基于编码相位梯度超表面实现太赫兹雷达散射截面缩减

本文设计了一种编码相位梯度超表面,用于实现太赫兹频段的雷达散射截面（RCS）缩减。依据Pancharatnam-Berry(PB)几何相位原理在超表面单元中引入相位梯度,设计出1 bit编码的两个元素“0”和“1”,使得两者的反射相位差接近180°。通过遗传算法得到编码相位梯度超表面中编码元素的最佳排列,实现了太赫兹波宽带RCS缩减。对编码相位梯度超表面进行建模分析,结果表明,在0.87～1.725 THz的宽频段内,设计的1 bit编码相位梯度超表面能实现大于10 dB的RCS缩减,最大缩减值达到31.26 dB。此外,分析了x和y极化波的入射角度变化对编码相位梯度超表面性能的影响,在0°～30°范围内,其性能稳定。以上结果表明,该类超表面在雷达隐身等方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

基于二氧化钒的太赫兹双频多功能编码超表面

提出了一种基于二氧化钒且工作频段可切换的太赫兹编码超表面.该编码超表面由金属-二氧化钒复合层、聚酰亚胺介质层、金属反射层构成,主要通过对顶层双裂环谐振器和十字结构的参数进行设计,获得其所需的性能;而二氧化钒材料的引入,巧妙地使其可工作于双频点,进而实现不同功能的切换.仿真结果表明:当二氧化钒处于绝缘态时,在f₁=0.34 THz的圆极化波垂直入射下,设计的编码超表面可以视为3-bit Pancharatnam-Berry相位编码超表面,通过对单元中双裂环谐振器设计卷积编码序列,使该编码超表面具有以特定角度出射拓扑荷数l=±1涡旋波束的功能;当二氧化钒处于金属态时,在f₂=0.74 THz的正交线极化波垂直入射下,设计的编码超表面可以视为2-bit各向异性编码超表面,通过对单元中十字结构分别设计随机编码序列和棋盘格编码序列,使该编码超表面具有雷达散射截面缩减和波束分束的功能.其可为太赫兹电磁超材料多功能器件的设计提供一定的参考.     

电磁超表面在微波和太赫兹波段雷达散射截面缩减中的应用研究进展

电磁超表面由于其独特的电磁特性为调控电磁波提供了有力工具,合适地设计成编码、随机、相位不连续、完美吸收器等超表面,就能够控制电磁波的散射以及反射特性,实现雷达散射截面的缩减。本文综述了不同的电磁超表面利用漫反射或者吸收等特性实现在微波和太赫兹波段雷达散射截面缩减中的应用。分析表明,编码超表面由不同的数字单元组成,其反射相位差在很宽的频段范围内满足恒定的关系,设计特殊的单元序列使入射的电磁波产生非定向散射,更高bit编码超表面更容易灵活调控电磁波;随机超表面通过调节阵元的尺寸实现宽带移相从而将金属目标特征性强的反射峰打散成一个无规律、杂乱的波,产生漫反射;不连续超表面由于相位不连续可使电磁波发生漫反射或者异常反射;吸收器通过合理设计结构尺寸实现吸收电磁波能量来减小反射。因此电磁超表面在雷达隐身、宽带通讯、成像等方面具有重要的应用前景。最后对电磁超表面在雷达散射截面缩减中应用的发展趋势进行了初步探讨,未来将向着宽带、柔性、大角度等方面发展。     

宽频带雷达散射截面缩减相位梯度超表面的设计及实验验证

针对相位梯度超表面在隐身技术中的应用,提出通过表面波耦合和异常反射两种机制复合实现宽频带后向雷达散射截面(RCS)缩减,采用开口谐振环进行相位梯度设计,实现了一种二维极化无关相位梯度超表面,在10 GHz附近,超表面通过将垂直入射电磁波耦合为表面波实现RCS缩减,而在大于11 GHz的频率范围内,相位分布的不均匀性使垂直入射的电磁波发生漫反射或者异常反射,降低后向RCS,制作了厚度为2 mm的超表面样品,测试了其反射率曲线和后向RCS,并与相同尺寸的金属板进行了对比,实验结果表明,在宽频段内(9.5—17.0 GHz),超表面在垂直入射情况下可将后向RCS缩减至少10 dB,由于厚度薄、重量轻、频带宽,RCS缩减超表面在隐身新材料和新技术方面具有很大的应用潜力。     

