投影条纹相移法中图像饱和误差抑制算法研究

针对投影条纹相移法三维形貌测量中的图像饱和误差进行了深入研究,分析了基于条纹相移技术的图像饱和误差抑制算法的适用范围,推导了基于六步相移的饱和误差抑制算法公式.理论分析表明,相移条纹图的帧数越多,饱和误差抑制算法的适用范围越广.并通过数值模拟和实验进行了验证,基于六步相移的饱和误差抑制算法可以更加有效地抑制图像饱和引起的相位误差.     

抑制高阶谐波误差的随机相移条纹分析算法

高阶谐波和随机相移误差是影响条纹分析精度的主要因素。为了同时解决这两个问题,提出了基于频域滤波的迭代相移算法。该算法采用巴特沃斯低通滤波器,从频域上滤除条纹的高阶谐波分量,再运用最小二乘迭代方法从三帧随机相移条纹图像中提取相位信息。数值模拟和实验结果表明,该算法可有效地抑制由高阶谐波和随机相移引入的波纹误差,误差PV值和RMS值分别为0.368 8 rad和0.025 3 rad,其精度高于传统的三步相移算法和Wang算法。该方法适合于高精度干涉测量和三维物体表面轮廓测量。     

基于概率密度函数的彩色相位测量轮廓术校正

在彩色相位测量轮廓术中,光电器件多个光通道之间的颜色串扰、强度响应不均等因素的影响,使得所获取的相移条纹图像失真,因此采用传统的相位技术求解相位会产生极大的相位误差。从彩色条纹图像的数学模型出发,分析了彩色成像器件所获取的红绿蓝三通道条纹图像特性,提出一种两步校正方法：第一步是基于三通道均值及标准差实现对各颜色通道图像强度的归一化处理;第二步是使用概率密度函数曲线搜索失真后的实际相移量,抑制相移量不准确对测量结果的影响。所提方法不需要对系统的耦合系数和相移偏移量进行预校正,可实现简便、快速的相位误差补偿。模拟及实验结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

相移阴影莫尔条纹正交化解调技术

提出一种基于克莱姆正则化分析法的三帧自标定相移阴影莫尔三维轮廓技术.该技术首先采用移动光栅的方法获得相移条纹图,然后通过不同帧相移条纹图相减去除条纹图背景,进而结合克莱姆正交化法和最小二乘法,发展了一种相位解调方法,提取了测量相位.以五步Harlharan算法为参考,用不同算法对同一物体表面进行测量.结果表明,相对于典型的三步相移法和主量分析方法,提出的方法测量得到的相位误差最小(0.5rad),且简化了测量过程.     

基于最小二乘迭代的多光束相移算法

高阶谐波和随机相移误差是影响干涉测量精度的主要因素.为了同时解决这两问题,提出了基于最小二乘迭代的多光束干涉条纹分析方法.该方法利用傅里叶级数将多光束干涉条纹展开为基波和各阶谐波之和.它只需要5帧随机相移的多光束干涉条纹,即可通过最小二乘迭代准确地求得相移值和相位分布.模拟计算结果表明,当测试面反射系数小于0.6、随机相移误差的均方根小于1时,只需10次迭代运算即可将误差控制在0.005 (PV)和0.003(RMS)rad之下,精度比传统的五步算法精度高.实验结果进一步验证了该算法的有效性,并表明该算法比双光束相移算法优越.     

基于彩色编码光栅投影的双N步相移轮廓术

双N步相移轮廓术虽然可以大大降低由于光栅条纹的非正弦性所导致的相位误差,但增加了一倍的投影条纹数量,降低了测量效率。针对此问题,本文提出一种基于彩色编码光栅投影的双N步相移轮廓术,它将原相移条纹和附加相移条纹编码成双色条纹,融合到一幅彩色光栅条纹中投影,然后从采集的彩色条纹中提取两套条纹的相位信息,分别解包裹相位后,融合两包裹相位以减小相位误差。为验证所提方法的有效性,将该方法与两种典型的相位展开算法结合进行实验。实验结果证明,所提方法能有效降低相位误差,且不需要增加任何额外的光栅条纹,测量效率提高了46%。     

基于双2+1相移法的高动态范围三维测量

针对基于2+1相移法的高反光表面三维测量,分析了强度饱和条纹图案的傅里叶频谱,引入了强度饱和条纹的三阶傅里叶级数表达形式,建立了强度饱和所致的包裹相位误差模型,提出了双2+1相移法。从精度和效率两方面进行了对比实验：对比传统的2+1相移法和自适应条纹投影的2+1相移法,双2+1相移法的相位误差分别降低了69.9%和65.2%;对比多曝光2+1相移法和自适应条纹投影的2+1相移法,双2+1相移法的测量效率分别提高了91.9%和63.9%。     

基于扩展平均的多步相移算法及误差抑制特性比较

为满足移相干涉测量中纳米甚至亚纳米高准确度检测要求,需采用对误差敏感度更低的相移算法.基于扩展平均技术,在传统4步和3步算法的基础上分别推导了A类和B类5~13步相移算法公式,以5、6、7和13步算法为例,通过仿真及数值计算,比较了两类算法对相移器移相误差及CCD非线性误差的抑制特性.结果表明:同类算法下,步数越多的算法,对这两项误差的抑制效果越好,但达到一定步数后对测量的影响可以忽略;B类算法具有增强的移相误差抑制能力,在相移不准情况下可优先选用B类算法;A类算法对CCD非线性误差几乎完全免疫,而B类算法受一定CCD非线性误差影响,但对大多数高准确度CCD来说,其在常规检测中的影响可以忽略;由相移噪音引入的随机性测量误差的极大值要略大于相移噪音本身,且不同算法对相移噪音的抑制效果差别不大,因此相移噪音对测量的影响不可忽略.文中给出了不同误差影响下各算法引入波面检测误差的比较数据,研究结果可为实际干涉测量中最适相移算法的使用和选用提供理论指导及数据参考.     

