海洋湍流外尺度对高斯光束传输特性的影响

针对功率谱反演法模拟的海洋湍流相位屏中缺乏外尺度对光学特性影响的模型,基于Nikishov海洋湍流功率谱模型,提出一种指数型外尺度的Nikishov谱的修正模型,并通过功率谱的收敛性质及标准化光谱对该模型进行验证。相比于已有的包含外尺度参量的功率谱模型,该修正谱形式较为简单,便于分离变量,可在后续的研究中基于波动光学理论借助超几何函数对光学参量理论公式进行推导。基于该功率谱修正模型建立复合海水信道湍流相位屏仿真模型,针对功率谱反演法生成的相位屏存在低频信息不足的缺陷采用低频次谐波进行补偿,通过光线追踪的蒙特卡洛统计方法分析了湍流外尺度对高斯光束光学特性以及信号时域扩展特性的影响。波动理论数值计算与基于相位屏的仿真结果一致表明：在弱湍流条件下,海洋湍流外尺度对准直高斯光束光束扩展、质心漂移特性的影响较大,对光强闪烁的影响较小;海洋湍流外尺度对时域展宽影响较小,湍流影响下的信号时域扩展与传输距离近似呈现二次函数关系。     

海洋湍流中光学成像相关问题研究

比较研究了海洋湍流与大气湍流中长曝光调制传递函数的差异,讨论了海洋湍流中短曝光调制传递函数(SEMTF)的适用性,并且详细研究了海洋湍流参数对系统分辨率的影响。研究表明:海洋湍流中温度起伏占主导地位比盐度起伏占主导地位时的成像质量更高,即包含更多原图像的高频细节。虽然用Fried短曝光理论研究SEMTF时在高频区存在缺陷,但随着透镜直径与空间相干长度之比以及光传输距离的增大,SEMTF在高频区的适用性增强。此外,随着海水功率谱温度与盐度的比率和海水温度方差耗散率的增大,海水单位质量湍流动能耗散率的减小,海洋湍流中光学系统的分辨率减小,即成像质量变差。     

海洋湍流对光子轨道角动量量子通信的影响

本文研究了基于光子轨道角动量的量子通信在水下量子信道中受海洋湍流运动的影响.基于Elamassie等提出的海洋湍流功率谱模型,本文建立了不同海洋湍流参数与光子轨道角动量量子通信的单光子探测概率、信道容量、密钥产生率以及双光子共生纠缠度的定量关系,并利用纠缠光子对的共生纠缠度在海洋湍流中的普适衰减特性进一步研究了轨道角动量纠缠光子对在海洋湍流中的最大纠缠距离.研究结果表明:水下量子通信性能和纠缠光子对的共生纠缠度都随海洋湍流的湍流动能耗散率的增大或温度方差耗散率的减小而降低;温度和盐度因素对海洋湍流贡献的比值对水下量子通信的影响在海水是否稳定分层的条件下具有显著的区别;在通过海洋湍流进行量子通信时,增加信号光子的初始轨道角动量量子数可以提高量子密钥分发的密钥产生率和纠缠光子的纠缠衰减抵抗性.     

海洋湍流中自适应光学成像系统特征参量研究

随着水下光通信、传感和激光雷达等应用的发展,研究水下光学系统成像特性具有重要意义.本文研究了海洋湍流对自适应光学成像系统特征参量(如Strehl比、Greenwood时间常数和等晕角)的影响.推导出了海洋湍流中短曝光成像Strehl比的近似解析表达式,并证明:除了在近场D_G/r_0=1附近外(D_G和r_0分别为光学系统的光瞳直径和海洋湍流中可见参数),该近似公式均可保证足够的精度.此外,还得到了海洋湍流中Greenwood时间常数和等晕角的表达式.研究表明:随着海水盐度变化引起的海洋湍流逐渐占主导地位时,这三个特征参量值均减小;随着海水湍流动能耗散率的减小或海水湍流温度方差耗散率的增大,这三个特征参量值也均减小.本文研究结果对工作于水下湍流环境中自适应光学成像系统应用具有理论参考意义.     