可切换频段的太赫兹编码超表面

依据Pancharatnam-Berry(PB)相位原理提出了一种可切换频段的太赫兹编码超表面,其顶层是金属-二氧化钒（VO2）复合结构层,中间是聚酰亚胺介质层,底部为纯金属反射层。编码超表面单元按不同的编码序列排列构成的编码超表面,可以产生多种太赫兹波束形式,并且随着VO2的相变,可以在不改变原波束形式的情况下实现从单频段到双频段的切换功能。通过设计不同的编码序列,令编码超表面分别产生了涡旋波和散射波,对于垂直入射的右旋圆极化波（左旋圆极化波类似）：当VO2处于绝缘态时,在频段1.17～1.37 THz处可以产生与编码序列所对应的波束形式;当VO2相变为金属态时,在0.87～0.92 THz和1.4～1.6 THz两个不同频段处分别获得与VO2处于绝缘态时相同的波束形式,进一步拓宽波束产生的频段。所提出的编码超表面利用了VO2的相变特性增加了太赫兹工作的频段,为实现频段可切换的太赫兹编码超表面提供了思路,在太赫兹波束调控中的调频方面有一定参考意义。     

基于十字形结构的相位梯度超表面设计与雷达散射截面缩减验证

基于十字形结构设计了一种在雷达波低频段极化不敏感的相位梯度超表面, 并通过仿真和实验进行了验证. 不同金属十字周期结构单元复合, 在超表面上形成附加的平行波矢分量, 对反射波波前进行调控, 获得超表面后向雷达散射截面积(RCS)缩减. 在设计波段内, 超表面在法线方向的单站RCS缩减达18.19 dB, 偏离法线-30°–+30°范围的单站RCS 平均缩减达8 dB; 仿真与实验结果符合较好.     

太赫兹频率编码器

超表面是由亚波长单元组成控制电磁波的人工结构,研究发现通过对其进行编码排列可实现对电磁波能量的任意控制.本文利用四种形状相同、尺寸不同的人字形结构单元,结合其不同相位响应和不同的相位灵敏度设计了太赫兹频率编码器,通过进行特定编码,在频率改变的情况下,实现了对电磁波能量辐射调控.分别设计了1-bit, 2-bit周期和非周期太赫兹频率编码器,通过数值计算和仿真模拟验证了上述特性,而且该结构对太赫兹波辐射主瓣能量有很好的分散作用,可以有效减少雷达散射截面,雷达散射截面缩减在q=0,j=0方向上最大可达29 dB,在太赫兹波隐身中具有巨大应用价值.     

基于宽带吸波体的微带天线雷达散射截面缩减设计

利用加载集总电阻的方式设计出一种极化稳定且宽入射角的宽带超材料吸波体(wide-band metamaterial absorber, WBMA), 在平面波垂直入射时, 其吸波半波功率带宽达12.7 GHz, 吸波率大于90%的带宽达10.42 GHz, 峰值吸波率达99.9%. 将其与微带天线共基板共接地板的方式加载, 制备出WBMA微带天线, 实现了天线宽频域内雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)大幅缩减. 仿真与实测结果表明: 将WBMA加载于微带天线后, 天线的前向增益提高了0.53 dB, 整体辐射特性基本保持不变; 在不同极化波下, 天线的工作频带带内和带外等宽频域(6.95-17.91 GHz)内的单站RCS缩减大于3 dB以上, 最大缩减值达21.2 dB; 在天线的中心频点8 GHz处± 48°的宽角域内, 双站RCS缩减效果明显, 很好地实现了天线的宽频域大角度的隐身设计.     

