回旋速调管双阳极磁控注入电子枪的设计与优化

 根据8 mm回旋速调管放大器对双阳极磁控注入电子枪的要求，分析了电极形状、阳极电压、磁场、注电流对电子注横纵速度比和速度零散的影响，并进行了粒子模拟。分析表明：这些因素可归根为电场和磁场的作用，阴极附近高的电场有助于提高横纵速度比和降低速度零散；而高的磁场及低的磁压缩比将降低横纵速度比，但对速度零散影响无明显规律。在此基础上通过优化电极形状、磁场分布、电流、第一阳极电压和第二阳极电压，模拟并试制出工作电压65 kV、电流12 A、磁场1.4 T的双阳极电子枪，得到的横纵速度比值为1.4，横向速度零散为4.5%， 为8 mm回旋速调管提供了稳定高质量的电子注。     

8 mm二次谐波回旋速调管放大器双阳极磁控注入电子枪的设计

 计算了8 mm二次谐波回旋速调管双阳极电子枪的设计参数，根据这些参数，采用EGUN软件进行模拟和优化，设计出了一只双阳极磁控注入电子枪，该枪的电子束纵横速度比为1.45，速度零散为5.4%，并讨论了电极形状、磁场分布、电流、控制极电压和第二阳极电压对电子注性能的影响，结果发现电子注对这些影响因子非常敏感，设计中应对它们进行充分优化。     

Traveling-wave-tube simulation: The IBC code

An interactive beam-circuit code (IBC) is presented, to run interactively on fast PCs or workstations, for purposes of first-cut design of traveling-wave tubes (TWTs) at small and large amplitudes. The new physics parts are the use of particle-in-cell methods to obtain the space-charge forces, and the following of the electron beam over the full length of the tube. The model is fully nonlinear and one-dimensional, with the transverse space-charge fields approximated by one mode. The slow-wave circuit is modeled by a transmission line. All variables are displayed continuously, such as the velocity displacement of all the particles (phase space), beam charge and current densities, space-charge field, circuit field, voltage and current, circuit power, and the location of the added loss. Some initial runs are presented     

双阳极磁控注入枪设计参数对其性能的影响分析

 对34GHz基波回旋管双阳极磁控注入枪的优化做了详细的研究和计算，数值模拟了阳极电压、注电流、枪体尺寸加工误差、外加直流磁场等因素对电子枪的影响。模拟结果表明：增大阳极电压不但可以提高速度比，而且可以降低横向速度零散。磁场压缩比减小，使电子注具有最小速度零散的电流值增大；同时，电子注的速度比降低，最小横向速度零散值也增大。必须慎重选择阳极形状，以提高电子枪的性能并保证电子注的稳定性；同时，还发现由于阳极结构的变化导致阴极电场分布的变化，使电子注的注电流在各因子变化过程中出现了微小的扰动。减小Bc可以增大电子注的速度比，还可以减小电子注的横向速度零散，但是当电子注的速度比增大到一定值时，电子注的性能就会变得不太稳定。     

Calculation of the Electron Efficiency for a Two-Cavity Gyroklystron Amplifier by Using a Self-Consistent Code

The beam-wave interaction in a Ka-band, two-cavity fundamental gyroklystron amplifier is studied by using a self-consistent nonlinear simulation code. The electron efficiency for this gyroklystron amplifier is calculated, and the effect of various parameters, such as beam voltage, beam current, electron guiding center radius, velocity pitch ratio and drift tube length on the electron efficiency is discussed in detail.     

Experimental investigation of a 140 GHz gyrotron-backward wave oscillator

We report the experimental operation of a voltage tunable gyrotron backward wave oscillator (gyro-BWO) in the frequency range near 140 GHz. Voltage tunability is an important feature of the gyro-BWO for application as a fast tuning source for driving high power free electron lasers or cyclotron autoresonance maser amplifiers. The gyro-BWO operated in an overmoded cylindrical waveguide structure in the TE_1,2 mode. The electron beam source was a Pierce-wiggler gun producing an 80 kV, 6.2 A beam. Frequency tuning with voltage between 134 and 147 GHz was achieved in the TE_1,2 mode with constant magnetic field. However, this tuning was found to be discontinuous. Output powers of up to 2 kW and 2% efficiency were found, significantly below theoretical predictions for a cold beam. The theoretical beam velocity spread was modeled by a 3D beam transport code. The code results show that space charge forces, coupled with the wiggler-induced helical motion and the short cyclotron wavelength of the beam, produce large increases in velocity spread in the magnetic compression region. A beam with smaller velocity spread would be needed to make the gyro-BWO operate at the desired efficiency.     

