Determination of applicable input range for approximating a nonlinear FGR furnace around the design point

In this paper, the nonlinear dynamic characteristics of a FGR furnace have been analysed around the furnace design point. Based on the steady-state results of full-scale nonlinear CFD simulations, the maximal allowable range on the variations of the furnace inputs can be determined, once for the maximal error bound between nonlinear system and its linear counterpart is specified. It is interesting to note that for a reheating furnace, the nonlinearities associated with the heat load are less severe than that associated with NO emission. With due consideration of the established input signal linear ranges, the linearized dynamic models of the furnace are derived by applying system identification technologies using the data generated from the CFD simulations. Analysis and validation of the models are also carried out. It is concluded that this technique is applicable to weak nonlinear systems around the design point. The results of the analysis provide additional insights on the nature of the nonlinearities as well as guidelines for selecting the input amplitude if system identification techniques are used. So long as the amplitudes of the probing signals satisfy the respective input constraints, the obtained linearized models will be applicable around the design point. Subsequently, these models can be used to design feedback controllers to maintain the furnace operated around the design point.     

A CFD assisted control system design with applications to NO x control in a FGR furnace

In this paper, a novel technique to design control systems for industrial processes with non-linear distributed parameters is proposed. The technique utilizes computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulation to extract the most essential characteristics from the non-linear industrial process, and then represent them as a set of linear dynamic models around a specific operating point. Based on the linear dynamic representation, a closed-loop feedback linear control system can be designed to maintain the desired performance for the system around the chosen operating point. To illustrate such a design process, an industrial reheating furnace with flue gas recirculation (FGR) is selected herein. The method involves the numerical solution of the partial differential equations describing the fluid flow, heat transfer and combustion process in the furnace. The resulting dynamic relations between the furnace inputs and outputs can then be represented in terms of a multi-input and multi-output transfer function matrix. The objective of the control system is then to maintain the optimally selected furnace operating conditions and compensate for any deviations caused by disturbances to minimize the nitric oxides (NO _x ) emission through feedback mechanisms. The performance of the closed-loop controlled furnace is evaluated not only in the linear domain, but also with the detailed full-scale non-linear CFD model. The results have shown that the proposed method is viable and the designed control system can indeed minimize the deviation of the furnace from the desired operating conditions and hence to prevent any excessive NO _x formation in the combustion process.     

A new hyperchaotic system and its linear feedback control

This paper reports a new hyperchaotic system by adding an additional state variable into a three-dimensional chaotic dynamical system, studies some of its basic dynamical properties, such as the hyperchaotic attractor, Lyapunov exponents, bifurcation diagram and the hyperchaotic attractor evolving into periodic, quasi-periodic dynamical behaviours by varying parameter k. Furthermore, effective linear feedback control method is used to suppress hyperchaos to unstable equilibrium, periodic orbits and quasi-periodic orbits. Numerical simulations are presented to show these results.     

一种具有线性光学放大的激光三角法检测系统光路设计

从改进斜入射斜接收式激光三角法的光路系统角度出发,提出了一种对液面反射光线采用线性光学放大的光路设计,将液面微小位移变化线性放大为光电检测器上的光点位移变化来提高液位检测分辨率。对曲面镜的线性放大原理进行了理论推导,介绍了线性放大曲面镜曲线函数表达式的数值计算方法以及计算机程序流程。仿真实验结果表明,该线性放大曲面镜可以实现线性放大功能,能够有效地提高激光三角液位检测系统的液位检测分辨率,同时可保证检测系统具有较小的非线性误差。该光路设计方法也可应用于具有位置线性放大的光学位置指示系统中。     

A new approach of optimal control for a class of continuous-time chaotic systems by an online ADP algorithm

We develop an online adaptive dynamic programming （ADP） based optimal control scheme for continuous-time chaotic systems. The idea is to use the ADP algorithm to obtain the optimal control input that makes the performance index function reach an optimum. The expression of the performance index function for the chaotic system is first presented. The online ADP algorithm is presented to achieve optimal control. In the ADP structure, neural networks are used to construct a critic network and an action network, which can obtain an approximate performance index function and the control input, respectively. It is proven that the critic parameter error dynamics and the closed-loop chaotic systems are uniformly ultimately bounded exponentially. Our simulation results illustrate the performance of the established optimal control method.     