基于狄拉克半金属的可调谐的太赫兹宽频带纯线偏振转换器

本文基于新型材料狄拉克半金属(Dirac semimetals,DSs),设计了一款高纯度宽频带可调谐线偏振转换器,偏振转换率(PCR)超过99%的相对带宽为15.72%。在频段5.25~6.14 THz内,椭度角接近0°,偏振方位角约等于-90°。这种转换性能主要是源于顶层超表面的各向异性和局域的表面等离子体激元谐振(LSPRs)的激发。此外,通过改变费米能的大小可以使所设计的偏振转换器在不同的频带范围内实现宽频带偏振转换。最后,通过半解析的方法对偏振转换特性进行了理论分析。该设计在太赫兹通信、成像、无损检测等领域具有一定的应用价值,同时为宽频带可调谐太赫兹线偏振转换器的设计提供了新思路。     

柔性双阻带太赫兹超材料滤波器

提出并设计了一种极化不敏感的柔性双阻带太赫兹超材料滤波器,并采用CST 2015仿真软件对该滤波器的结构进行仿真;为深入研究超材料滤波器的传输特性,分别对该超材料滤波器在2个谐振吸收峰处的电场强度和表面电流分布进行仿真;为验证仿真结果的正确性,采用微加工工艺制备了超材料滤波器样品,使用太赫兹时域光谱系统对其传输特性进行测试。仿真结果表明:该滤波器在0.131THz和0.182THz处获得了3dB带宽分别为15GHz和10GHz的2个阻带,并且在这2个谐振频率点的传输系数S21可以达到-43.56dB和-48.76dB,表现出了良好的阻带特性;测试结果与仿真结果比较吻合。     

An ultra-wideband 2-bit coding metasurface using Pancharatnam—Berry phase for radar cross-section reduction

An ultra-wideband 2-bit coding metasurface is designed for radar cross-section (RCS) reduction. The design process is presented in detail, in which a polarization conversion metasurface (PCM) is first proposed. The proposed PCM can realize ultra-wideband circular polarization (CP) maintaining reflection. Moreover, Pancharatnam—Berry (PB) phase will be generated in the co-polarized reflection coefficient by rotating the metallic patches in its unit cells. Thus, based on the PCM, the four coding elements of a 2-bit coding metasurface are constructed using PB phase, and an ultra-wideband PB 2-bit coding metasurface is proposed according to an appropriate coding sequence. The simulated and experimental results show that the coding metasurface has obvious advantages of wideband and polarization-insensitivity. Compared to a metallic plate of the same size, it can achieve more than 10 dB RCS reduction in the frequency band from 9.8 GHz to 42.6 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 125.2% under normal incidence with arbitrary polarizations.     

Real‐Time and Broadband Terahertz Wave Scattering Manipulation via Polarization‐Insensitive Conformal Graphene‐Based Coding Metasurfaces

Here, for the first time, the real‐time and broadband manipulation of terahertz (THz) waves are acquired by introducing a multifunctional graphene‐based coding metasurface (GBCM). The designed structure consists of subwavelength patterned graphene units whose operational statuses can be dynamically switched between two digital states of “0” and “1”. By engineering the spatial distribution of chemical potentials across the GBCM, various scattering patterns having single, two, four, and numerous reflection beams are elaborately achieved just within one planar structure. To compute the far‐field pattern of GBCM, an inverse discrete Fourier transform (IDFT) is established, providing a fast and efficient design method. The proposed GBCM provides a low reflection bellow ?10 dB over a broad frequency band ranging from 1 THz to 1.9 THz. In addition, the metasurface retains its low reflection behavior in a wide range of incident wave angles for both TE and TM polarizations. According to conformal invariance of graphene sheets, the stealth property of GBCM is well preserved while wrapping around a curved object. The proposed technique of real‐time scattering manipulation leads to multifunctional THz devices, opening new routes contributing to numerous applications such as imaging and stealth technology.     

基于石墨烯编码超构材料的太赫兹波束多功能动态调控

提出了一种基于石墨烯带的太赫兹波段的1 bit编码超构材料,可以实现太赫兹波束的数目、频率、幅度等参数多功能动态调控.该结构由金属薄膜、聚酰亚胺、硅、二氧化硅、石墨烯带组成.通过对石墨烯带施加两种不同的电压,可以实现一定频率范围内相位差接近180?的"0"和"1"数字编码单元,进而构成1 bit动态可控的编码超构材料.全波仿真结果表明,不同序列的编码超构材料能够实现波束数目从单波束、双波束、多波束到宽波束的调控.相同序列的编码超构材料,通过施加石墨烯带的不同电压能够实现宽频段波束频率的偏移.对于000000或者111111周期序列的编码超构材料,通过施加石墨烯带的不同电压还能够实现波束幅度的调控.因此这种基于石墨烯带的编码超构材料为灵活调控太赫兹波提供了一种新的途径,将在雷达隐身、成像、宽带通信等方面具有重要的意义.     

