用艾奇逊炉在不同温度提纯碳纳米管

利用艾奇逊炉分别在3 000 ℃和2 800 ℃下进行碳纳米管的提纯实验。利用ICP、EDS、TGA检测了提纯碳纳米管的主要催化金属含量、灼烧残余物含量;用四探针薄膜电阻仪检测其电阻率;利用SEM、XRD、FT-IR研究了不同温度提纯碳纳米管的组织结构变化和表面特点。研究结果表明,艾奇逊炉在不同温度下提纯的碳纳米管都可以有效降低碳纳米管粉体中的催化金属含量和灼烧残余物含量,满足动力电池导电剂要求。与原生碳纳米管比较,3 000 ℃提纯的碳纳米管的电阻率显著下降,石墨晶化程度提高;而2 800 ℃提纯的碳纳米管的电阻率略有提高,石墨晶化程度变化不大,表面官能团数量减少。     

碳纤维-碳纳米管复合导电纸的制备及电磁屏蔽性能研究

研究了以碳纳米管(CNTs)和碳纤维(CF)作为复合导电剂的导电纸.通过高速剪切的方法将分散好的导电剂和纸浆纤维素在水溶液中复合,经真空抽滤法沉积得到导电纸.纤维状的导电剂与纸浆纤维搭建成三维导电网络,表现出了良好的柔韧性、导电性和电磁屏蔽性能.采用扫描电子显微镜、四探针电阻仪、矢量网络分析仪对其进行表征.研究表明,当碳纤维和碳纳米管以1∶1比例添加作为复合导电剂时,碳纤维-碳纳米管复合纸的导电性能和电磁屏蔽性能较碳纤维或碳纳米管单一导电剂提高明显.复合导电纸的电导率达到280.1 S/m,在175 ～1600MHz频段电磁屏蔽效能达到37 ～ 44 dB,较碳纤维纸提高2 dB,较碳纳米管纸提高10 dB.     

复合碳纳米管纸制备及作为锂离子电池负极的研究

研究了一种由碳纳米管和纸纤维制备的新型导电纸.以纸纤维为基本骨架,碳纳米管为导电填充剂,通过真空抽滤法制备导电纸,对比了石墨化碳纳米管和未石墨化碳纳米管分别作为导电填料导电纸的性能.通过扫描电子显微镜、透射电镜、四探针电阻仪、XRD衍射、Raman光谱等进行性能表征.导电纸裁切为负极极片并组装成半电池,通过CT-3008W-5 V5 mA-S4电池放电柜检测电池电化学性能.研究表明:碳纳米管经高温石墨化处理后作为负极,在0.1C条件下电池稳定放电比容量为266 mAh/g,相比于改性前的142 mAh/g,提高了87.3;.     

碳纳米管导电纸制备及其电磁屏蔽性能研究

研究了一种新型柔性碳纳米管复合导电纸.以纸纤维作为载体,晶须状碳纳米管为导电剂,通过高速剪切的方法制备纸纤维与碳纳米管悬浮液,使碳纳米管均匀分散并吸附在纸纤维.经过真空抽滤,悬浮液均匀沉降形成致密的纤维网.烘干后轧制成碳纳米管-纸纤维复合导电纸.采用扫描电子显微镜、四探针电阻仪、矢量网络分析仪对其进行表征.研究表明当纸纤维和碳纳米管加载比为1:1时,碳纳米管导电纸表面电阻可达28 Ω/□,体积电阻率可达2.32 Ω· cm.在175 ～ 2700 MHz频段,碳纳米管导电纸电磁屏蔽效能为-18～-31 dB,多层碳纳米管导电屏蔽效能可达-24 ～-37 dB.     

负极集流体为CNT导电纸的锂离子电池及其性能

采用碳纳米管(Carbon nanotubes,CNT)导电纸替代传统的金属铜箔作锂离子电池的负极集流体,石墨作为活性材料.在0.2C倍率条件下电池首次放电比容量高达815.7 mAh·g-1,可逆放电比容量为474.0 mAh·g-1,是铜箔作为负极集流体锂电池(236 mAh·g-1)的2倍,10次循环后电池容量保持率97.2;.CNT导电纸有良好的强度、韧性、吸液性能.相比铜箔集流体,其结构可有效保证负极材料与碳纳米管导电纸集流体间的紧密接触,减少界面电阻,增加电子传导通道.碳纳米管导电纸有望替代传统铜箔成为新一代锂离子电池用集流体.     

