Phase knife-edge laser Schlieren diffraction interferometry with boundary diffraction wave theory

Within the framework of boundary diffraction wave theory it has been shown that the first bright fringe on either side of the central dark fringe of the phase knife-edge Fresnel diffraction pattern could be broadened to cover the whole field of view. Broadening of the first diffraction fringe, instead of conventionally modifying the spatial frequency spectrum, enhances the sensitivity of the Schlieren system. The use of phase knife-edge as viewing diaphragm in Schlieren diffraction interferometry not only enhances the fringe contrast but also avoids the loss in phase information as it lets through light from all parts of the test object and its thin interfacing makes the method suitable even for studying weak disturbances.      

Design and verification of diffractive optical elements for speckle generation of 3-D range sensors

The optical projection using speckles is one of the structured light methods that have been applied to three-dimensional (3-D) range sensors. This paper investigates the design and fabrication of diffractive optical elements (DOEs) for generating the light field with uniformly distributed speckles. Based on the principles of computer generated holograms, the iterative Fourier transform algorithm was adopted for the DOE design. It was used to calculate the phase map for diffracting the incident laser beam into a goal pattern with distributed speckles. Four patterns were designed in the study. Their phase maps were first examined by a spatial light modulator and then fabricated on glass substrates by microfabrication processes. Finally, the diffraction characteristics of the fabricated devices were verified. The experimental results show that the proposed methods are applicable to the DOE design of 3-D range sensors. Furthermore, any expected diffraction area and speckle density could be possibly achieved according to the relations presented in the paper.     

Atom diffraction from magnetic gratings in the thin phase-grating approximation

The problem of atom diffraction from a reflecting magnetic diffraction grating is solved in the thin phase-grating approximation. The general problem for scalar diffraction is modelled using a semi-classical method in which the grating potential is separated into a reflecting term and a diffracting term. The trajectory of the atom in the reflecting potential is solved classically and the atom wave function in the diffracting potential found by integrating the phase change along the classical trajectory. The diffraction orders are obtained after Fourier transforming the result. This can be done independently of the grating potential resulting in a general formula for the diffraction efficiencies. The general result is applied to the problem of atom diffraction from a magnetic grating. Several approximations are required to reduce the problem to a form amenable to analytic solution. The results are compared with an accurate numerical method. Received 1st February 2001 and Received in final form 8 March 2001     

二相流场中粒子的衍射散射对叠栅偏折图的影响

本文介绍了光的小粒子的衍射散射,在此基础上,对二相气体流场的参数进行了描述,理论导出了二相流场中粒子的衍射散射对叠栅偏折图的影响表达式,给出几个重要结论。     

Effect of Airy disk on schlieren diffraction interferometer

Schlieren is among the oldest and widely used optical techniques for detection of change in refractive index in transparent media. Present work demonstrates the effect of the position of schlieren element in the Airy pattern on the schlieren interferogram. It has been shown that the amplitude of the diffracted wave, starting from schlieren element and serving as an inbuilt reference beam for the schlieren diffraction interferometer, becomes maximum when schlieren element diffracts light from the Airy disk. Effect of F-number of the optical system on schlieren pattern is also demonstrated via observations on the amplitude of diffracted light.     

Structure of boundary diffraction wave revisited

The physically appealing boundary diffraction wave theory which suggests that diffraction patterns arise due to interference of an undisturbed (geometrical) wave and the boundary diffraction wave generated by edge of the diffracting aperture, simplifies the solution of diffraction problems by reducing the Fresnel–Kirchhoff surface integral into a line integral over the illuminated boundary of the diffracting aperture. The present work reports experimental investigations carried out on the structure of the boundary diffraction wave. It has been shown that the boundary diffraction wave is continuous behind the diffracting aperture and apparently there does not exist any discontinuity at the geometrically light to shadow transition boundary, as is required by the theory. PACS 42.25.-p; 42.25.Fx; 42.25.Hz     

数字微镜器件在视频全息中的应用

为研究数字微镜器件在视频全息中的应用,探讨了基于数字微镜器件的全息编码方法。基于数字微镜器件的微观物理结构,讨论二维离散微镜像素结构、开态微镜列的闪耀光栅特性和脉宽调制的微镜偏转工作原理。将数字微镜器件分辨力、微镜尺寸、间隔、旋转角度、参考光入射角以及衍射条件等因素结合到计算全息编码中,提出干涉面抽样方法、相位补偿技术和无偏置二元全息编码方法,使产生的计算全息图适应数字微镜器件独特的空间光调制特性和计算视频全息的要求。实验表明,该方法调整了重构物光波的衍射方向,集中了衍射光在重构像中的分布,增加了成像清晰度和光能有效利用率,提高了全息编码效率。     