Theory and simulation of an 85 GHz quasioptical gyroklystron experiment

The linear theory used to design a two-resonator 85 GHz quasioptical gyroklystron with a nonuniform magnetic field is presented. It is shown that a tapered magnetic field in the prebunching resonator has a relatively small effect on the electron bunching parameter. The effect of velocity spread of the electron beam can be minimized by adjusting the magnetic field strength in the two resonators. Measured amplifier performance is in good agreement with calculations from the nonlinear multimode simulation code. Gyrophase bunching of the electrons is preserved over the long drift region (30 radiation wavelengths) even though no attempt has been made to minimize the velocity spread of the beam.     

电子初始能量对双向流二极管空间电荷限制流密度的影响

 从理论上研究了阴极发射电子初始能量对一维平面非相对论性双向流二极管内空间电荷限制电子、离子流密度的影响,并与阴极发射电子初始能量为0情况下的空间电荷限制电子、离子流密度进行了比较。     

静电加速管中强流空间电荷效应的研究

 对一种工业用大功率电子加速器(450kW)的加速管中的空间电荷效应作了5点假设，建立了物理模型。对模型的束内外径向电位分布、空间电荷对轴上电位的影响，以及空间电荷力对束流传输的影响等进行了理论分析，得到了束内径向电位分布。结果表明：束流内部径向电位沿径向均呈抛物线变化，并在轴上达到最小值；而空间电荷产生的束内电场与半径呈线性变化；空间电荷不仅会引起轴上电位的跌落，而且对束流有发散作用，特别是在电子速度较低时更为明显。在考虑了空间电荷效应后，强流静电加速管的电场设计关键在加速管的前端，与弱流加速管相比，强流加速管的电场变化要大得多。     

A High-Gain, 28GHz, 200kW Gyroklystron Amplifier

A design study of a high efficiency/gain gyroklystron amplifier is performed to demonstrate amplified radiation power of 200kW operating at 28GHz. A key design feature of the present gyroklystron amplifier is that the amplifier is designed to be high gain so that it can be saturated by a low power solid state power amplifier. A non-linear, time-dependent, large signal numerical code is used to predict tube performance. Simulations predict that a stable amplifier radiation power of 214kW is produced with a saturated gain of 54dB, an electronic efficiency of 37%, and a frequency bandwidth of 0.3% from a five-cavity gyroklystron amplifier. The amplifier gain is found to be very sensitive to a beam velocity spread.     

回旋速调管放大器注-波互作用分析

 给出了自洽非线性大信号理论分析方法,在理论分析和高频计算的基础上,建立了回旋速调管放大器注-波互作用计算模型,对其进行数值计算。研究多种参量对放大器输出功率、增益、效率等的影响,通过优化得到了中心频率34 GHz的四腔回旋速调管放大器设计方案。粒子模拟表明：在工作电压65 kV,注电流8 A,电子注横向与纵向速度比为1.5时,输出功率230 kW,带宽230 MHz,电子效率45%,饱和增益33 dB。     

Measurements of velocity ratio in a 90 MW gyroklystron electronbeam

Measurements of the ratio of perpendicular to parallel velocity (α=υ_⊥/υ,) in a 390-420 kV, 160-240 A, small orbit gyroklystron electron beam produced by a magnetron injection gun have been performed using a capacitive probe. The probe employed guard rings to reduce uncertainties in measurement and calibration due to fringing electric fields. These studies represent the first measurements of a in such a powerful rotating beam. Since the current levels in this experiment are two to three times higher than those in previous velocity ratio studies of beams with similar voltage. The effects of changes in voltage, current, and magnetic compression on the measured velocity ratio are investigated. Values of α in the range of 0.8-1.3 are typically observed, which are considerably higher than the values predicted by theoretical simulations. Errors in the modeling of space charge effects are ruled out as the cause of the discrepancy by the agreement between theoretical and experimental space charge current limits. Instead, a significant portion of the discrepancy is attributed to a reduction in cathode magnetic field by the self-axial magnetic fields of the electron beam     

High-power harmonic gyro-TWT's. II. Nonlinear theory and design

For pt.I, see ibid., vol.20, no.3, p.155-162 (1992). Based on an analytical study of the stability problems of gyrotron traveling wave amplifiers (gyro-TWTs), an extremely high power second-harmonic gyro-TWT has been designed, evaluated and optimized with a self-consistent nonlinear numerical simulation code. The design, which is based on the magnetron-injection-gun (MIG)-type beam, is presented. Using a 100 kV, 25 A MIG beam with α=1 and an axial velocity spread of 5%, nonlinear self-consistent analysis of a three-stage second-harmonic gyro-TWT amplifier predicts a peak output power of 533 kW, peak efficiency of 21.3% and a 7.4% saturated bandwidth, which verifies the theoretical predictions that a stable harmonic gyro-TWT can generate power levels an order of magnitude higher than those possible from a fundamental gyro-TWT. It is shown that the positioning of the electron beam is very important. A multistage structure is used to recover the loss in gain resulting from shortening the interaction sections to ensure stability     

