邻苯二酚紫-示波计时电位法测定天然水中不同形态铝

报道邻苯二酚紫-示波计时电位法分别在酸性和碱性条件下直接检测天然水中的无机单核铝和总单核铝浓度。并用该法测定了水样中的总铝,有机单核铝和酸溶态铝,从而实现了天然水中5种Al形态的电化学测定。测定了20多个实际水样,与Driscoll方法进行了对照,结果基本一致。     

示差脉冲伏安法测定麦芽酚

本文提出了采用玻碳电极示差脉冲伏安法测定麦芽酚的方法。在氨-氯化铵溶液中,麦芽酚在Ep=0.5～0.6V有氧化峰,线性范围为1×10-5～6×10-4mol/L,检出限为4×10-6mol/L,相对标准偏差0.6%。该方法仪器简单,操作方便,样品经超滤可直接测定。     

芦丁的差示脉冲伏安法测定

研究了芦丁在pH 3.0的磷酸盐缓冲液中,在玻碳电极的吸附伏安行为.结果表明芦丁在本试验条件下存在一个准可逆的双电子双质子转移过程.建立了用差示脉冲伏安法测定芦丁含量的方法.在4.6×10-7~1.8×10-6mol/L范围内,芦丁的氧化峰电流与其浓度呈良好的线性关系,检出限为5.0×10-8mol/L.利用本法测定了槐花中芦丁的含量,效果良好.     

二茂铁修饰碳糊电极示差脉冲伏安法测定槲皮素

制备了二茂铁修饰碳糊电极,并采用循环伏安法研究了槲皮素在该修饰电极上的电化学行为。研究发现:在pH 6.2磷酸盐缓冲溶液中,修饰电极对槲皮素有良好的电催化作用,得到了一对氧化还原峰,其氧化反应是受吸附控制的两电子、两质子电极过程。并在此基础上提出了一种测定槲皮素的示差脉冲伏安法。试验结果表明:槲皮素的氧化峰电流与其浓度在8×10-4～2×10-6 mol.L-1范围内呈线性关系,检出限(3S/N)为7×10-6 mol.L-1。     

聚溴甲酚绿膜修饰电极示差脉冲溶出伏安法测定叶酸

叶酸是一种在生理上有重要作用的维生素 B族化合物。常用于测定叶酸的方法有光度法、色谱法、放射化学法、荧光光谱法等。叶酸具有电活性 ,但目前采用电化学方法测定叶酸的报道甚少且局限于极谱法。本文利用染料修饰电极采用示差脉冲溶出伏安法测定叶酸 ,具有简便快速 ,灵敏度高 ,线性范围宽 ,精密度高等特点。     

电化学法修饰玻璃碳电极及其铜的阳极溶出伏安法测定

在邻苯二酚－甲醛－ＮａＯＨ介质中，于－０．１￣＋１．５Ｖ（ｖｓ，ＳＣＥ）扫描范围内用循环伏安法制作修饰玻璃碳电极。电极可用于水中痕量铜的测定，其灵敏度比未修饰的玻璃碳电极提高３５倍以上，定量下限为０．１ｎｇ／ｍｌ。     

金纳米管阵列修饰玻碳电极用于示差脉冲伏安法测定多巴胺

以聚碳酸酯模板为工作电极,采用电沉积法从氯金酸和高氯酸溶液中制得金纳米管。将沉积了金纳米管的模板固定在玻碳电极表面,用氯仿溶解7min将模板溶解。制得了金纳米管阵列修饰电极,采用循环伏安法和微分示差脉冲伏安法研究了多巴胺在修饰电极上的电化学行为,结果表明:多巴胺在该电极上有一对氧化还原峰,提出了示差脉冲伏安法测定多巴胺的方法。在电位+0.170V处,多巴胺的氧化峰电流与其浓度在4.95×10-7～9.9×10-2 mol.L-1范围内呈线性关系,方法的检出限(3σ)为1.06×10-8 mol.L-1。应用该修饰电极测定人尿样品中多巴胺含量,加标回收率在96.9%～101.4%之间,相对标准偏差(n=5)在3.1%～4.2%之间。     

