离子交换反应准静态平衡

本文系统地讨论了二元体系和多元体系的离子交换平衡。离子交换反应是复相反应。固相中的离子活度系数是解决交换反应平衡问题的关键。     

Nernst—planck方程和离子交换反应动力学

本文简要地介绍及评述了Nernst—Planck方程及其在离子交换反应动力学中的应用,论证了Nernst-Planck方程与不可逆过程热力学的唯象方程和Stefan-Maxwell方程的关系。     

层状钠锰氧化物的制备及离子交换反应动力学

层状钠锰氧化物的制备及离子交换反应动力学     

钙阻抗剂的离子交换反应动力学和热力学研究

离子交换树脂是一类功能高分子材料 ,为研究某些药物离子的交换反应特性用以指导新型离子交换树脂控释给药系统的设计 ,选择钙通道阻滞剂盐酸维拉帕米和盐酸地尔硫 卓 作为模型药物 ,以 0 0 1× 7树脂作为药物载体 ,研究了该树脂与上述药物的交换反应动力学和热力学。结果表明 ,盐酸维拉帕米、盐酸地尔硫 卓 与 0 0 1× 7树脂的交换率随温度的升高而增加 ,温度升高可显著提高树脂的载药量。 2 5℃交换反应达平衡时 ,两药物的平衡常数Ke 分别为 0 .0 5 2 7和 0 .5 63 5 ,说明盐酸地尔硫 卓 易与树脂发生交换反应 ,即此树脂对药物的亲和力大 ;两药物与树脂交换反应的自由能变化ΔG°(kJ·mol- 1 )分别为 7.2 91和 1.42 1,说明交换反应不能自发进行 ,交换反应热ΔHm°(kJ·mol- 1 )分别为 85 .3 6和 5 8.2 8,说明交换反应为吸热反应 ,温度升高有利于向交换反应方向进行 ;交换反应熵变ΔS° >0 ,说明交换反应是熵变增加的反应。通过上述研究 ,可为新型离子交换树脂释药系统的设计提供坚实的理论基础。     

离子交换树脂催化对羟基苯甲酸酯化反应的研究*

本文研究了一种固体酸催化剂一阳离子交换树脂催化剂,用于对羟基苯甲酸的酯化反应。通过对不同树脂进行筛选,发现ＪＫ００８的催化活性比较高。本文还进一步考察了ＪＫ００８催化剂的使用寿命,研究了合成对羟基苯甲酸乙酯的最佳反应条件。     

氟尿嘧啶与磁性层状复合氢氧化物的离子交换反应动力学

以共沉淀法合成的磁性层状复合氢氧化物(Magnetic layered double hydroxide, MLDH)为前驱体, 通过对原位反应系统液相数据的拟合与固相样品的表征, 研究了0~50 ℃条件下MLDH与氟尿嘧啶(5-FU)的离子交换动力学特征. 结果表明, MLDH及离子交换产物MLDH-FU为以六方晶系为主并混杂微量氧化铁的复合磁性晶相; MLDH-FU离子交换速率随温度的升高而显著加快, FU, OH^-和Cl^- 3种客体的浓度变化分别服从二级、 零级及一级反应速率模型, 反应活化能依次为12.69, 27.88和3.580 kJ/mol. 固相表征参数的变化与液相动力学过程、 主-客体结构调整及MLDH-FU粒子陈化过程相符; 离子交换限定在LDH层间, 不涉及层板内部秩序, 不改变前驱体的结构与形貌特征, 具有侧向非断层反应习性, 是交换剂在MLDH外周经吸附亲和、 侧向进攻、 层间置换及柱撑模型转换再到新的插层客体主导调整及晶粒发育陈化的有序过程.     

强酸性离子交换树脂在植物油环氧化反应中催化性能的研究

本文研究了强酸性阳离子交换树脂在植物油原位环氧化中的催化性能，考察了树脂特性，树脂用量对植物油环氧化的影响以及催化剂的使用寿命。制得的环氧大豆油主要指标达到国外同类产品水平。     

同位素离子交换反应动力学

为了最有效地利用离子交换剂,不仅需要有关离子交换平衡的详细知识,而且必须深入研究离子交换反应动力学。但是,与离子交换平衡的理论相比,离子交换反应动力学的理论尚欠成熟。到目前为止,只有一种特殊情况,即     

The application of the radioactive tracer technique to study the kinetics of bromide isotope exchange reaction with the participation of strongly basic anion exchange resin indion FF-IP

