebra Reconstruction Technique （ART） iterative reconstruction algorithm for computed tomography of diffraction enhanced imaging （DEI-CT）. An Ordered Subsets （OS） technique is used to accelerate the ART reconstruction. Few-view reconstruction is also studied, and a partial differential equation （PDE） type filter which has the ability of edge-preserving and denoising is used to improve the image quality and eliminate the artifacts. The proposed algorithm is validated with both the numerical simulations and the experiment at the Beijing synchrotron radiation facility （BSRF）.     

Retrieval of the atomic displacements in the crystal from the coherent X‐ray diffraction pattern

The retrieval of spatially resolved atomic displacements is investigated via the phases of the direct(real)‐space image reconstructed from the strained crystal's coherent X‐ray diffraction pattern. It is demonstrated that limiting the spatial variation of the first‐ and second‐order spatial displacement derivatives improves convergence of the iterative phase‐retrieval algorithm for displacements reconstructions to the true solution. This approach is exploited to retrieve the displacement in a periodic array of silicon lines isolated by silicon dioxide filled trenches.