柔性碳纳米管复合导电纸的制备及其在锌锰纸电池中的应用

以碳纳米管和纸纤维混合制成均匀液体经抽滤制备成复合导电纸.采用不同工艺将石墨化碳纳米管和纸纤维复合,通过四探针电阻仪表征表面电阻和XRD、TEM、SEM等表征内部结构.将制备的导电纸作为集流体,采用CT-3008W-5 V5 mA-S4检测仪测试锌锰纸电池电化学性能.结果表明,当碳纳米管与纸浆质量比为2∶1时,表面电阻为20Ω/□,碳纳米管与纸纤维复合效果最佳.使用碳纳米管导电纸作集流体时,和石墨集流体相比,放电时间增加36.7; ～ 122.4;,电池质量能量密度提高64.1; ～ 141;.碳纳米管导电纸作集流体能大幅提高电池的能量密度.     

聚吡咯/氧化钒@硫正极材料制备及其在锂硫电池中的应用

采用聚吡咯/中空氧化钒@硫(PPy/H-V2O5@S)作为锂硫电池正极,其中间层极性V2O5中空球壳为硫的体积膨胀提供足够的空间并通过化学键固定多硫化物,外层聚吡咯对多硫化物的扩散起双重固定作用,并作为导电骨架提高正极导电性,共同提高正极对硫化物的固定作用,提高电池循环稳定性.PPy/H-V2 O5@S正极在0.5C、1C、2C、4C电流密度300次循环后,放电容量分别保持在825.6 mA·h·g-1、673.6 mA·h·g-1、625.1mA·h·g-1、583.3 mA·h·g-1,库伦效率保持在98;以上,展现出极好的循环稳定性.     

水热法制备铝掺杂二氧化锰及其储锌性能的研究

可充电水系锌锰电池成本低、环保无毒、安全性好,在大规模储能领域具有广阔应用前景.然而,该电池中不仅存在MnO2正极导电率低、结构稳定性差等问题,而且存在负极锌枝晶生长与析氢腐蚀问题,这严重制约了电池循环稳定性的提升.本文采用水热法制备了Al掺杂二氧化锰作为锌锰电池的高稳定性正极材料,并通过X射线衍射(XRD)、能量色散X射线光谱仪(EDS)、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪(FT-IR)和X射线光电子能谱(XPS)详细讨论了Al掺杂对MnO2物相、形貌、含水量与电化学性能的影响.研究表明,Al掺杂不仅使样品由微米级β-MnO2转变为纳米级α-MnO2,还使产物中结晶水含量增加.作为锌锰电池正极材料,所制备的Al掺杂MnO2在1 A·g-1高电流密度下500次循环后剩余容量高达150.1 mAh·g-1,循环稳定性远优于未掺杂的MnO2样品(500次循环后容量为97.8 mAh·g-1).本研究对高性能锌锰电池的开发具有一定启示意义.     

3D型冷阴极结构形态对场发射影响研究

通过在圆铜片上用导电银胶固定圆柱体和长方体形成3D型冷阴极,采用有限元分析软件ANSYS仿真分析了圆柱体和长方体上表面的电场分布,圆柱体直径为12.7 mm,长方体阴极上表面为正方形,边长为12.7 mm.两种阴极高度相同,采用化学气相沉积法(CVD),以酞菁铁(FePc)为催化剂,在圆柱体和长方体上表面合成了碳纳米管薄膜(CNTs),合成的碳纳米管形貌由场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)进行表征,采用二极管结构,以涂有荧光粉的ITO导电玻璃作为阳极,在真空室中真空度为2×10-4 Pa测设了两种3D型冷阴极的场发射特性,结果表明,随着两种阴极场强最大值比值增大,长方体阴极的场发射性能优于圆柱体阴极.     

多壁碳纳米管对电极染料敏化太阳能电池的性能研究

以SnO2/TiO2薄膜为光阳极,与以经酸化处理和与石墨复合的沉积在FTO导电基底的多壁碳纳米管(MWCNTs)薄膜为对电极,I-/I3-为电解液,组装成染料敏化太阳能电池.对电极通过循环伏安法(CV曲线)、电化学阻抗谱(EIS)及极化曲线法(Tafel曲线)进行电化学催化性能的表征,组装后的电池通过伏安特性曲线(J～V)进行光电性能分析,结果表明:酸化处理及与石墨复合有利于提高对电极的催化性能及电池光电性能.开路电压及短路电流密度分别可达0.53 V、4.67 mA/cm2,其中短路电流较未经过处理的MWCNTs对电极提高27.4;,同时讨论了对电极电化学性及电池光电性能增强的机制.     