In the present investigation, the ⁸²Br radioactive isotope was used as a tracer to study the kinetics and mechanism of the exchange reaction between an ion exchange resin and an external solution of bromide ions. In an attempt to study the reversible bromide isotope exchange reaction kinetics, it was expected that whether the initial step was the exchange of radioactive bromide ions from the solution to the ion exchange resin (forward reaction) or from the ion exchange resin to the solution (reverse reaction), the two ion-isotope exchange reactions should occur simultaneously, which was further confirmed by the experimental values of specific reaction rates, 0.142 and 0.141 min⁻¹, respectively. The results will be useful to standardize the process parameters so as to achieve optimum use of ion exchange resins in various industrial applications. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

The kinetics and mechanism of bromide ion isotope exchange reaction in strongly basic anion-exchange resin duolite A-162 determined by the radioactive tracer technique

In the present investigation, ⁸²Br radioactive isotope was used as a tracer to study the kinetics and mechanism of exchange reaction between an ion exchange resin and an external bromide ion solution. In an attempt to study the reversible bromide ion isotopic exchange reaction kinetics, it was expected that whether the initial step was the exchange of radioactive bromide ions from the solution into the ion exchange resin (forward reaction) or from the ion exchange resin into the solution (reverse reaction), two ion isotopic exchange reactions should occur simultaneously, which was further confirmed by the experimental specific reaction rates of 0.130 and 0.131 min⁻¹, respectively. The results can be used to standardize process parameters so as to optimize the utilization of ion exchange resins in various industrial applications. The text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Application of Br-82 as a radioactive tracer isotope to study bromide ion-isotopic exchange reaction in strongly basic anion exchange resin Duolite A-161

In the present investigation Br-82 radioactive isotope was used as a tracer to study the kinetics of exchange reaction taking place between the ion exchange resin and the external bromide ion solution. In an attempt to study the reversible bromide ion-isotopic exchange reaction kinetics, it was expected that whether the initial step was the exchange of radioactive bromide ions from the solution on to the ion exchange resin (forward reaction), or from the ion exchange resin in to the solution (reverse reaction), the two ion-isotopic exchange reactions should occur simultaneously, which was further confirmed from the values of specific reaction rate 0.122 and 0.123 min⁻¹ respectively obtained under identical experimental conditions. The radioactive tracer technique employed in the present investigation will be useful for characterization of various industrial grade ion exchange resins.     

Equilibres ioniques obtenus entre un echangeur d'ions et une solution de polyelectrolytes,faibles et de meme signe de charge

When an equilibrium is established between an ion exchange resin and a solution of polyelectrolyte of the same sign of charge (without added salt), there is no co-ion in the resin phase. It is shown that, for a weak acid resin in equilibrium with a solution of a strong acid polyelectrolyte completely neutralized by a monovalent counter-ion M⁺, the graph pH - pM = f(α), where α represents the degree of neutralization of the resin, is independent of the concentration of polyelectrolyte. These results have been verified for a highly swollen ion exchange gel. A weak resin in equilibrium with a solution of a weak polyelectrolyte gives a system in which the counter-ion is distributed between the two phases. The equilibrium partition can be calculated using a set of equations resembling those for buffer solutions. Experimental verifications have been obtained. The possible developments are discussed.     

Sorption of protons and metal ions from aqueous solutions by a strong-base anion-exchange resin loaded with sulphonated azo-dyes

Two sulphonated azo-dyes, which bear a nitrogen donor atom in the diazo group and are known to complex many heavy metal ions in aqueous solution, have been found to be sorbed by a strong-base anion-exchange resin (Dowex 1-X8) simply by ion-exchange. The resin containing the dyes behaves like a chelating resin, able to sorb copper(II) and nickel(II) from aqueous solution, if the proper conditions are chosen. The acidity, ionic composition and volume of the aqueous solution, and the amount and nature of the sorbed ligand are the factors which determine the fraction of metal ion sorbed when the batch technique is used. The experimental results are interpreted by using a model of the resin based on the Donnan equilibrium concept, which allows prediction of the sorption conditions on the basis of some independently determined quantities, such as the protonation and complex formation constants in aqueous solution, and the activity of the counter-ion in the resin phase. The exchange of protons between the resin and the aqueous solution can also be explained with this model.     

