一种兼有高增益和宽带低散射特征的波导缝隙天线设计

设计了一种同时具备高增益和宽带低散射特征的波导缝隙天线.将蚀刻有互补开口谐振环的方形贴片人工磁导体正交布阵得到宽带低雷达截面积(RCS)反射屏并以之代替原天线的全金属反射板,通过优化反射屏的加载方式,在展宽天线工作频带、提高天线增益的同时,实现了宽频域范围内天线鼻锥方向RCS减缩.实测结果表明:加载低RCS反射屏的缝隙天线工作带宽增加了100 MHz,前向增益提高了3.2 dB,在5.52—6.63GHz范围内RCS减缩量达10 dB以上,减缩带宽达到20%.     

覆盖X和Ku波段的低雷达散射截面人工磁导体反射屏

设计并制备了一种基于人工磁导体(artificial magnetic conductor, AMC)的覆盖X和Ku波段的宽带低雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)反射屏. 将双频带耶路撒冷十字形AMC结构和宽带双金属方形AMC结构复合, 通过参数优化, 使耶路撒冷十字形结构的反射相位反转频点与方形结构的反射相位零值频点重合或者非常接近, 进一步扩宽有效相位差区域, 从而拓展RCS减缩带宽. 给出了反射能量峰值方位的一般理论计算公式, 当入射角度、棋盘单元尺寸和观察频率确定后, 可通过公式计算出反射峰的方位. HFSS软件仿真结果与理论计算结果符合较好, 验证了理论公式的正确性. 同时与等尺寸金属平板相比, 在7.4–17.0 GHz 频带内, 除9.8 GHz附近的少数频点外, 天线后向RCS均有-10 dB以上的减缩, 基本覆盖X波段和Ku波段, 相对带宽为78.7%, 在11.6 GHz时, 减缩量最大, 达到40.3 dB. 加工了反射屏实物并进行测试, 测试结果与仿真结果基本一致, 证实了反射屏具有宽带的低RCS特性.     

宽带雷达散射截面减缩人工磁导体复合结构

提出了宽带雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)减缩人工磁导体复合结构, 通过将多个金属方片周期结构相复合, 进一步拓展了其工作带宽. 测试结果表明, 反射率小于-10 dB的频段为7.7—13.1 GHz, 相对带宽为51.9%. 通过全波仿真研究了其在不同频率的散射特性, 随着频率的增加, 在对角象限平分面上的反射峰逐渐向法线方向靠拢, 但其RCS较金属板的后向RCS仍减小-8 dB以上. 该人工磁导体复合结构具有工作带宽大、设计简单和加工容易等优点, 具有重要的应用前景.     

一种具有吸波和相位相消特性的共享孔径雷达吸波材料

提出了共享孔径雷达吸波材料(shared aperture radar absorbing material,SA-RAM)的设计方法.该方法将无源人工电磁媒质(metamaterials,MTM)的散射问题等效为有源阵列的辐射问题进行研究,利用阵列天线原理对有限周期MTM单元构成的MTM子孔径的位置信息、幅度信息、相位信息进行优化设计,实现具有不同功能的SA-RAM.在此基础上,设计了一种基于人工磁导体(artificial magnetic conductor,AMC)子孔径和完美吸波体(perfect metamaterial absorber,PMA)子孔径的SA-RAM,该SA-RAM通过将AMC子孔径与PMA子孔径交错布阵,实现了具有吸波和相位相消特性的SA-RAM.仿真和实验结果表明,该SA-RAM较金属板的后向雷达散射截面(radar cross section,RCS)在5.5—8.3 GHz都有明显的减缩,在5.54 GHz处的减缩是由于PMA的高吸波率引起的,在7.0 GHz处的减缩是由于AMC子孔径和PMA子孔径相位相消引起的.研究结果对频域和空域隐身相结合的雷达吸波材料设计具有重要的指导意义.     

一种编码式宽带多功能反射屏

提出了一种可控的宽带多功能反射屏.通过将射频微机电系统技术与反射屏设计相结合,首先设计了可编码式工作的单元,该单元具有工作频带宽、损耗小、控制简单的特点.由该单元基于不同编码矩阵构成的反射屏可以实现不同的功能.文中展示了多功能反射屏的极化旋转和捷变散射场性能.仿真结果表明:设计的反射屏在8.9—13.2 GHz频段范围内极化转化率高达90%以上,且在8.9—13.1 GHz频段范围内可实现10 d B以上的雷达散射截面减缩.实测结果与仿真结果基本一致.     