超临界循环流化床锅炉进风系统数值模拟分析与比较

本文针对超临界循环流化床锅炉一次风风箱系统内部的空气流动特性,包括进气管、风箱内部及一次风通过布风板的流动特性,基于FLUENT计算平台结合多孔介质模型进行了数值模拟。针对三种不同进风结构,即底部进风、侧面进风和后侧进风模式进行了分析比较。为准确模拟布风板压降损失同时又减少计算量,利用多孔介质模型模拟一次风通过布风板的...     

Numerical investigations on methods to control the rate of heat release of HCCI combustion using reduced mechanism of n-heptane with a multidimensional CFD code

In this study a semi-reduced reaction scheme developed previously was used to derive a 26 step reduced mechanism, using the sensitivity approach and the steady state approximation (QSS) with Chemkin code. This 26 step model has been implemented in a CFD combustion code (Star-CD/Kinetics) to study combustion process in homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) engines. The first results obtained have confirmed the very rapid combustion phase and fast heat release with completely homogeneous mixtures, for a wide range of operating conditions. This numerical approach has been used first to study the effects of natural thermal stratification when the mixture is initially homogeneous. In a second step, the different possible methods to control the heat release rate have been studied. The stratification with several homogeneous regions of different composition is shown to be very efficient; the limits of this process are discussed.     

Finite element-based large eddy simulation using a combination of the variational multiscale method and the dynamic Smagorinsky model

A finite element-based large eddy simulation (LES) is proposed using a combination of the residual-based variational multiscale (RBVMS) approach and the dynamic Smagorinsky eddy-viscosity model. In this combined model, the cross-stress terms are modelled using the RBVMS approach while the eddy-viscosity model is used to represent the Reynolds stresses. The eddy-viscosity is computed dynamically in a local fashion for which a localized version of the variational Germano identity is developed. To improve the robustness of the local dynamic procedure, two types of averaging schemes are considered. The first type employs spatial averaging over homogeneous direction(s) which is only applicable to turbulent flows with statistical homogeneity in at least one direction. The second type is based on Lagrangian averaging over fluid pathtubes, which is applicable to inhomogeneous turbulent flows. The predictions from the combined model are compared to the direct numerical simulation or experimental data and also to the predictions from the RBVMS model. This is done for two cases: turbulent flow in a channel (Re_τ = 590) and flow over a cylinder (Re_D = 3, 900). For the turbulent channel flow, predictions are similar between the RBVMS model and the combined model. For flow over a cylinder, the combined model provides better predictions, specifically for fluctuations in the streamwise velocity and lift.     

Use of symmetry plane fragmentation and graph squaring techniques to express the eigenspectra for some vertex-weighted graphs of linear chains and cycles in analytical form

Three types of graphs of linear chains, viz. linear chains with unit increment or decrement in weight on one terminal vertex, linear chains with unit increment or decrement in weight on both the terminal vertices and linear chains with unit increment in weight on one terminal vertex and decrement in that on the other terminal vertex, have been considered. The symmetry plane fragmentation and graph squaring techniques have been exploited to express the eigenspectra of such graphs of linear chains in analytical form, and have subsequently been used to express the eigenspectra of graphs of linear chains and cycles with alternant vertex weights. The derived expressions for the eigenspectra have been used to obtain the eigenspectra of linear polyacenes, methylene-substituted linear polyacenes and cylindrical polyacene strips in analytical form.     