I+HI'(v)→IH(v')+I'反应几率振荡行为的量子散射理论研究

本文基于振动绝热性分析, 用量子散射理论研究I+HI'(v)→IH(v')+I'反应几率的振荡行为, 其中双原子间相互作用势的振动本征态是Morse振子的严格解。在计算反应几率时采用分布高斯基(Distributed Gaussian Basis Sets; DGBS)展于方法, 既保持了反应几率的解析表达式, 又有效地简化了计算。计算结果明显地揭示了反应几率在低碰能区域的振荡行为。对反应机理也作了探讨。     

Ion-isotopic exchange reaction kinetics using organic base anion exchange resins Indion-102 and Indion GS-400

The present study deals with the kinetic study of iodide and bromide ion-isotopic exchange reactions in organic based anion exchange resins Indion-102 (nuclear grade) and Indion GS-400 (non-nuclear grade) using radiotracer isotopes. The resins in iodide and bromide form were equilibrated respectively with iodide and bromide ion solutions which were previously spiked with ¹³¹I and ⁸²Br radiotracer isotopes. For both bromide and iodide ion-isotopic exchange reactions, it was observed that the values of specific reaction rate increase with increase in ion concentration from 0.001 to 0.004 M at a constant temperature of 40.0°C. However, at constant ion concentration of 0.003 M, the specific reaction rate was observed to decrease with rise in temperature from 30.0 to 45.0°C. Also it was observed that for iodide ion-isotopic exchange reaction by using Indion-102 resin, the values of specific reaction rate, amount of iodide ion exchanged, initial rate of iodide ion exchange and logK _d were 0.258 min^?1, 0.492 mmol, 0.127 mmol/min and 19.2, respectively, which were higher than 0.208 min^?1, 0.416 mmol, 0.087 mmol/min and 17.6, respectively, obtained by using Indion GS-400 resin under identical experimental conditions of 40.0°C, 1.000 g of ion exchange resin and 0.003M labeled iodide ion solution. The same trend was observed for the two resins during bromide ion-isotopic exchange reaction. The overall results indicate that, under identical experimental conditions, Indion-102 resin shows higher performance than Indion GS-400 resin.     

Degenerate electron exchange reaction of n-alkane radical cations in solution

The degenerate electron exchange (DEE) reaction involving radical cations (RCs) of n-nonane, n-dodecane, and n-hexadecane in n-hexane solution was studied over the temperature range 253-313 K using the method of time-resolved magnetic field effect in recombination fluorescence of spin-correlated radical ion pairs. In the dilute solutions the rate constant of DEE was found to be 200 times slower than the diffusion limit. Using n-nonane as an example, we showed that two reasons are responsible for the low value of the RC self-exchange rate: (1) conformational variability of molecules and RCs and (2) the activation barrier of DEE reaction. The calculations of the reaction enthalpy performed by the B3LYP/6-31G(d) method indicated that electron transfer can be effective only upon collision of RC with a neutral molecule either in the all-trans conformation or in the conformation differing from the latter by rotation of the end ethyl fragment. The activation barrier of the DEE reaction was estimated using the reorganization energy of the internal degrees of freedom calculated at the B3LYP level and was found to be about 6 kcal/mol. A possible influence of the interaction between RC and a neutral molecule in an encounter complex on DEE rate constant is also discussed.     

A Study on the Competitive Permeability of Anions in Anion Exchange Membrane

The selective permeability of two species of critical ions coexisting in Solution 1 for a third species of ions of the same charge in Solution 2 penetrate through the anion exchange membrane has been studied. The competitive permeability of coexisting ions depends on various concentrations, compositions and reaction time with the restriction that the volume of solution in each compartment is finite. The species which is easy to exchange across the membrane in multi-ionic system has a high selective permeability at small composition and high total concentration condition. The experimental result shows that there exist overshooting and depletion effects for the fast ion when the reaction time is long enough, and the higher the permselectivity T^CL_OH is, the more appreciable the overshooting effect is. An explanation of the overshooting and depletion effects with finite volume of solution has been made specifically in discussion.     

Ion-exchange selectivity of anion exchange resin modified with polystyrenesulfonic acid.

In order to change the ion-exchange selectivity of anion-exchange resin, the surface of a gel-type anion exchange resin was modified with anionic polyelectrolyte, polystyrenesulfonic acid. Using this modified resin, the ion-exchange rate of nitrate was little decreased, but that of sulfate was evidently decreased. It is considered that the ion-exchange reaction of the multivalent anion is suppressed by the greater electrostatic repulsive force against the modification layer than that against the monovalent anion. Thus, this modified resin may be suitable for the selective separation of monovalent anions. The influence of the modified condition on the ion-exchange rate was examined. Furthermore, this modified resin was used to separate nitrate ions from sulfate ions in the aqueous solution.