低雷达散射截面的超薄宽带完美吸波屏设计研究

提出了一种基于PMA单元结构的超薄宽带完美吸波屏设计方法. 该方法将多层拓展带宽的技术与单层多谐振方法有机结合, 实现带宽拓展的同时, 保持了完美吸波屏结构简单、无集总元件的特点, 易于实际加工和应用. 以双层三谐振超薄宽带完美吸波屏为例, 结合其等效电路, 理论上验证了所设计吸波屏的吸波机理, 同时验证了方法的有效性. 仿真分析该吸波屏具有低雷达散射截面、极化不敏感和宽入射角的特征. 仿真和实测结果表明: 该吸波屏在厚度为0.01 λ的条件下, 具有14.1%的半波功率带宽;-3 dBsm的雷达散射截面缩减带宽为18.9%, 在法线方向的最大缩减量为23 dBsm, 在法向±40°内具有较好的雷达散射截面减缩效果. 关键词： 完美吸波屏 宽带 雷达散射截面 等效电路     

一种新型的低散射微带天线阵设计

本文将电磁表面(electromagnetic surface, EMS)的设计思想引入到微带天线阵的设计中,在设计天线单元的同时,也将其作为EMS单元兼顾其反射特性.通过在矩形辐射贴片上开弧形缺口,得到一种新的单元结构,该单元可与原始EMS单元之间形成180°±30°有效相位差,且作为天线单元时与原始天线工作在相同谐振模式、相同频带.将两种单元以棋盘形式构成组合天线阵,在两个极化下分别基于相位对消原理和吸波原理实现了雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)减缩.实测与仿真结果表明:相较于等大小的金属板,在x极化波照射下,天线阵在5.6—6.0 GHz实现了6 dB以上的RCS减缩,相对带宽为10.1%;在y极化波照射下,天线阵在5.0—7.2 GHz实现了6 dB以上的RCS减缩,相对带宽为24%.同时由于两种单元在辐射上具有较好的一致性,使得组合天线阵的辐射性能得以保持.该方法有效解决了天线阵辐射和散射难以兼顾的矛盾,为其他形式的低散射天线阵的设计提供了新的方法与思路.     

幅相同调的吸波-对消雷达散射截面减缩超表面设计

更宽的工作频带和更低的雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)一直是低可探测领域研究的热点,然而这两者往往难以兼顾.鉴于此,本文提出了一种幅相同调的吸波-对消RCS减缩超表面,通过在宽带范围内同时设计两个单元的反射相位和反射幅度,使目标RCS在空间域和能量域分别获得10 d B以上减缩,从而通过叠加获得20 d B以上的宽带RCS减缩.仿真和实验结果表明,在两种极化下,幅相同调的吸波-对消RCS减缩超表面可以在6.10—12.15 GHz频带范围内获得20 d B以上的RCS减缩效果,同时10 d B减缩带宽为4.3—14.2 GHz.所设计的超表面具有减缩幅度大、减缩频带宽、质量轻、单层结构、极化稳定性好、柔性易共形等优点,有望为低可探测材料研制以及低可探测装备性能提升提供新的技术途径.     

一种高增益低雷达散射截面的新型圆极化微带天线设计

设计了一种基于人工电磁材料覆层的高增益低雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)圆极化微带天线. 人工电磁材料覆层是由介质板及其两侧的人工周期表面构成, 上表面是加载集总电阻的方环贴片, 具有宽带吸波特性; 下表面是开条带缝和圆环缝的金属贴片, 具有部分反射特性. 将其加载到圆极化微带天线上方, 通过覆层上表面的电阻可吸收入射的雷达波, 结合下表面与接地板构成Fabry-Perot谐振腔的多次反射, 可实现圆极化微带天线辐射和散射性能的同时改善. 实测结果表明: 加载人工电磁材料覆层后, 天线的相对轴比带宽由5.9%扩展为7.1%; 天线增益在整个工作频带内都得到了提升, 最大提高了6.61 dB; 天线RCS在宽频带宽角域内实现了明显的减缩, 在天线工作频带内也实现了3 dB以上减缩. 实测结果与仿真结果符合较好.     