海洋湍流随机相位屏模型

提出一种海洋湍流随机相位屏模型。以海水折射率波动谱为基础,通过功率谱反演法将海洋湍流引起海水介质的折射率变化对传输光束产生的影响等效为随机相位屏对光束的影响,并利用相位结构函数和轨道角动量光束在海洋湍流中的传输特性验证该模型的有效性。研究结果表明:在光束折射率偏移量较小时,由随机相位屏模型获得的相位结构函数仿真值与理论值可较好地吻合;由随机相位屏模型获得的轨道角动量光束传输特性也与理论分析结果相一致。     

非柯尔莫哥洛夫湍流光束漂移的理论研究

一直以来, 大气湍流对空间光通信影响的研究都是在柯尔莫哥洛夫(Kolmogolov)湍流理论的框架内进行, 该模型已经被人们广泛接受和使用。然而, 近年来国内外众多非柯尔莫哥洛夫(Non-Kolmogolov)湍流的实验报道则表明Kolmogolov湍流理论有时不能完全正确地描述大气湍流的统计规律, 尤其在对流顶层和平流层。为了全面了解大气湍流对空间光通信的影响, 研究Non-Kolmogolov湍流对光波传输的影响成为了首先要面对的问题。基于Non-Kolmogolov湍流功率谱密度, 运用几何光学近似方法推导了弱起伏条件下准直光束和聚焦光束的光束漂移方差, 并给出了简洁的解析表达式; 然后, 利用这一表达式进行了仿真分析。     

海洋湍流下涡旋光束经粗糙面的回波特性

光场回波散射特性是未来水下激光通信与探测一体化的关键技术之一,而具有螺旋波前结构的涡旋光束[如拉盖尔-高斯（LG）光束]更适合抑制海洋湍流的影响。利用广义Huygens-Fresnel原理,推导出弱海洋湍流中LG光束经高斯分布粗糙表面反射的回波散斑强度的解析表达式;数值分析了光源参数、海洋湍流以及粗糙目标表面参数对回波散斑场复相干度的影响。结果表明,复相干度随着LG光束拓扑荷数、束腰半径、波长的增大而减小,随着海洋湍流强度的增大而降低,随着粗糙面相干长度的增加而增大,并且当粗糙表面的相干长度大于球形波在海洋湍流中传播的相干长度时,复相干度变化不明显,表明此时粗糙表面对复相干度的影响远小于海洋湍流的影响。这一结论为海洋湍流条件下目标探测与识别提供了参考。     

汉克-贝塞尔光束在海洋湍流信道中的螺旋相位谱分析

携带轨道角动量的汉克-贝塞尔(Hankel-Bessel,HB)光束具有无衍射和自聚焦特性,用来作为信息传输的载体有望增大信息传输容量.基于Rytov近似理论,推导得到了HB涡旋光束经过海洋水平弱湍流信道后的螺旋相位谱的解析表达式,并利用数值仿真方法研究了海洋湍流参数对轨道角动量模式探测概率的影响.结果表明,海洋湍流导致发射轨道角动量模式的探测概率下降,出现模式串扰和螺旋相位谱扩展.海洋湍流对HB涡旋光束的负面影响随着轨道角动量模式数、传输距离、温度方差耗散率的增加而增强,随湍流动能耗散率的增加而减弱.HB涡旋光束受以盐度波动驱动的海洋湍流的负面影响更大.另外,在弱湍流及几十米传输距离条件下,HB涡旋光束的传输性能要差于最佳束腰大小设置的拉盖尔-高斯涡旋光束.这些结果有望为海洋环境水下光通信链路的实现提供一定的参考价值.     

不稳定分层海洋湍流对厄米-高斯光通信系统的影响

推导了不稳定分层海洋湍流下厄米-高斯光束闪烁指数的理论公式,以及考虑海洋湍流和瞄准误差综合影响下UWOC系统信道系数的概率分布函数,进一步推导了系统主要性能参数即误码率、信道容量和中断概率的理论计算公式,并采用高斯-厄米正交积分近似方法求得3个性能参数的闭合表达式,仿真分析了不稳定分层和稳定分层湍流情况下,光束模数、传输距离、海洋湍流参数和瞄准误差对系统的平均误码率、平均信道容量和中断概率的影响。结果表明：相比于稳定分层,不稳定分层的系统计算误差更小;当盐度波动占主导时,系统性能更好;随着均方温度耗散率增大、湍流动能耗散率减小、瞄准误差增大,系统信道容量减小,中断概率增大。本研究结果可为厄米-高斯光在水下光通信领域的应用提供参考。     