声表面波在声栅上的Bragg衍射

本工作揭示了声表面波在声栅上的Bragg型衍射效应。应用简正波理论近似处理了在强Bragg条件下,声表面波在声栅上衍射的一些规律:栅阵内简正模式,偏转角和偏转效率与入射声波工作频率和声栅参数的关系。实验上,我们在y切割LiNbO₃压电晶体表面,用金属栅阵构成声栅,用光学法观察了声表面波(Rayleigh波)在上述声栅上的Bragg型衍射现象,并测量了偏转角和偏转效率随工作频率的关系。实验与理论结果比较表明,二者基本上是符合的。 关键词：     

Experimental study on polarization holographic storage in genetic mutant BR-D96N film

The information storage is developing toward high speed access and massive stor-age capacity. Optical holographic storage has not only high speed parallel data access and high addressing speed without mechanical motion but also high storage density with multiplexed volume holographic storage[1]. In recent years, optical holographic storage is studied intensely in the field of information storage. It has been shown that the polari-zation of light could also be recorded with polarization hologra…     

Numerical Simulation of Bessel-Gauss Light Beams in Crystals with Quadratic Nonlinearity

With the developed method of numerical simulation, the dynamics of formation of the spatial structure of interacting wave fields in the process of generation of the sum-frequency radiation was investigated. Radial intensity profiles and angular spectra of diffracting light beams with varied restriction and focusing parameters at different stages of energy exchange in the KTP crystal have been calculated. It is shown that with weak focusing, a self-channeling wave structure of soliton type with angular divergence of the second-harmonic component at the level close to the diffraction limit is formed in the field of the wide Bessel-Gauss pumping beam. Moreover, in the far-field zone complete spatial separation of the light fluxes corresponding to the fundamental and second harmonics occurs. Comparison of the efficiencies of conversion on pumping by Gauss and Bessel-Gauss light beams is made. __________ Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 72, No. 3, pp. 358–365, May–June, 2005.     

Shadow effects in spiral phase contrast microscopy

Recently it has been demonstrated that spatial filtering of images in microscopy with a spiral phase element in a Fourier plane of the optical path results in a strong edge enhancement of object structures. In principle the operation is isotropic, i.e., all phase edges of a sample object are highlighted simultaneously, independent of their local direction. However, here we demonstrate that the symmetry can be broken intentionally by controlling the phase of the central area of a spiral phase hologram, which is displayed at a computer controlled spatial light modulator. This produces an apparent shadow effect which can be rotated at video rate. The resulting relieflike impression of the sample topography with a longitudinal resolution in the subwavelength regime is demonstrated by imaging a standard low contrast test sample consisting of a human cheek cell.     

A simple method to simulate diffraction and speckle patterns with a PC

A simple, intuitive and pedagogical method is proposed in order to simulate the phenomenon of light diffraction in simple cases. A diffracting plane obstacle is simulated by means of a model with a variable transmittance from one point to another. A numerical matrix is built with transmittance values at those points taken as samples. The matrix is handled with the Matlab program, and the Fraunhofer approximation is used. The method is applied to variable module and constant phase transmittance obstacles in single slit, double slit, square window and round window cases. The method is also applied to an obstacle with a constant reflectance module and random variable phase with Gaussian statistics, which gives rise to speckle phenomenon.     

A simple white beam neutron diffraction technique

White beam neutron diffraction by time-of-flight (TOF) technique has been studied over a number of years as it is believed to be the most convenient method to investigate solids in a fixed geometry. This technique needs a pulsed neutron source and a suitable multichannel, analysing system. The entire system is in general, mechanically quite intricate and expensive. We have investigated an alternative technique to achieve the end result of a constant geometry around the diffracting sample. This involves the use of a single crystal as an analyser to study diffraction pattern from the sample bathed in a white beam and diffracting at any fixed scattering angle. In this paper we report the results of our investigations and have compared this technique with other diffraction techniques. Taking Si, KCl and KNO₃ as typical specimens we have illus. trated the results of our technique and we find that the results are comparable to those obtained by conventional neutron diffraction and TOF diffraction. The technique is simple in mechanical design and data acquisition. It can be easily adapted for high pressure diffraction which is being attempted.     

