光子与相对论麦克斯韦分布电子散射的能谱角度谱研究

光子与相对论麦克斯韦分布电子散射的描述及能谱角度谱计算非常复杂且费时.本文提出了一种光子与相对论麦克斯韦速度分布电子散射的蒙特卡罗(MC)模拟方法,该方法能够细致模拟高温等离子体中任意能量光子与任意温度电子的Compton和逆Compton散射问题.对于散射后光子的能谱和角度谱参数,可以根据电子温度抽样若干不同状态的电子,分别模拟其与光子发生散射,可以得到各次散射后的光子能量和偏转角度,取统计平均后的结果即可获得该光子与该温度电子散射的能谱和角度谱分布.根据该方法编写了光子与相对论电子散射MC模拟程序,开展了高温全电离等离子体中光子与相对论电子散射的能谱角度谱计算和分析,分析结果显示:热运动电子将展宽出射光子能谱,且低能光子与高温电子散射后的蓝移现象明显;出射光子的角度谱很复杂,其决定于入射光子能量、出射光子能量及电子温度.基于该方法计算并以数表形式给出的光子-相对论电子散射能谱角度谱数据,可以供辐射输运数值模拟程序使用.     

用蒙特卡罗光子追迹方法分析闪光灯的结构设计

闪光灯反光罩结构设计的目标是使得所拍摄视场内的光能量分布尽量均衡。不同于基于几何光学理论的闪光灯计算和设计方法,采用了蒙特卡罗光子追迹法来分析闪光灯的结构设计。通过对照相机闪光灯几何结构的分析,引入余弦随机变量等方法,建立了闪光灯系统中光源、反光罩、菲涅耳透镜等部件的数学模型。先用蒙特卡罗光子追迹法模拟了单光子在闪光灯中飞行的各种可能状态,再通过产生大量光子仿真真实的情况。并对一个具体的闪光灯结构进行了计算,计算得到了光强和光子方向矢量在水平、垂直两个方向的投影角之间的分布曲线图。仿真结果符合设计要求并与实测曲线很接近,从而验证了蒙特卡罗光子追迹法在闪光灯结构设计中的可行性。     

MCNP Dose Calculations in a CT Phantom for Therapeutic External Photon Beam

In this paper, we have addressed the problem of the radiation transport with the Monte Carlo N particle(MCNP) code. This is a general purpose Monte Carlo tool designed to transport neutron, photon and electron in three dimensional geometries. To examine the performance of MCNP5 code in the field of external radiotherapy, we performed the modeling of an Electron Density phantom (EDP) irradiated by photons from 60Co source. The model was used to calculate the Percent Depth Dose (PDD) at different depths in an EDP. One field size for PDD has been examined. A 60Co photons source placed at 80 cm source to surface distance (SSD). The results of calculations were compared to TPS data obtained at National Institute of Oncology of Rabat.     

布里渊散射深入研究Y_(3-x)Bi_xFe_5O_(12)晶体中的磁振子和声学声子(英文)

我们选用x =0 ,0 1 4 ,0 36 ,0 5 4 ,和 0 92的Y3 xBixFe5O12 系列单晶 ,开展了比早期实验更为深入的布里渊散射研究。实验发现对于Bi YIG晶体 ,照射在样品上小于 5mW的激光功率为最佳激发功率。布里渊散射结果表明Y3 xBixFe5O12 晶体中的磁性能和机械性质与Bi含量密切有关。此实验观测到了两种体波性质的磁振子 ,一个是热激发的自旋波 ,另一个被确认为静磁模。实验还发现声学声子的散射强度和声速随Bi含量的增加而减少。     

Cross-Polarized Single Photon Emission from Single Semiconductor Quantum Dots with V-Type Level Driven by Pulse Field

The statistic properties of photon emissions from single semiconductor quantum dots with V-type level driven by pulses are investigated theoretically. Based on quantum regression theorem and master equations, the dynamic equations of the second-order correlation function of the photon emissions are deduced. The calculated results reveal that the efficiency of single photon emissions from two orthogonal polarization eigenstates （｜x） and ｜y） ） reaches the maximum when the input pulses area is about π, and the probability of the cross-polarized single photon emission from ｜x） and ｜y） decreases with increasing of pulse width.     

Monte Carlo方法研究低能电子束曝光沉积能分布规律

建立一个描述低能电子在多元多层介质中散射的物理模型,运用MonteCarlo方法模拟低能电子在靶体胶衬底中的复杂散射过程,在此基础上通过大量计算研究入射束能、胶层厚度、衬底材料等不同曝光条件对抗蚀剂沉积能密度分布的影响,获得沉积能分布规律:适量的低束能、薄胶层、低原子序数衬底可以使前散射电子对胶中沉积能密度分布的贡献增大、背散射电子的贡献减小,从而提高曝光分辨率. 关键词： 电子束曝光 MonteCarlo方法 低能电子散射 能量沉积     

轴对称介质中光子的运动及其受激发射

采用光学度规模型，研究了光子在轴以称介质中的运动轨道，分析了光子在不稳定轨道附近的行为，进而讨论了经在激活介质中的受激发射。     

低能电子非弹性散射阻止本领

电子在固体中的弹性散射用Mot截面描述,提出一个简化的壳层电子激发计算方法将文献[5]中对电子非弹性散射的模拟拓展到重元素,用MonteCarlo方法模拟低能电子在Al、Cu、Au中的散射过程,计算的背散射系数、薄膜透射系数与实验一致.由此,计算得低能电子非弹性散射阻止本领并与Love、Rao-SahibWittry以及Joy的修正Bethe阻止本领作比较分析.     