基于利萨茹椭圆拟合的两步相移轮廓技术

相移轮廓术(phase shifting profilometry, PSP)至少需要三帧条纹图提取物体的相位信息.在动态测量中,减少条纹数有助于快速测量,并且可以抑制运动物体存在的相移误差.为了克服上述问题,本文提出基于利萨茹椭圆拟合(Lissajous ellipse fitting, LEF)的两步相移轮廓术,针对条纹背景和调制度分布不均匀导致的LEF相位误差,给出了误差抑制方法.实验实现了基于LEF的两步相移动态场景测量,与多帧PSP相比,本文所述方法可以减少条纹帧数并且可抑制物体的运动导致的相移误差.     

基于梯形与正弦相移算法的非线性误差校正北大核心CSCD

相移轮廓术是一种广泛使用的光学三维测量方法,其精度不仅受相位展开算法本身的影响,也受测量系统中投影仪和摄像机的非线性影响。理论上,投射更多的相移条纹可减弱非线性误差的影响,但是增加了测量时间。为了提高误差校正的效率,提出了一种基于梯形正弦相移的测量方法。该方法需要两组改进的梯形相移条纹和一幅正弦条纹。梯形条纹提供图像强度信息和条纹级次信息,图像强度信息用来求取系统的非线性响应曲线,进一步消除系统的非线性。正弦条纹经过希尔伯特变换可求得额外的条纹图像,用来计算截断相位信息。经过校正的截断相位信息,可进一步获取精度较高的三维信息。相较于先前的梯形与正弦误差校正方法,该方法的测量效率提高了28%。     

关于"太阳在银河系中所受引力与到银心距离r的关系"的讨论

讨论了银道面内的引力场强分布和太阳在银河系中所受引力与到银心距离r的关系，指出引力场强g并不是与r的平方成反比，这是由于银河系的大小和形状不能忽略造成的．强调了万有引力定律的适用条件．     

On the predictability of the positions of the convergence zones in the ocean

The disagreement between the experimental and calculated positions of the first convergence zone are known from many publications. The most probable cause for such a disagreement, namely, the incorrect specification of the input data for the calculations, is considered. The lack of simultaneity between the hydrological surveys of the region and the acoustic experiments is emphasized. The experimental data obtained by the author in five ocean regions are presented. These data characterize the diurnal variability of the distance from the source to the nearest boundary of the convergence zone. The relations proposed by different researchers for calculating the sound speed from the temperature, salinity, and hydrostatic pressure are analyzed. It is shown that these relations lead to a substantial difference in the estimated depth dependence of the hydrostatic gradient of the sound speed. The position of the first convergence zone is calculated for the propagation conditions determined by vertical temperature and salinity profiles with the subsequent recalculation of these profiles into sound speed profiles by using eight different formulas known from the literature. It is shown that different formulas lead to different values of the distance to the first zone; this difference is substantially greater than that between the calculations and experiment. The necessity of improving the recalculation relations in view of the experimental data on sound propagation in natural oceanic waveguides, including the data on the actual positions of the convergence zones, is emphasized.     

On the calculation of the bremsstrahlung in the region of the plasma frequency

On the basis of the classical theory of radiation produced in incomplete Coulomb interaction, a formula is derived for the coefficient of the bremsstrahlung of fully ionized plasma. In the region of rectilinear approximation a comparison is made with the results of the quantum formula derived from the Born approximation. Furthermore, the influence of dispersion upon the emission coefficient is taken into account; some relations for the region of dispersion are given.     

Dependence of the Intensity of the Spectral Lines and the Composition of the Sample and the Plasma Parameters of the Unipolar Arc

The investigation was made of the dependence of the intensity of Tl, Ga, Mo, Mg, Mn, Sn, Bi, Ni, Zn, Pt and Au spectral lines and the plasma parameters (temperature T, electron concentration n_e, degree of 6 ionnization α) from concentration of lithium additive.     

Extracting the wavefunction of the LSP at the LHC

We consider associated production of squarks and gluinos with the lightest supersymmetric particle (LSP), or states nearly degenerate in mass with it. Though sub-dominant to pair production of color SU(3)-charged superpartners, these processes are directly sensitive to the wavefunction composition of the lightest neutralinos. Exploiting event-shape variables - including some introduced here for the first time - we are able to identify the composition of the LSP by selecting events involving a single high-pT jet recoiling against missing transverse energy. We illustrate the proposed technique on a set of benchmark cases and propose methods for applying these results in more realistic experimental environments.     

Set the controls for the heart of the Sun

In this paper we describe experiments conducted with high-power lasers that are attempting to replicate, for a very short time and in miniature, conditions found in the Sun. Experiments to date have reached conditions in the outer part of the Sun. To reach the Sun's centre requires compression of material to very much greater than solid density and heating to over ten million degrees. To achieve this, a new class of experiments and a new generation of high-power lasers are required.     

On the Question of the Source of the Apokamp

Technical Physics - The object of this work is the apokamp—a new type of plasma jet, which is formed from a bright offshoot emerging at the bending point of a channel of a high-voltage...