HL-2A装置LHCD系统灯丝电源远程控制的一种新方法

为解决 HL-2A 装置低杂波电流驱动(LHCD)系统灯丝电源无法远程控制的问题,介绍了基于西门子 WinCC 监测系统的 HL-2A 装置 LHCD 系统灯丝电源 MSComm 串行通信系统的设计与实现。在 WinCC 图形编辑 器中直接调用 MSComm 控件,编写 VBS 全局脚本实现对串口的访问,解决了硬件组态过程中串行通讯操作被 WinCC 所限制的问题。采用了虚拟串口技术、工业以太网通讯技术、光纤隔离技术等,提高了 WinCC 组态串口 设备的灵活性。HL-2A 装置 LHCD 实验证明,在 HL-2A 装置放电的复杂电磁环境下,LHCD 灯丝电源 MSComm 串行通信系统运行稳定、功能完善。     

MOFs材料低温储氢性能测试装置用温控系统设计

设计了一套温控系统,用在金属有机骨架(MOFs)材料低温储氢性能测试装置上.测试装置以循环液氮作为冷源.根据测试装置内的温度信号,温控系统利用PID温控仪,并结合继电器对加热丝的加热量进行调节,满足测试装置所需的温度范围,并能恒定在某一测试温度下.所设计的温控系统可以实现低温宽温区范围内的连续调节,且系统简单、操作方便...     

A method for calculating active feedback system to provide vertical position control of plasma in a tokamak

In designing tokamaks, the maintenance of vertical stability of plasma is one of the most important problems. Systems of the passive and active feedbacks are applied for this purpose. Role of the passive system consisting of a vacuum vessel and passive coils is to suppress fast MHD (magnetohydrodynamic) instabilities. The active feedback system is applied to control slow motions of plasma. The objective of the paper is to investigate two successive problems, solution of which allows to determine the possibility of controlling plasm a motions. One of these is the problem of vertical stability under the assumption of ideal conductivity of plasma and passive stabilizing elements. The problem is solved analytically and on the basis of the obtained solution a criterion of MHD-stability is formulated. The other problem is connected with the control of plasma vertical position with active feedback system. Calculation of feedback control parameters is formulated as an optimization problem and an approximate method to solve the problem is suggested. Numerical simulations are performed with parameters of the T-15M tokamak in order to justify the suggested method.      

利用椭圆投影测量锥束CT系统投影坐标原点新方法

In order to determine the projected coordinate origin in the cone-beam CT scanning system with respect to the Feldkamp-Davis-Kress （FDK） algorithm, we propose a simple yet feasible method to accurately measure the projected coordinate origin. This method was established on the basis of the theory that the projection of a spherical object in the cone-beam field is an ellipse. We first utilized image processing and the least square estimation method to get each major axis of the elliptical Digital Radiography （DR） projections of a group of spherical objects. Then we determined the intersection point of the group of major axis by solving an over-determined equation set that was composed by the major axis equations of all the elliptical projections. Based on the experimental results, this new method was proved to be easy to implement in practical scanning systems with high accuracy and anti-noise capability.     

A new method to determine the projected coordinate origin of a cone-beam CT system using elliptical projection

In order to determine the projected coordinate origin in the cone-beam CT scanning system with respect to the Feldkamp-Davis-Kress(FDK)algorithm,we propose a simple yet feasible method to accurately measure the projected coordinate origin.This method was established on the basis of the theory that the projection of a spherical object in the cone-beam field is an ellipse.We first utilized image processing and the least square estimation method to get each major axis of the elliptical Digital Radiography(DR)projections of a group of spherical objects.Then we determined the intersection point of the group of major axis by solving an over-determined equation set that was composed by the major axis equations of all the elliptical projections.Based on the experimental results,this new method was proved to be easy to implement in practical scanning systems with high accuracy and anti-noise capability.     

A new inverse approach for the equivalent gray radiative property of a non-gray medium using a modified zonal method and the complex-variable-differentiation method

Non-gray radiative properties of an absorbing, emitting, non-gray participating medium significantly increase the difficulty of solving the radiative transfer equation. This paper presents a new inverse approach for the equivalent gray radiative property of a non-gray medium. In this approach, the unknown equivalent gray radiative properties are treated as the optimization variables, and the errors to be minimized are the differences between the calculated temperatures and the measured ones. The measured data are simulated by solving the direct problem, in which a modified zonal method together with the Edwards exponential wide-band model is employed. In the inverse problem, the sensitivity coefficients are first calculated by the complex-variable-differentiation method, and then the least-square method and the Newton-Raphson iterative method are employed to minimize the target function. The effectiveness and efficiency of the inverse problem are demonstrated in an example, and another case is given to show the accuracy and potential of the proposed algorithm. The effects of the measurement error and the number of measurement points on the accuracy of the inverse analysis are also investigated in detail.     

