P2‐Na0.67AlxMn1−xO2: Cost‐Effective,Stable and High‐Rate Sodium Electrodes by Suppressing Phase Transitions and Enhancing Sodium Cation Mobility

Sodium layered P2‐stacking Na_0.67MnO₂ materials have shown great promise for sodium‐ion batteries. However, the undesired Jahn–Teller effect of the Mn⁴⁺/Mn³⁺ redox couple and multiple biphasic structural transitions during charge/discharge of the materials lead to anisotropic structure expansion and rapid capacity decay. Herein, by introducing abundant Al into the transition‐metal layers to decrease the number of Mn³⁺, we obtain the low cost pure P2‐type Na_0.67Al_xMn_1?xO₂ (x=0.05, 0.1 and 0.2) materials with high structural stability and promising performance. The Al‐doping effect on the long/short range structural evolutions and electrochemical performances is further investigated by combining in situ synchrotron XRD and solid‐state NMR techniques. Our results reveal that Al‐doping alleviates the phase transformations thus giving rise to better cycling life, and leads to a larger spacing of Na⁺ layer thus producing a remarkable rate capability of 96 mAh g^‐1 at 1200 mA g^‐1.     

P2‐Na0.67AlxMn1−xO2: Cost‐Effective,Stable and High‐Rate Sodium Electrodes by Suppressing Phase Transitions and Enhancing Sodium Cation Mobility

Sodium layered P2‐stacking Na_0.67MnO₂ materials have shown great promise for sodium‐ion batteries. However, the undesired Jahn–Teller effect of the Mn⁴⁺/Mn³⁺ redox couple and multiple biphasic structural transitions during charge/discharge of the materials lead to anisotropic structure expansion and rapid capacity decay. Herein, by introducing abundant Al into the transition‐metal layers to decrease the number of Mn³⁺, we obtain the low cost pure P2‐type Na_0.67Al_xMn_1?xO₂ (x=0.05, 0.1 and 0.2) materials with high structural stability and promising performance. The Al‐doping effect on the long/short range structural evolutions and electrochemical performances is further investigated by combining in situ synchrotron XRD and solid‐state NMR techniques. Our results reveal that Al‐doping alleviates the phase transformations thus giving rise to better cycling life, and leads to a larger spacing of Na⁺ layer thus producing a remarkable rate capability of 96 mAh g^‐1 at 1200 mA g^‐1.     

A Titanium‐Doped SiOx Passivation Layer for Greatly Enhanced Performance of a Hematite‐Based Photoelectrochemical System

This study introduces an in situ fabrication of nanoporous hematite with a Ti‐doped SiO_x passivation layer for a high‐performance water‐splitting system. The nanoporous hematite with a Ti‐doped SiO_x layer (Ti‐(SiO_x/np‐Fe₂O₃)) has a photocurrent density of 2.44 mA cm^?2 at 1.23 V_RHE and 3.70 mA cm^?2 at 1.50 V_RHE. When a cobalt phosphate co‐catalyst was applied to Ti‐(SiO_x/np‐Fe₂O₃), the photocurrent density reached 3.19 mA cm^?2 at 1.23 V_RHE with stability, which shows great potential of the use of the Ti‐doped SiO_x layer with a synergistic effect of decreased charge recombination, the increased number of active sites, and the reduced hole‐diffusion pathway from the hematite to the electrolyte.     

溶胶-凝胶法合成Li1-xNaxMn2O4及其作为水系锂离子电池正极材料的电化学性能

用溶胶凝胶法合成了Na⁺离子掺杂的Li_1-xNa_xMn₂O₄(x=0,0.01,0.03,0.05)。X射线衍射图表明Na⁺取代Li⁺进入Li_1-xNa_x Mn₂O₄晶格中,扫描电镜图看出产物是粒径为100~300 nm的颗粒。恒流充放电测试结果表明,Li_0.97Na_0.03Mn₂O₄在2C倍率下循环100圈后放电容量保持率比未掺杂的LiMn₂O₄从51.2%提升到84.1%。循环伏安测试表明Na⁺离子掺杂降低了材料极化且增大了锂离子扩散系数。10C倍率下Li_0.97Na_0.03Mn₂O₄仍有79.0 mAh·g^-1的放电容量,高于未掺杂样品的52.1 mAh·g^-1。Na⁺离子掺杂可以稳定材料结构并提高锂离子扩散系数,从而提高LiMn₂O₄的电化学性能,是一种可行的改性方法。     

溶胶-凝胶法合成Li_(1-x)Na_xMn_2O_4及其作为水系锂离子电池正极材料的电化学性能

用溶胶凝胶法合成了Na+离子掺杂的Li_(1-x)Na_xMn_2O_4(x=0,0.01,0.03,0.05)。X射线衍射图表明Na+取代Li+进入Li_(1-x)Na_xMn_2O_4晶格中,扫描电镜图看出产物是粒径为100~300 nm的颗粒。恒流充放电测试结果表明,Li_(0.97)Na_(0.03)Mn_2O_4在2C倍率下循环100圈后放电容量保持率比未掺杂的LiMn_2O_4从51.2%提升到84.1%。循环伏安测试表明Na+离子掺杂降低了材料极化且增大了锂离子扩散系数。10C倍率下Li0.97Na0.03Mn2O4仍有79.0 m Ah·g-1的放电容量,高于未掺杂样品的52.1 m Ah·g~(-1)。Na+离子掺杂可以稳定材料结构并提高锂离子扩散系数,从而提高LiMn_2O_4的电化学性能,是一种可行的改性方法。     