电磁超表面在微波和太赫兹波段雷达散射截面缩减中的应用研究进展

电磁超表面由于其独特的电磁特性为调控电磁波提供了有力工具,合适地设计成编码、随机、相位不连续、完美吸收器等超表面,就能够控制电磁波的散射以及反射特性,实现雷达散射截面的缩减。本文综述了不同的电磁超表面利用漫反射或者吸收等特性实现在微波和太赫兹波段雷达散射截面缩减中的应用。分析表明,编码超表面由不同的数字单元组成,其反射相位差在很宽的频段范围内满足恒定的关系,设计特殊的单元序列使入射的电磁波产生非定向散射,更高bit编码超表面更容易灵活调控电磁波;随机超表面通过调节阵元的尺寸实现宽带移相从而将金属目标特征性强的反射峰打散成一个无规律、杂乱的波,产生漫反射;不连续超表面由于相位不连续可使电磁波发生漫反射或者异常反射;吸收器通过合理设计结构尺寸实现吸收电磁波能量来减小反射。因此电磁超表面在雷达隐身、宽带通讯、成像等方面具有重要的应用前景。最后对电磁超表面在雷达散射截面缩减中应用的发展趋势进行了初步探讨,未来将向着宽带、柔性、大角度等方面发展。     

Design of multi-band metasurface antenna array with low RCS performance

In this paper, a multi-band metasurface(MS) antenna array with low radar cross section(RCS) performance is proposed and measured. Firstly, a 44 antenna array is composed of four 22 Jerusalem cross structure antenna arrays working at different frequency bands, which is aimed at enhancing the bandwidth effectively. Then, each antenna can be seen as a unit of MS in spite of adding the feeding structure. Based on phase cancellation principle, the MS is arranged into a chessboard configuration in order to realize wideband RCS reduction. Thus, excellent radiation and scattering characteristics are obtained simultaneously. Simulated and measured results indicate that this work provides a novel method to achieve bandwidth expansion as well as wideband RCS reduction of the antenna array.     

Wideband radar cross section reduction based on absorptive coding metasurface with compound stealth mechanism

A scheme of combing wave absorption and phase cancellation mechanisms for widening radar cross section(RCS)reduction band is proposed. An absorptive coding metasurface implementing this scheme is derived from traditional circuit analog absorber(CAA) composed of resistive ring elements which characterize dual resonances behavior. It is constructed by replacing some of the CAA elements by another kind of resistive ring elements which is singly resonant in between the original two resonant bands and has reflection phase opposite to that of the original elements at resonance. Hence the developed metasurface achieves an improved low-RCS band over which the lower and higher sub-bands are mainly contributed by wave absorption mainly while the middle sub-band is formed by joint effect of wave absorption and antiphase cancellation mechanisms. The polarization-independent wideband RCS reduction property of the metasurface is validated by full-wave simulation results of a preliminary and an advanced design examples which employ the same element configuration but different element layout schemes as partitioned distribution and random coding. The advanced design also exhibits broadband bistatic low-RCS property and keeps a stable specular RCS reduction performance with regard to incident elevation angle up to 35°. The advanced design is fabricated and the experimental results of the sample agrees qualitatively well with their simulated counterparts. The measured figure of merit(i.e., low-RCS bandwidth ratio versus electrical thickness) of the sample is 40.572, which is superior to or comparable with those for most of other existing metasurface with compound RCS reduction mechanism. The proposed compound metasurface technique also features simple structure, light weight, low cost and easy fabrication compared with other techniques. This makes it promising in applications such as radar stealth and electromagnetic compatibility.     

宽频带雷达散射截面缩减相位梯度超表面的设计及实验验证

针对相位梯度超表面在隐身技术中的应用,提出通过表面波耦合和异常反射两种机制复合实现宽频带后向雷达散射截面(RCS)缩减,采用开口谐振环进行相位梯度设计,实现了一种二维极化无关相位梯度超表面,在10 GHz附近,超表面通过将垂直入射电磁波耦合为表面波实现RCS缩减,而在大于11 GHz的频率范围内,相位分布的不均匀性使垂直入射的电磁波发生漫反射或者异常反射,降低后向RCS,制作了厚度为2 mm的超表面样品,测试了其反射率曲线和后向RCS,并与相同尺寸的金属板进行了对比,实验结果表明,在宽频段内(9.5—17.0 GHz),超表面在垂直入射情况下可将后向RCS缩减至少10 dB,由于厚度薄、重量轻、频带宽,RCS缩减超表面在隐身新材料和新技术方面具有很大的应用潜力。     

An ultra-wideband 2-bit coding metasurface using Pancharatnam—Berry phase for radar cross-section reduction