一维变系数耗散系统Lagrange函数和Hamilton函数的新构造方法

提出构造二阶微分方程的Lagrange函数和Hamilton函数的新路径. 将二阶方程写成一阶方程组并构造出对应的一阶Lagrange函数后,直接从一阶Lagrange函数导出二阶Lagrange函数和Hamilton函数. 利用上述方法得到若干耗散和类耗散系统的一阶和二阶Lagrange函数以及Hamilton函数;讨论了这种方法的优点. 举例说明所得结果的应用. 关键词： 逆问题 耗散系统 Lagrange函数 Hamilton函数     

Numerical and Experimental Investigation of the Conjugate Heat Transfer for a High-Pressure Pneumatic Control Valve Assembly

This paper uses heat transfer experiments and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations to investigate the conjugate heat transfer (CHT) in a high-pressure pneumatic control valve assembly. A heat transfer test rig was constructed, and time–temperature histories of five test points placed on the valve assembly’s outer surface were recorded for study validation. The Unsteady Reynolds-Averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) CFD methods with the standard k-ε turbulence closure equations were adopted in the numerical computations. Polyhedral grids were used; time step and mesh convergence studies were conducted. Simulated and measured temperatures profile comparisons revealed a good agreement. The CHT results obtained from CFD showed huge velocity fields downstream of the valve throat and the vent hole. The airflow through the valve was icy, mainly in the supersonic flow areas. Low temperatures below 273.15 K were recorded on the internal and external walls of the valve assembly. The consistency of the measured data with the numerical results demonstrates the effectiveness of polyhedral grids in exploring the CHT using CFD methods. The local entropy production rate analysis revealed that irreversibility is mainly due to viscous dissipation. The current CHT investigation provides a potential basis for thermostress analysis and optimization.     

A system for measuring elastic wave velocity under high pressure and high temperature using a combination of ultrasonic measurement and the multi‐anvil apparatus at SPring‐8

An experimental system to measure the elastic wave velocities of hot‐pressed polycrystalline samples at high pressure and high temperature has been installed at SPring‐8. It uses a combination of the ultrasonic pulse‐echo‐overlap method and Kawai‐type multi‐anvil apparatus (SPEED‐1500). X‐ray radiographic imaging enables the sample length to be determined at high pressure and high temperature, which is indispensable for precise determination of elastic wave velocity. Precise measurements of the elastic wave velocities of various minerals have been determined at pressures up to 19 GPa and temperatures up to 1673 K. The experimental technique provides the precise elastic wave velocities of various materials corresponding to those in the Earth's mantle.     

A two-density approach to the general many-body problem and a proof of principle for small atoms and molecules

An extended electron model fully recovers many of the experimental results of quantum mechanics while it avoids many of the pitfalls and remains generally free of paradoxes. The formulation of the manybody electronic problem here resembles the Kohn–Sham formulation of standard density functional theory. However, rather than referring electronic properties to a large set of single electron orbitals, the extended electron model uses only mass density and field components, leading to a substantial increase in computational efficiency. To date, the Hohenberg–Kohn theorems have not been proved for a model of this type, nor has a universal energy functional been presented. In this paper, we address these problems and show that the Hohenberg–Kohn theorems do also hold for a density model of this type. We then present a proof-of-concept practical implementation of this method and show that it reproduces the accuracy of more widely used methods on a test-set of small atomic systems, thus paving the way for the development of fast, efficient and accurate codes on this basis.     

弱非完整系统Mei对称性导致的新型精确和近似守恒量

研究弱非完整系统Lagrange方程的Mei对称性导致的一种结构方程和新型精确以及近似守恒量. 首先建立系统的Lagrange方程. 其次在群的无限小变换下, 给出了弱非完整系统及其一次近似系统Mei对称性的定义和判据, 然后得到了Mei对称性导致的新型结构方程、 新型精确和近似守恒量的表达式. 最后, 举例研究系统的精确新型守恒量和近似新型守恒量问题. 关键词： 弱非完整系统 Mei对称性 新型结构方程 新型守恒量