湍流大气中高斯谢尔光束的波前位错

在Rytov近似下,通过引入短期统计平均位错位置的概念,研究了高斯谢尔光束通过近地面弱湍流大气传播时,波前圆形位错形成和位错位置与湍流大气起伏强度和传播距离等参数间的关系.基于湍流大气中平行和交叉双光束的简化近似传输模型,研究了湍流大气中传播高斯谢尔光束波前位错位置与大气湍流强度、传输距离等参数间的相关机制.在远小于光波位相起伏周期的条件下,分别得出了束径不同同轴双光束和交叉双光束传播情况下波前圆位错位置的湍流系综统计平均理论关系.所得结果表明,同轴平行光束干涉和交叉光束干涉所产生的光束波前位错受大气湍流强度、传输距离等参数调制的规律是不同的.     

Intensity and coherence properties of light in oceanic turbulence

Using the Rytov method and Belen'kii and Mironov's method of effective beam parameters for strong turbulence regimes, the intensity and coherence properties of a Gaussian beam propagating through the clear-water turbulent ocean are explored. The refractive index fluctuations are described by a recently developed power spectrum combining the effects from both temperature and salinity. Due to the complicated nature of the oceanic turbulence spectrum, the analysis is restricted to numerical computations.     

Aperture-averaged scintillation index and fade statistics in weak oceanic turbulence

With the rapid demand for underwater optical communication(UOC), studies of UOC degradation by oceanic turbulence have attached increasing attention worldwide and become a research hot-spot in recent years. Previous studies used a simplified and inaccurate oceanic turbulence spectrum, in which the eddy diffusivity ratio between temperature and salinity is assumed to be unity and the outer scale of turbulence is assumed to be infinite. However, both assumptions are not true in most of the actual marine environments. In this paper, based on the Rytov theory in weak turbulence, we derive analytical expressions of "the aperture-averaged scintillation index"(SI) for both plane and spherical waves, which can clearly demonstrate how SI is influenced by several key factors in UOC. Then, typical fade statistics of the UOC system in weak turbulence is discussed including the probability of fade, the expected number of fades per time, the mean fade time,signal-to-noise ratio and bit error rate. Our results show that spherical wave is preferable in the UOC system in weak turbulence compared to plane wave, and the aperture-averaged effect has a significant impact on UOC system's performance.Our results can be used to determine those key parameters for designing the UOC system over reasonable ranges.     

Higher order mode laser beam scintillations in oceanic medium

Abstract

In a horizontal oceanic optical wireless communication link, the scintillation index (the measure for the intensity fluctuations) of the received intensity caused by the oceanic turbulence is formulated and evaluated when the source is a higher order mode laser. Variations in the scintillation index vs. the underwater turbulence parameters, size of the higher order mode laser source, link length, and the wavelength are examined. Underwater turbulence parameters are the ratio that determines the relative strength of temperature and salinity in driving the index fluctuations, the rate of dissipation of the mean squared temperature, the rate of dissipation of the turbulent kinetic energy, and the Kolmogorov microscale length.     

Effect of the outer scale on the angle of arrival variance for free-space-laser beam corrugated by non-Kolmogorov turbulence

It is well known that atmospheric turbulence causes significant variations of the arrival angle of laser beams used in free-space communications. Usually, angle-of-arrival fluctuations of an optical wave in the plane of the receiver aperture is calculated by Kolmogorov’s power spectral-density model. Unfortunately, recently increasing experimental evidence has shown that atmospheric turbulence statistics does not obey Kolmogorov’s power spectrum model in some parts of the troposphere and stratosphere. These experiments have prompted investigations of the optical-wave propagation through atmospheric turbulence described by nonclassical power spectra. In this paper, employing a new approach and considering a non-Kolmogorov power spectrum with a generalized power law instead of the constant standard power-law value 11/3 and a generalized amplitude factor instead of the constant value 0.033, we derive the variances of the angle-of-arrival fluctuations of the plane and spherical waves in a weak turbulence for the horizontal path. The concise closed-form expressions are obtained and used to analyze the influence of spectral power-law variations on the angle-of-arrival fluctuations. In addition, the outer scale effect is also analyzed.     