温度场纹影定量测量技术

为了研究纹影系统的温度场定量测量技术,本文详细阐述了纹影技术的定量测量原理,并通过分析流场纹影图像灰度大小与未被遮挡的光源像面积的关系,提出了一种新颖的流场温度定量测量的计算方法。首先,在光学平台上搭建了透射式纹影系统,将加热平台放置在该系统的测量区域,利用CCD相机将采集到的纹影图像上传到上位机进行图像处理,然后采用该算法计算得到温度场的测量值,并与热电偶的测量值相对比。实验结果表明：在室温20℃时,将加热平台的温度分别设定为50℃和90℃,纹影系统测量得到的温度值相对误差小于10%,证明了该计算方法的可靠性,实现了以纹影技术为基础的温度场定量测量。     

Phase-coded aperture for optical imaging

For the optical spectrum region, we describe a novel phase-coded aperture imaging system that can be used in a computational imaging camera. The optical design includes a phase-only screen followed by a detector array. A specific diffraction pattern forms at the detector array when the wavefront from a point source object passes through the phase screen. Since diffraction effects cannot be ignored in the optical regime, an iterative phase retrieval method is used to calculate the phase coded screen. Correlation type processing can be applied for the image recovery. Computer simulation results are presented to illustrate the excellent imaging performance of this camera.     

衍射法测径中的光场偏振效应

本文给出了金属细丝的电磁场衍射公式。对金属缝和互补屏窄条或细丝的线偏光衍射作了实验和理论研究,定量给出衍射法测量细金属丝直径的偏振效应。理论计算与测量结果基本一致。 关键词：     

Partially coherent diffraction by a defocused slit aperture in the presence of image motion and transverse vibrations

This paper presents an analysis of the far-field diffraction pattern of partially spatially coherent light by an optical system with a defocused slit aperture in the presence of linear image motion and sinusoidal transverse vibrations. For partially coherent light sinc and gaussian forms of correlations in the two points over the diffracting aperture are employed. The results for the irradiance distribution have been presented graphically for typical values of the coherence, defocusing and vibrational parameters.     

Diffraction of Light Beams at Parametric Interaction in Nonlinear Photonic Crystals

We consider the parametric amplification of a light beam in nonlinear photonic crystals (NLPCs) under a high-frequency pump and periodic spatial modulation of the coefficient of nonlinear coupling of the waves. We study the behavior of the intensity of the amplified diffracting beam using the matrix approach. We compare our results with the parametric interaction of beams in homogeneous nonlinear optical crystals. We show that the analysis of diffraction effects at nonlinear optical interaction in NLPCs, taking into account only noncompensated quasi-phase mismatching, is incorrect.     

反射式液晶空间光调制器电控光束偏转

为获得较大的光束电控偏转范围,使用空间分辨力高达8 m的反射式液晶空间光调制器实现了对入射632 nm激光的电控偏转。利用双光束共焦干涉方法测量了液晶空间光调制器的电控相位延迟特性,最大相移量可达3。根据二元光学理论和器件的电控相位延迟特性,设计了周期台阶相位模式和相应的加载灰度图,以最大衍射效率实现对入射光束的闪耀电控偏转。结果表明:相位模式台阶数为8时,可以实现10 mrad的光束偏转,闪耀级次衍射效率可达46%。利用二元光学的衍射模型对影响衍射效率的关键因素进行了分析,认为器件较低的填充因子和周期台阶模式相位重置点诱导的指向矢回程区是限制光束衍射效率的主要因素。     

Design of refractive/diffractive hybrid optical elements for beam shaping with large diffraction pattern

Diffractive optics is an important technique for beam shaping with high light efficiency and strong diffraction pattern flexibility. Since the diffraction angle is limited by the unit size of the diffractive optical element(DOE),the size of the required diffraction pattern is always rather small. In this Letter, refractive/diffractive hybrid optical elements(RDHOEs) consisting of a DOE and a lens are used to realize beam shaping for a large diffraction pattern. The lens, as the component of the RDHOEs, can not only be concave but also convex,and the double sampling Fresnel diffraction algorithm is developed for the design of these two types of RDHOEs.The simulation and experimental results provide solid evidence to demonstrate the proposed method with the pure phase spatial light modulator.