Wideband radar cross section reduction based on absorptive coding metasurface with compound stealth mechanism

A scheme of combing wave absorption and phase cancellation mechanisms for widening radar cross section(RCS)reduction band is proposed. An absorptive coding metasurface implementing this scheme is derived from traditional circuit analog absorber(CAA) composed of resistive ring elements which characterize dual resonances behavior. It is constructed by replacing some of the CAA elements by another kind of resistive ring elements which is singly resonant in between the original two resonant bands and has reflection phase opposite to that of the original elements at resonance. Hence the developed metasurface achieves an improved low-RCS band over which the lower and higher sub-bands are mainly contributed by wave absorption mainly while the middle sub-band is formed by joint effect of wave absorption and antiphase cancellation mechanisms. The polarization-independent wideband RCS reduction property of the metasurface is validated by full-wave simulation results of a preliminary and an advanced design examples which employ the same element configuration but different element layout schemes as partitioned distribution and random coding. The advanced design also exhibits broadband bistatic low-RCS property and keeps a stable specular RCS reduction performance with regard to incident elevation angle up to 35°. The advanced design is fabricated and the experimental results of the sample agrees qualitatively well with their simulated counterparts. The measured figure of merit(i.e., low-RCS bandwidth ratio versus electrical thickness) of the sample is 40.572, which is superior to or comparable with those for most of other existing metasurface with compound RCS reduction mechanism. The proposed compound metasurface technique also features simple structure, light weight, low cost and easy fabrication compared with other techniques. This makes it promising in applications such as radar stealth and electromagnetic compatibility.     

二维宽带相位梯度超表面设计及实验验证

针对圆极化波, 通过同极化反射超表面结构单元的空间排布, 设计实现了一种二维非色散高效相位梯度超表面. 同极化反射相位可以通过同极化反射超表面结构单元金属线的面内旋转来自由调控. 实现的相位梯度超表面可对左右旋入射波产生相反的相位梯度. 当线极化波入射到超表面上时, 反射波被分为两束向相反方向传播的圆极化波. 仿真了线极化波垂直入射时的反射功率密度谱, 仿真结果与理论上设计的异常反射方向一致. 制作了厚度为2 mm的超表面样品, 测试了其镜面反射率曲线. 实验结果表明, 线极化波垂直入射时, 超表面在9.5-19.0 GHz的镜面反射率降至-5 dB以下.     

人工磁导体正交布阵的宽带低雷达截面反射屏

基于互补开口谐振单环 (complementary split ring resonator, CSRR) 的电磁特性, 设计了一种新型人工磁导体 (artificial magnetic conductor, AMC) 结构 CSRR-AMC. 通过与方形贴片人工磁导体的反射相位对比发现, 该结构在X极化和Y极化波垂直照射条件下可分别实现小型化和多同相反射频带. 基于此特性, 设计了一种仅由单一CSRR-AMC结构组成的宽带低雷达截面反射屏. 该设计将相邻CSRR-AMC单元正交化排布, 通过优化单元结构实现宽带相位对消, 降低后向散射能量. 测试结果表明, 样品在7.38–10.47 GHz 范围内后向RCS减缩量达到10 dB以上, 相对带宽达到34.6%, 为宽带低反射屏设计提供了新的方法. 关键词： 人工磁导体 相位对消 宽带 雷达截面减缩     

Realization of wide-angle and wideband absorber using metallic and graphene-based metasurface for mid-infrared and low THz frequency

This article presents a study on mid-infrared and low-THz absorbers based on metallic and graphene metasurface. The absorber is constructed of a periodic array of patterned elements in patch form placed on a quarter-wavelength dielectric film terminated by a metallic reflector. A simple analytical circuit model equivalent to patch array is used for employing the matching impedance approach to realize the wideband absorber. This absorber is polarization independent for normal incident waves owing to its symmetric structure. Simulation and analytical circuit model results show that the graphene and metallic-based absorbers proposed in this paper can operate with an absorption value above 90% in a normalized bandwidth of 100% in the low terahertz (THz) and the mid-infrared regime, respectively. The proposed absorber is wide-angle for both TM and TE polarizations and polarization-insensitive for small incident angles.