Cross-Polarized Single Photon Emission from Single Semiconductor Quantum Dots with V-Type Level Driven by Pulse Field

The statistic properties of photon emissions from single semiconductor quantum dots with V-type level driven by pulses are investigated theoretically. Based on quantum regression theorem and master equations, the dynamic equations of the second-order correlation function of the photon emissions are deduced. The calculated results reveal that the efficiency of single photon emissions from two orthogonal polarization eigenstates |x〉and |y〉) reaches the maximum when the input pulses area is about π, and the probability of the cross-polarized single photon emission from |x 〉 and |y 〉decreases with increasing of pulse width.     

针孔单光子发射计算机断层成像的空间分辨率研究

针孔单光子发射计算机断层(SPECT)成像的空间分辨率通常是根据Anger经验公式来进行估算,与实际测量存在较大偏差.本文通过对针孔成像的物理过程进行分析,提出了一个近似度更高的计算公式.利用精确的蒙特卡罗方法模拟针孔SPECT成像,采用OSEM(ordered subsets expectation maximization)算法对投影数据进行图像重建,并与模具实验进行比较,验证了理论公式的适用性.同时还讨论了体素尺寸、几何映射获取投影矩阵以及探测器尺寸与成像物体尺寸比值对断层图像空间分辨率的影响.实验结果显示,该理论公式所估算的空间分辨率比实验值平均偏小约10%,而Anger经验公式所估算的空间分辨率比实验值平均偏大约60%.因此,该理论公式能更好地估算针孔SPECT成像的空间分辨率,可为针孔SPECT系统的设计和使用提供有价值的参考.     

低能束作用下衬底上超薄膜背散射电子发射

应用MonteCarlo方法模拟千电子伏低能束作用下,不同衬底上不同薄膜背散射电子发射.应用Mott散射截面和Joy方法修正的Bethe方程描述和计算低能电子在固体中弹性和非弹性散射,引入边界方程,修正穿越薄膜与衬底界面的电子散射路径.计算分析了薄膜背散射系数η随薄膜厚度D的变化和规律,以及不同情况下ηD线性区范围的分布及其定量结果Dmax.计算了背散射电子角分布和空间密度分布. 关键词： 背散射电子 MonteCarlo方法 超薄膜     

Monte Carlo方法计算低能电子作用下固体背散射电子发射及空间分布

应用Monte Carlo方法,对能量E₀≤5keV低能电子作用下固体Al、Cu、Ag、Au的背散射电子发射及表面空间分布作了计算.模型应用Mott散射截面及修正的Bethe方程分别描述低能电子在固体中的弹性和非弹性散射.计算了背散射电子能量分布、表面空间分布、深度分布和角分布规律及特征,还计算分析了背散射电子角分布与深度分布、表面空间分布及能量分布之间的关系,系统地描述了背散射电子的发射及分布规律.     

渗透胁迫下萌发小麦种子超弱光子辐射的变化及意义

为了将生物超弱光子技术应用于萌发过程中小麦种子的抗旱性评价,采用聚乙二醇处理萌发的小麦种子,跟踪测量了正常和渗透胁迫下小麦种子萌发过程中的超弱光子辐射,得到了小麦种子萌发过程中超弱光子辐射的自发发光和延迟发光信号.通过建立延迟发光动力学方程和数学拟合获得了种子萌发过程中延迟发光初始光强I（0）、衰减参量β、相干时间τ和延迟发光积分强度I(T),根据延迟发光积分强度和自发发光的生物学意义构建了用于描述细胞状态及其有序性的状态参量和序参量.实验结果发现:小麦种子萌发过程中,自发发光和延迟发光积分强度呈现阶跃式增长,细胞系统的状态参量和序参量也呈现阶跃式的增长,渗透胁迫抑制了这种增长,提示基于光子辐射的细胞系统的状态参量和序参量有可能作为种子抗旱性评价的物理指标.     