茜素紫修饰碳糊电极阳极溶出伏安法测定痕量锡

研究了利用茜素紫修饰碳糊电极测定痕量锡的阳极溶出伏安法。在 0 1 5mol/L醋酸盐缓冲溶液 (pH 4 .8)中 ,通过开路富集 ,Sn 和茜素紫形成络合物富集于电极表面 ,然后经过介质交换至 3 0mol/L的盐酸溶液中 ,于 -0 .80V还原后再进行阳极化扫描 ,于 -0 .68V左右获得一灵敏的锡的溶出峰。二次导数峰电流与Sn 浓度在 8.4× 1 0 -9～ 1 .4× 1 0 -6mol/L范围内呈良好的线性关系。检出限达 4×1 0 -9mol/L ,同时对电极反应机理进行了讨论。     

磷钼钒杂多酸-聚邻苯二胺修饰碳糊电极示差脉冲溶出伏安法测定对苯二酚和邻苯二酚

在由磷钼钒杂多酸和邻苯二胺组成的支持电解质中,以0.100V.s-1扫速在碳糊电极上,于0.800～-0.800V范围内循环扫描20周后,制得磷钼钒杂多酸-聚邻苯二胺修饰碳糊电极。循环伏安法研究发现:对苯二酚(HQ)和邻苯二酚(CC)在该修饰电极上均出现了一对氧化还原峰;示差脉冲溶出伏安法研究发现:HQ和CC分别在0.140V和0.288V处出现二次微分溶出峰,两峰电位差为0.148V。HQ和CC的线性范围均为1.50×10-7～7.50×10-4 mol.L-1,检出限(3S/N)均为6.80×10-8 mol.L-1。据此提出了示差脉冲溶出伏安法测定模拟水样中HQ和CC,测得回收率在94.0%～106.0%之间。     

Nafion修饰电极伏安法测定痕量镉

化学修饰电极 (ＣＭＥｓ)制备简单、灵敏度高、选择性好、响应迅速 ,用其取代有毒的汞电极已广泛用于分析化学中[1～ 4] 。用ＣＭＥｓ测定Ｃｄ2 +的报道很多[5～7] ,未见用Ｎａｆｉｏｎ修饰电极测定Ｃｄ2 +的报道。本文研究了Ｃｄ2 +在Ｎａｆｉｏｎ修饰电极上的溶出伏安行为 ,建立了用Ｎａｆｉｏｎ修饰电极测定实际水样中Ｃｄ2 +的方法。本方法简便快速 ,灵敏度高 ,Ｃｄ2 +在 2× 1 0 - 9ｍｏｌ/Ｌ到 5× 1 0 - 7ｍｏｌ/Ｌ线性关系良好 ,检出限为 5× 1 0 - 1 1 ｍｏｌ/Ｌ ,用于实际水样测定 ,平均回收率为 99.75 %。1　实验部分1 .1　试剂1…     

Determination of tungsten with pyrocatechol violet by first-derivative solid-phase spectrophotometry

Derivative spectrophotometry was applied to solid-phase spectrophotometry in order to enhance its sensitivity and remove the large background caused by the absorbance of the resin layer. Determination of micro-amounts of tungsten with pyrocatechol violet to form a 21 green complex in acid medium which is fixed on a dextran-type anion-exchange resin (Sephadex QAEA-25) is described as an example for the application of this technique. The absorbance of the resin packed in a 1-mm spectrophotometric cell, was measured directly. The characteristic peak amplitude of the signal at 674 nm in the first-derivative spectrum is useful for quantitative determination of tungsten (3–16 g 1^–1; RSD 5.8%) in natural and industrial water samples.     

Preconcentration and voltammetric determination of the herbicide metamitron with a silica-modified carbon paste electrode

A carbon paste electrode incorporating silica (Si-MCPE) was fabricated to accumulate Metamitron at the electrode surface. Several electroanalytical techniques were used to explore its reductive behaviour. The results indicate that the system is irreversible and fundamentally controlled by adsorption. The adsorptive stripping response has been evaluated with respect to accumulation time, deposition potential, scan rate, pH and other variables, using differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) and square wave voltammetry (SWV) as redissolution techniques. In both cases a voltammetric peak is obtained, at –0.542 V (DPV) and –0.421 V (SWV) in Britton-Robinson buffer (pH 1.9). The detection limits were 3.66 × 10^–1 M and 4.22 × 10^–9 M for AdS-DPV and AdS-SWV, respectively. Under optimum conditions the Metamitron reduction peak gave two linear regions in the range from 4.0 × 10^–9 M to 8.0 × 10^–8 M by means of AdS-DPV, with a coefficient of variation of 2.19% (n = 10) for 1 × 10^–8 M herbicide solution. A method was developed for determination of Metamitron in soils, with a recovery of 98.8% and a coefficient of variation of 5.26% (0.01 g/g of soil).     