Kα波段TE01模基波回旋速调放大器的设计与实验

在回旋速调放大器自洽非线性大信号理论分析和数值计算的基础上,给出了一支Kα波段TE₀₁模4腔基波回旋速调放大器的设计方案,并完成了样管的研制.同时对样管进行了热测实验,得到了如下实验结果:注电压为70 kV,电流为10 A,输入功率为60 W,磁场强度1.31 T,中心频率34 GHz,峰值功率245 kW,平均功率大于3 kW,增益36.1 dB,效率 35%,3 dB带宽大于280 MHz. 关键词： 回旋速调放大器 注-波互作用 群聚腔 输入腔     

Nonlinear analysis of wiggler taper, node competition, andspace-charge effects for a 280-GHz free electron laser

The nonlinear characteristics of a 280-GHz free electron laser (FEL) are simulated by numerical computation. The three-dimensional set of coupled nonlinear differential equations is solved for a set of TE and TM modes valid for the high gain Compton regime. The use of a nonlinear taper for efficiency enhancement, the sensitivity of gain to competing mode power levels, space-charge effects, and the effect of electron beam source distributions on gain and efficiency are examined for a 10-MeV, 3-kA beam. It is found that the nonlinear taper greatly enhances the gain and efficiency and makes the saturation power levels relatively insensitive to the competing mode power levels. The efficiency is increased to 48% by means of a nonlinear taper in which the 3-D and wiggler-averaged codes are compared and the effects of space charge are found to reduce the efficiency to a level of 32%. The effect of beam quality in terms of the four volume phase space is examined and found to have an observable effect at this wavelength     

椭圆波导FEM放大器的非线性特性研究

 以椭圆波导、平板摇摆器为FEM放大器的模型，导出了自洽的注波互作用三维非线性方程组。在此基础上编制了相应的程序。利用该程序分析了FEM放大器的饱和功率、效率以及带宽等高频特性。考虑了摇摆器渐变、空间电荷波、电子初始速度零散对高频特性的影响。     

RF Space-Charge Effects in CRM with Arbitrary Phase Velocity of the Operating Wave

The simplest elementary source of RF space-charge field in the form of a helix rotating with the frequency of the operating wave is proposed. The use of these sources (mutually interacting) allows one to describe the main space-charge effects for different varieties of CRMs in both linear and nonlinear regimes. It is shown that, like in the subrelativistic gyrotron, due to development of the quasielectrostatic negative-mass instability, the space charge increases the increment in the amplifier and decreases the starting current in the oscillator.     

Study of high-power Ka-band second-harmonic gyroklystron amplifier

The self-consistent nonlinear theory of two-cavity high-harmonic gyroklystron amplifier has been developed. The efficiency and gain of a second-harmonic gyroklystron were calculated numerically. The results obtained were used to choose the optimal parameters of the experimental second-harmonic tube. The experimental study was carried out to test high-harmonic amplifier concept. Two-cavity 35 GHz second harmonic gyroklystron with the TE₀₂₁ cavity mode has been designed and tested in pulse operation. Output power of about 260 kW with efficiency 18% and 17 dB gain have been produced at 72 kV beam voltage and 20 A beam current. Bandwidth of about 0.1% has been observed. The restriction of the output power, efficiency, and gain was caused by spurious oscillations excited in the second cavity in the TE₀₁₁ mode at the fundamental cyclotron frequency     

Present status of a 17.1-GHz four-cavity frequency-doubling coaxialgyroklystron design

A design of a Ku-band 17.1-GHz four-cavity coaxial gyroklystron amplifier for driving future linear colliders is presented. The X-band input cavity operates in the TE_0.11 mode, whereas the remaining three cavities (buncher, penultimate, and output) operate in the TE₀₂₁ mode, doubling the frequency of the input signal. The electron beam parameters are the following: current of 540 A, voltage of 460 kV, perpendicular-to-parallel velocity ratio of 1.5, and a parallel velocity spread of 6.4%. The output cavity has been simulated as (1) zero-drive unstable with Q-factor of 320 and (2) zero-drive stable with Q-factor of 250. The simulations show that the maximum efficiency in the first case is 37.4%, and in the second one is 34.4%. In both cases, a high gain of 60 dB at a 100-MW output power level can be realized     

Intense electron beam propagation by charge neutralization from adielectric collimator

An intense beam is not propagated in vacuum because of its space charge. In this work, an intense electron beam of 250 keV, 6 kA, 80 ns is propagated after initial collimation inside a short length of dielectric tube and further confinement provided by ions attributed to beam irradiation. Such beams have important potential in particle beam and controlled fusion research. It is seen that electrons are slowed down to the ion velocity, while ions are collectively accelerated by the beam space-charge. Collimator geometry is varied for space-charge control. Elongation of the beam pulse width to 100-300 ns is observed depending on propagation distance. Explanations are presented through physical model and scaling laws