An ultra-wideband 2-bit coding metasurface is designed for radar cross-section (RCS) reduction. The design process is presented in detail, in which a polarization conversion metasurface (PCM) is first proposed. The proposed PCM can realize ultra-wideband circular polarization (CP) maintaining reflection. Moreover, Pancharatnam—Berry (PB) phase will be generated in the co-polarized reflection coefficient by rotating the metallic patches in its unit cells. Thus, based on the PCM, the four coding elements of a 2-bit coding metasurface are constructed using PB phase, and an ultra-wideband PB 2-bit coding metasurface is proposed according to an appropriate coding sequence. The simulated and experimental results show that the coding metasurface has obvious advantages of wideband and polarization-insensitivity. Compared to a metallic plate of the same size, it can achieve more than 10 dB RCS reduction in the frequency band from 9.8 GHz to 42.6 GHz with a relative bandwidth of 125.2% under normal incidence with arbitrary polarizations.     

Ultra-wideband RCS reduction using novel configured chessboard metasurface

A novel artificial magnetic conductor(AMC) metasurface is proposed with ultra-wideband 180?phase difference for radar cross section(RCS) reduction. It is composed of two dual-resonant AMC cells, which enable a broadband phase difference of 180?±30?from 7.9 GHz to 19.2 GHz to be achieved. A novel strategy is devised by dividing each rectangular grid in a chessboard configuration into four triangular grids, leading to a further reduction of peak bistatic RCS. Both fullwave simulation and measurement results show that the proposed metasurface presents a good RCS reduction property over an ultra-wideband frequency range.     

Compact wideband antenna above a wideband non-uniform artificial magnetic conductor

A compact wideband antenna place above a non-uniform artificial magnetic conductor (AMC) is presented. The antenna is composed of a wideband coplanar waveguide fed antenna, with wideband harmonic suppression characteristic using non-uniform defected ground structure. Besides, a non-uniform wideband AMC is designed. The AMC unit cell is composed of a square patch into which a four arms spiral shape is etched. It exhibits a wider ±90° bandwidth than the spiral unit cell and a smaller size than the square patch unit cell. The antenna is placed above the proposed AMC structure formed by 6 × 5 unit cells. The overall dimensions of the complete structure are 0.7 × 0.6 λ ₀ ² , where λ ₀ is the free-space wavelength at the lowest frequency. It offers a low-profile configuration with a total thickness of λ ₀/14.3, and it is matched between 2.5 and 5.4 GHz (73.5 %). Furthermore, it has a stable main lobe radiation pattern in the E- and H-planes within the operating frequency band. Moreover, compared with the antenna without AMC, the broadside realized gain is significantly increased. A prototype has been realized, and there is a good agreement between simulated and measured results. Furthermore, the proposed structure presents a size reduction of about 34 %, and better radiation characteristics in comparison with the conventional square AMC.     

一种兼具宽带增益改善和宽带、宽角度低雷达散射截面的微带天线

设计并制备了一种兼具高增益和低雷达散射截面(radar cross section, RCS)的微带天线, 通过给原始微带天线加载双屏频率选择表面(frequency selective surface, FSS)覆层, 使其具有宽带的3 dB增益带宽和宽带、宽角度的低RCS特性. 该FSS单元的上层是四个开口处都焊有电阻的金属环结构, 下层是中间和四边都开缝的金属贴片结构. 上层加载的电阻主要用于吸收雷达入射波, 减缩天线RCS; 下层的贴片和天线地板构成Fabry-Perot谐振腔, 提高天线增益. 在5.75–11.37 GHz频带内, S₂₂<-10 dB, S₁₂<-10 dB; 在11.21–11.54 GHz频带内, S₁₁反射系数相位曲线斜率为正, 幅度模值均在0.86以上. 实验结果表明: 与原始天线相比, 在谐振频点11.73 GHz处, 天线增益提高3.4 dB, E, H面的半功率波束宽度分别减小16°和50°; 天线的3 dB增益带宽为10.00–12.40 GHz, 完全覆盖阻抗带宽. 在4.10–11.30 GHz 频带内, 天线法向RCS均有3 dB以上的减缩, 最大减缩23.08 dB; 4.95 GHz处的单站RCS在-20°–20°的角域、双站RCS 在-37°–37°的角域均有3 dB以上的减缩. 实验结果证实了该FSS覆层可用于同时改善天线的辐射和散射 性能. 关键词： 频率选择表面 低雷达散射截面 高增益 宽带