Differential-pulse voltammetric determination of molybdenum in nitrate medium in the presence of 8-hydroxyquinoline

The determination of Mo(VI) by differential-pulse voltammetry based on catalytic currents in nitrate medium is described. The existence of catalytic currents in the system Mo(VI)NO₃^? in the presence of 8-hydroxyquinoline was proved by various polarographic techniques. The optimum background electrolyte is 20 ml 0.5 M KNO₃?0.005 M HNO³ with the addition of 1 ml of 1 × 10^?2 M 8-hydroxyquinoline. The detection limit is 7 × 10^?10 M under these conditions. Cr(VI), Cu(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) interfere when present at higher concentrations then Mo(VI) and W(VI) interferes at an equal concentration to Mo(VI). The method was successfully used in analyses of environmental samples.     

Differential pulse voltammetric determination of famotidine

A differential pulse voltammetric method for the determination of famotidine in pharmaceutical preparations is described. The method is based on electrochemical oxidation of famotidine at a glassy carbon or platinum electrode. The proposed method shows good reproducibility, and sample preparation is simple.     

Differential pulse voltammetric determination of selected nitrophenols on novel type of porous silver working electrode prepared by powder metallurgy

Nitrophenols are important environmental pollutants and their monitoring is important because of their genotoxic and ecotoxic properties. Easy electrochemical reduction of nitro groups can be used for their voltammetric determination using mercury based electrodes. However, requirements of green analytical chemistry prompted us to investigate a novel type of silver porous electrode (AgPE) prepared by powder metallurgy compatible with both “green” and “white” analytical chemistry requirements. In this paper, AgPE was for the first time successfully used for differential pulse voltammetric determination of micromolar concentrations of 2-nitrophenol (NP), 2,4-dinitrophenol (DNP), and 2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) in aqueous media. The main advantage of the novel method is the possibility to use small sample volume (down to 25 μL) and to work in the presence of oxygen when using supporting electrolyte of pH 3. This advantage partially compensates the fact that the obtained sensitivity and limit of detection are not better than with the previously investigated electrodes.     

Construction of a novel electrochemical sensor for the determination of tellurium in soil and water samples by Co nanoparticles-modified electrode

ABSTRACT

The spherical Co nanoparticles (Co-NPs) were successfully fabricated through a facile one-step reduction approach. Due to the large specific surface area and excellent electronic conductivity, Co-NPs displayed excellent electrochemical performance and exhibited high sensitivity towards the detection of Tellurium (IV). The electroanalysis of Tellurium (IV) on the modified electrode was investigated by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry. The peak currents of Tellurium (IV) increased proportionally within the range of 0.02–1.8 and 1.8–400 mg L^?1 in the 0.1 M H₂SO₄ solution, under the optimal conditions. The detection limit was 0.2 μg L^?1 (S/N = 3). Moreover, the proposed method was successfully applied to determine Tellurium (IV) in real samples with satisfactory results. The Co-NPs/GCE not only showed good reproducibility, stability and anti-interference but also supplied a viable way for designing low toxic, environment-friendly and low-cost sensors to detect Tellurium (IV).     

Amperometric determination of paracetomol by a surface modified cobalt hexacyanoferrate graphite wax composite electrode

A stable electro active thin film of cobalt hexacyanoferrate (CoHCF) was deposited on the surface of an amine adsorbed graphite wax composite electrode using a simple method. Cyclic voltammetric experiments showed two pairs of well defined peaks for this CoHCF modified electrode which exhibited excellent electrocatalytic property for the oxidation of paracetomol at a reduced overpotential of 100 mV and over a concentration range of 3.33 × 10⁻⁶ to 1.0 × 10⁻³ M with a slope of 0.208 μA/μM with good sensitivity. The influence of the supporting electrolyte on peak current and peak potential were also obtained in addition with effects of common interference (e.g., ascorbic acid) on the response of the modified electrode. Various parameters that influence the electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode were optimized by varying scan rates and pH. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies suggested that the electrode reaction of the CoHCF film is mainly controlled by transport of counter ion. The immobilized CoHCF maintained its redox activity showing a surface controlled electrode reaction with the electron transfer rate constant (K_s) of 0.94 s⁻¹ and charge transfer coefficient of 0.42. Hydrodynamic and chronoamperometric studies were done to explore the utility of the modified electrode in dynamic systems. The results of the differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) using the modified electrode was applied for the determination of paracetomol in commercially available tablets. The results obtained reveal that the electrode under study could be used as an effective sensor for online monitoring of paracetomol.     