Monte Carlo calculation of electron spectra produced in water phantoms by 20 keV-1 GeV photons

Abstract

A Monte Carlo calculation for the energy spectra of electrons and positrons produced in infinite and semiinfinite water phantoms by photons ranging in energies from 20 keV to 1 GeV are presented. The dominant processes considered are the photoelectric effect, Auger effect, Compton effect, pair, and triplet production. Bremsstrahlung produced by electrons and positrons with energies greater than 1 MeV is also included. The effect of multiple Compton scattering, not considered in the earlier calculation, for the infinite phantom for photon energies higher than 2 MeV has been incorporated. For a semi-infinite phantom, multiple Compton scattering and backscattering through the top are considered. The results are compared with the earlier calculations for the first-collision spectrum. It is found that the inclusion of multiple Compton scattering significantly increases the average number of electrons/cm³ per photon/cm² at all energies considered whereas bremsstrahlung reduces the number of high energy electrons and produces more low energy electrons in the spectrum.     

用光子级联发射测量SrAl12O19中Pr3+3P0能级的量子效率

在SrAl12O19中，Pr^3 的^1S0处于4f5d之下，可以观察到光子级联发射。研究了SrAl12O19:Pr^3 的光谱性质。把第一步发射的谱线强度作为第二步发射起始能级上电子数的度量，测量了SrAl12O19:Pr,Mg中Pr^3 3P0能级的量子效率，测量结果反映了浓度猝灭的影响。低浓度样品中可见区发射的量子效率约为70％，它显著小于1的原因可能是^1I6的热激发。     

近程碰撞对He+离子诱发背向电子发射贡献比例的计算

用Monte Carlo方法模拟了高速He+离子入射到C，Cu和Al固体表面所诱发的电子发射.用这个程序计算了背向的电子发射产额，并且同时计算了近程碰撞对总的背向电子发射产额的贡献比例，对C，Cu和Al其值分别是05，055和0.42.对在近程碰撞中产生的高能δ电子（E＞10O eV）对背向电子发射行为的影响也进行了详尽地讨论，只有那些能量为几百个eV的δ电子对产额的贡献比例较大.对于C靶，δ电子对电子阻止本领最大值附近的二次电子发射行为会产生影响.计算所得到的电子发射产额与实验结果符合得很好. 关键词： 二次电子发射 Monte Carlo模拟 近程碰撞 δ电子     

Correspondence Between Oscillations and Emitted Photon Closed-Orbits in Spontaneous Emission Rate of an Atom Near a Dielectric Slab

We study the oscillations in the spontaneous emission rate of an atom near a dielectric slab. The emission rate is calculated as a function of system size using quantum electrodynamics. It exhibits multi-periodic oscillations. Four frequencies of the oscillations are extracted by Fourier transforms. They agree with actions of photon closed-orbits going away and returning to the atom. These oscillations are explained as manifestations of quantum interference effects between the emitted photon wave near the atom and the returning photon waves travelling along various closed-orbits.     

Multiple scattering of light by water cloud droplets with external and internal mixing of black carbon aerosols

The mixture of water cloud droplets with black carbon impurities is modeled by external and internal mixing models.The internal mixing model is modeled with a two-layered sphere(water cloud droplets containing black carbon(BC) inclusions),and the single scattering and absorption characteristics are calculated at the visible wavelength of 0.55 μm by using the Lorenz-Mie theory.The external mixing model is developed assuming that the same amount of BC particles are mixed with the water droplets externally.The multiple scattering characteristics are computed by using the Monte Carlo method.The results show that when the size of the BC aerosol is small,the reflection intensity of the internal mixing model is bigger than that of the external mixing model.However,if the size of the BC aerosol is big,the absorption of the internal mixing model will be larger than that of the external mixing model.     

Tritium and helium analyses in thin films by enhanced proton backscattering

In order to study how to reliably perform quantitative tritium and helium analyses in thin film samples using enhanced proton backscattering(EPBS),several EPBS spectra for some samples consisting of non-RBS light elements(i.e.,T,4He,12C,16O,natSi),medium and heavy elements have been measured and analyzed using analytical SIMNRA and Monte Carlo-based CORTEO codes.The non-RBS cross sections needed in the CORTEO code are taken from the ENDF/B-Ⅶ.1 database and the calculations of SigmaCalc code and are incorporated into the CORTEO code.All non-RBS cross section data over the entire proton incident energy-scattering angle plane are obtained by interpolation.It is quantitatively observed that in EPBS analysis the multiple and plural scattering effects have little impact on the energy spectra for light elements and the RBS cross sections of light elements can be used in the SIMNRA code for dual scattering calculations.It is also observed that the results given by the CORTEO code are higher than the results of the SIMNRA code in the low energy part of EPBS spectra,and are in better agreement with the experimental data.Tritium and helium analyses in thin film samples using EPBS can be performed reliably when the multiple and plural scattering contributions are completely accounted.     

非常密集随机分布球粒子相关散射的数值模拟

讨论非常密集(占空比>0.4)随机分布球粒子的散射.用Monte Carlo方法和随机搅拌产生非常密集随机分布粒子,求解电场体积分方程的解,获得散射、吸收和消光系数及有效介电常数.与现有的准晶体近似、具有相干势的准晶体近似和Maxwell-Garnett混合方程等几种方法作了比较.非常密集随机分布粒子表现出群聚性产生的大粒子散射效应.