Sound-wave coherence in atmospheric turbulence with intrinsic and global intermittency

The coherence function of sound waves propagating through an intermittently turbulent atmosphere is calculated theoretically. Intermittency mechanisms due to both the turbulent energy cascade (intrinsic intermittency) and spatially uneven production (global intermittency) are modeled using ensembles of quasiwavelets (QWs), which are analogous to turbulent eddies. The intrinsic intermittency is associated with decreasing spatial density (packing fraction) of the QWs with decreasing size. Global intermittency is introduced by allowing the local strength of the turbulence, as manifested by the amplitudes of the QWs, to vary in space according to superimposed Markov processes. The resulting turbulence spectrum is then used to evaluate the coherence function of a plane sound wave undergoing line-of-sight propagation. Predictions are made by a general simulation method and by an analytical derivation valid in the limit of Gaussian fluctuations in signal phase. It is shown that the average coherence function increases as a result of both intrinsic and global intermittency. When global intermittency is very strong, signal phase fluctuations become highly non-Gaussian and the average coherence is dominated by episodes with weak turbulence.     

一种简化非Gauss场模型在随机介质中光传播问题中的应用

为了研究大气湍流间歇性的光传播效应，构造出一种比较简单的非Gauss场模型(Poission场 )用于描述大气介电常数(或折射率)随机起伏.模型特征泛函含有四个待定函数，根据大气湍 流的统计均匀性，介电起伏的单点概率分布函数，以及介电起伏能谱可以选择或确定它们. 对在这种简化湍流中传播的光波平均场及二阶统计矩性质进行了理论分析，并给出数值模拟 的一个简单例子. 关键词： 光波传播 大气湍流 间歇性     

对流湍流池Fried相干长度的光学结构

利用不同的方法，测量并比较了用自适应光学补偿实验的对流湍流池的相干长度，给出到达角起伏谱和起伏方差的概率分布，结果表明，在对流湍流池中，光束的到达角起伏谱满足“－８／３”幂，由于相位起伏服从正态分布，因此到达角起伏的方差呈Ｘ＾２分布，到达角起伏在水平和垂直方向上的谱完全一致表明了湍流池湍流的各向同性特征，相干长度与对流湍流池上下温差的实验结果，符合以往对流湍流池的流体力学和热力学相心关系。     

Theory of optical scintillation: Gaussian-beam wave model

Abstract

A scintillation model previously developed by the authors is extended in this paper to the case of a propagating Gaussian-beam wave. As in the previous model, we account for the loss of spatial coherence as the optical wave propagates through atmospheric turbulence by eliminating effects of certain turbulent scale sizes that exist between the scale size of the spatial coherence radius of the beam and that of the scattering disc. These mid-range scale-size effects are eliminated through the formal introduction of spatial frequency filters that continually adjust spatial cut-off frequencies as the optical wave propagates. Unlike the previous model, in this paper we include the effect of a finite outer scale in addition to the inner scale. With a finite outer scale, the scintillation index can be substantially lower in strong turbulence than that predicted by a model with an infinite outer scale. This particular behaviour of scintillation in strong turbulence, mostly associated with horizontal paths near the ground, cannot be explained on the basis of previous expressions deduced from the asymptotic theory. Comparisons of the scintillation models with published experimental and simulation data through weak and strong irradiance fluctuations show excellent fits.     

随机电磁高阶Bessel-Gaussian光束在海洋湍流中的传输特性

利用广义惠更斯-菲涅耳衍射积分公式得到了随机电磁高阶Bessel-Gaussian光束在海洋湍流中传输的交叉谱密度矩阵的一般表达式,通过数值计算主要研究了随机电磁高阶Bessel-Gaussian光束在海洋湍流中传输时其在远场输出面的统计特性的变化,包括归一化光谱强度、光谱偏振度、两点的光谱相干度等.数值模拟结果显示海洋湍流能够对随机电磁高阶Bessel-Gaussian光束的归一化光谱强度分布产生影响,随着传输距离的增加,零阶Bessel-Gaussian光束中心出现凹陷,高阶Bessel-Gaussian光束中心会变平坦继而又凹陷下去,不管零阶还是高阶,当传输距离增加到足够远,光强分布都会演变成最终的类高斯分布.x轴上各点的偏振度改变与相干长度δ_(xx),δ_(yy)以及海洋湍流参数有关.x轴上任意一点和原点这两点的光谱相干度也随x的增加而呈振荡变化,并且海洋的均方温度耗散率χT对光谱相干度有影响.