Modelling of mechanism of agglomeration of KCl crystallization

The article presents an analysis into agglomeration during KCl vacuum crystallization. The theoretical and experimental investigations into the mechanism of agglomeration during mass crystallization result in an extension of the growth phenomena within the known model equations. The basis for this is essentially constituted by the collision model concepts of the theory of floculation in disperse systems. The parameters derived from the microprocess analysis (energy dissipation, content of solids, growth rate of individual grains) lead to model equations which are confirmed by laboratory and test trials.     

Relationship of Morphological Types of Dynamic Forms of Crystals

Crystallography Reports - The relationship of morphological spectra (sets of data on the morphological types of real polyhedral crystals and their probabilities under current physicochemical...     

Velocities of Disappearance and Lifetime of Faces of Growing Crystals

The formulae for absolute R_disap and relative R velocities of disappearance and lifetime τ of faces of growing crystals have been derived for stationary growth. It was shown that the quantities are determined by the relative growth velocity R_A/R_critA of the vanishing face A with respect to the critical growth velocity R_critA and by the geometry of a crystal expressed by the trigonometric functions of interfacial angles β and γ formed between face A and the adjacent faces. R increases and τ decreases with the increase in R_A/R_critA to certain limiting values. The calculations have been verified and illustrated by the experimental results for triclinic potassium bichromate (KBC) crystals. Results enable ones to predict values of velocities of disappearance and lifetimes of undesirable, supplementary faces of any real crystal.     

Development of Pauling's concepts of geometric characteristics of atoms

The evolution of the geometric characteristics introduced by Pauling and their dependence on the specific features of the structure and chemical bonds have been considered. The values of the covalent and van der Waals radii are given as well as their relationships and mutual transitions.     

A review of measurement of thermophysical properties of silicon melt

Measurements of thermophysical properties of Si melt and supplementary study of X-ray scattering/diffraction by the authors' group were reviewed. The values obtained differed variously from those of literature. Density was 2–3% larger, surface tension 20–30% smaller, viscosity up to 40% larger, electrical conductivity 8% smaller, spectral emissivity more or less in good agreement with literature values, and thermal diffusivity a few percent larger. An anomalous density jump was found near the melting point. Surface tension and viscosity also showed anomaly. A strange time-dependent change of density was observed over 3 h after melting. X-ray analyses suggested a slight change in local atom ordering, but showed no sign of cluster formation. An addition of 0.1 at% gallium caused the density jump to disappear, while that of boron caused no change. An EXAFS study of the former melt indicated a strong interaction between Ga and Si atoms as if molecules of GaSi₃ existed. The implications of the measured properties are a possibility of soft-turbulence in an Si melt in a relatively large crucible, a more complicated manner of intake of oxygen depleted molten Si from the free surface region to underneath the growing crystal, and a relaxation of the melt after melting arising from trapped gas species.     

Dependence of the parameters of equations of viscous flow on chemical composition of silicate melts

The temperature dependence of viscosity of silicate melts is discussed in the framework of the Avramov–Milchev (AM) equation. The composition is described by means of two parameters: the molar fraction, x, and the “lubricant fraction”, l. The molar fraction is the sum of the molar parts x_i of all oxides dissolved in SiO₂, the molar fraction of the latter being 1 ? x. It is shown that, with sufficient precision, two of the parameters of the AM equation can be presented as unique functions of the molar fraction. On the other hand, x is not sufficient to determine properly the reference temperature T_r , at which viscosity is η_r = 10¹³ [dPa.s]. Therefore, additional parameter, “lubricant fraction” l, is introduced. For each of the components, l_i is a product of molar part x_i and a specific dimensionless coefficient 0 ≤ k_i ≤ 1 accounting for the specific contribution of this component to the increased mobility of the system. It is demonstrated that, for l > 0, the reference temperature is related to the “lubricant fraction” l through the reference temperature T_r,SiO2 of pure SiO₂.     

Comparative analysis of two methods of calculation of the orientation of domain walls in ferroelastics

Two types of domain-wall equations are analyzed: the equations derived by the Sapriel method and the equations obtained by interface matching of the thermal-expansion tensor. It is shown that, for W-type domain walls, these methods yield the same equations. For W′-type domain walls, the equations obtained by different methods coincide for proper ferroelastics and differ for improper ferroelastics.     

Generation of crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds by the method of discrete modeling of packings

Within the method of discrete modeling of packings, an algorithm of generation of possible crystal structures of heteromolecular compounds containing two or three molecules in the primitive unit cell, one of which has an arbitrary shape and the other (two others) has a shape close to spherical, is proposed. On the basis of this algorithm, a software package for personal computers is developed. This package has been approved for a number of compounds, investigated previously by X-ray diffraction analysis. The results of generation of structures of five compounds—four organic salts (with one or two spherical anions) and one solvate—are represented.