Toluidine blue adsorbed on alcohol dehydrogenase modified glassy carbon electrode for voltammetric determination of ethanol

A novel toluidine blue O (TBO) adsorbed alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) biocomposite film have been prepared through simple adsorption technique with the help of electrostatic interaction between oppositely charged layers. Nafion (NF) coating was made on top of the biocomposite film modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE) to protect ADH from leaching. The fabricated ADH/TBO/NF biocomposite electrode remains highly stable in the pH range from 4 to 13. More facile electron transfer process occurs at ADH/TBO/NF biocomposite than at TBO/NF film, which is obvious from the six folds increase in k_s value. Maximum surface coverage concentration (Γ) of TBO is noticed at ADH/TBO/NF film, which is 82% higher than at TBO/NF and 15% higher than at ADH/TBO film modified GCEs. Electrochemical impedance spectroscopy studies reveal that ADH has been well immobilized in the biocomposite film. Scanning electron microscopy studies confirm the discriminate surface morphology of various components present in the biocomposite film. Cyclic voltammetry studies validate that ADH/TBO/NF biocomposite film exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity for ethanol oxidation at low over potential (I_pa = −0.14 V). The same studies show biocomposite film possesses a good sensitivity of 7.91 μA M⁻¹ cm⁻² for ethanol determination. This above sensitivity value is 17.40% higher than the sensitivity obtained for TBO/NF film (6.74 μA M⁻¹ cm⁻²). Further, using differential pulse voltammetry, a sensitivity of 1.70 μA M⁻¹ cm⁻² has been achieved for ADH/TBO/NF biocomposite film.     

A novel poly(cyanocobalamin) modified glassy carbon electrode as electrochemical sensor for voltammetric determination of peroxynitrite

This report described the direct voltammetric detection of peroxynitrite (ONOO⁻) at a novel cyanocobalamin modified glassy carbon electrode prepared by electropolymeriation method. The electrochemical behaviors of peroxynitrite at the modified electrode were studied by cyclic voltammetry. The results showed that this new electrochemical sensor exhibited an excellent electrocatalytic activity to oxidation of peroxynitrite. The mechanism of catalysis was discussed. Based on electrocatalytic oxidation of peroxynitrite at the poly(cyanocobalamin) modified electrode, peroxynitrite was sensitively detected by differential pulse voltammetry. Under optimum conditions, the anodic peak current was linear to concentration of peroxynitrite in the range of 2.0 × 10⁻⁶ to 3.0 × 10⁻⁴ mol L⁻¹ with a detection limit of 1.0 × 10⁻⁷ mol L⁻¹ (S/N of 3). The proposed method has been applied to determination of peroxynitrite in human serum with satisfactory results. This poly(cyanocobalamin) modified electrode showed high selectivity and sensitivity to peroxynitrite determination, which could be used in quantitative detection of peroxynitrite in vivo and in vitro.     

Determination of thorium by adsorptive type chemically modified electrode with a polycomplex system

A preconcentration and determination method for thorium in aqueous solution with a tri-n-octylphosphine oxide modified glassy carbon electrode is proposed. In the presence of 2-thenoyltrifluoroacetone, thorium in NaAc-HAc supporting electrolyte is preconcentrated on a modified rotating disk electrode, and a highly sensitive reduction peak is obtained by cathodic stripping voltammetry at –1.10 V versus Ag/AgCl. A linear response of reduction peak height and concentration is observed for 1.15×10^–9–1.44×10^–8 mol·1^–1 of thorium and the detection limit is 1.0×10^–9mol·1^–1. It is very selective and sensitive, with a standard deviation of 3.4% and a recovery of 90–110%.