The Proportion of Fe‐NX,N Doping Species and Fe3C to Oxygen Catalytic Activity in Core‐Shell Fe‐N/C Electrocatalyst

A bifunctional oxygen electrocatalyst composed of iron carbide (Fe₃C) nanoparticles encapsulated by nitrogen doped carbon sheets is reported. X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X‐ray absorption near edge structure revealed the presence of several kinds of active sites (Fe?N_x sites, N doping sites) and the modulated electron structure of nitrogen doped carbon sheets. Fe₃C@N‐CSs shows excellent oxygen evolution and oxygen reduction catalytic activity owing to the modulated electron structure by encapsulated Fe₃C core via biphasic interfaces electron interaction, which can lower the free energy of intermediate, strengthen the bonding strength and enhance conductivity. Meanwhile, the contribution of the Fe?N_x sites, N doping sites and the effect of Fe₃C core for the electrocatalytic oxygen reaction is originally revealed. The Fe₃C@N‐CSs air electrode‐based zinc‐air battery demonstrates a high open circuit potential of 1.47 V, superior charge‐discharge performance and long lifetime, which outperforms the noble metal‐based zinc‐air battery.     

Effect of Li excess content and Ti dopants on electrochemical properties of LiFePO<Subscript>4</Subscript> prepared by thermal reduction method

Carbon coated Li_{1 + x} FePO₄ (x = 0, 0.01, 0.02, 0.03, 0.04) and doped compositions Li_1.03Fe_0.99Ti_0.01PO₄ have been synthesized by thermal reduction method in this paper. The results showed that increasing the content in Li_{1 + x} FePO₄ result in better electrochemical properties and cyclic performances until x = 0.03, which had similar change law with the particle size of samples; and the initial discharge capacity and cycle life of Li_1.03Fe_0.9Ti_0.01PO₄ was better than other samples under 1 C rate. When the Li_1.03Fe_0.99Ti_0.01PO₄/C sample cycled before 60 times, this sample exhibited a trend of increased capacity, and reached the highest discharging rate capacity of 156 mA h g⁻¹ at 60 cycles. The electrochemical performances of LiFePO₄ compositions synthesized by thermal reduction method, to some extent, can be improved by Li excess content and Ti doping.     

锂离子电池正极材料LiV3-xAlxO8的水热合成与性能

采用水热法制备了Al掺杂的锂二次电池正极材料LiV3-xAlxO8,并用X射线衍射和扫描电镜对材料的晶体结构和形貌进行了表征.以50 mA·g-1进行恒流充放电测试,结果表明Al掺杂能够明显改善材料的电化学性能.在掺杂改性的LiV3-xAlxO8材料中,LiV2.93Al0.07O8的初始容量最高,达到325 mAh·g-1.当掺杂量为x=0.04时,材料的循环性能最佳.LiV2.96Al0.04O8经20次循环后仍保持179 mAh·g-1的比容量,且充放电效率始终维持在98%左右.     

Enhancement of electrochemical properties of niobium‐doped LiFePO4/C synthesized by sol–gel method

LiFePO₄/C and LiFe_1–xNb _xPO₄/C composites were synthesized using a sol–gel method. The influence of niobium doping on the constitution, morphology, and electrochemical properties of the samples was studied in detail. X‐Ray diffraction patterns indicate that appropriate Nb doping does not alter seriously the structure of LiFePO₄. Electrochemical characterization of the electrodes showed that the Li‐ion batteries based on LiFe_1–xNb _xPO₄/C electrode exhibited better charge/discharge performance than those based on LiFePO₄/C. The LiFe_0.95Nb_0.05PO₄/C‐based cell had the specific capacity of 157, 121, and 85 mAh/g at 0.2, 2, and 5 C, respectively, in comparison with 126, 94, and 52 mAh/g for the LiFePO₄/C cell. The results show that the addition of niobium promotes the electrochemical performance of the materials especially at high charge/discharge rates of the battery.     

Biomimetic Synthesis of Metal Ion‐Doped Hierarchical Crystals Using a Gel Matrix: Formation of Cobalt‐Doped LiMn2O4 with Improved Electrochemical Properties through a Cobalt‐Doped MnCO3 Precursor

We have synthesized spinel type cobalt‐doped LiMn₂O₄ (LiMn_2?yCo_yO₄, 0≤y≤0.367), a cathode material for a lithium‐ion battery, with hierarchical sponge structures via the cobalt‐doped MnCO₃ (Mn_1‐xCo_xCO₃, 0≤x≤0.204) formed in an agar gel matrix. Biomimetic crystal growth in the gel matrix facilitates the generation of both an homogeneous solid solution and the hierarchical structures under ambient condition. The controlled composition and the hierarchical structure of the cobalt‐doped MnCO₃ precursor played an important role in the formation of the cobalt‐doped LiMn₂O₄. The charge–discharge reversible stability of the resultant LiMn_1.947Co_0.053O₄ was improved to ca. 12 % loss of the discharge capacity after 100 cycles, while pure LiMn₂O₄ showed 24 % loss of the discharge capacity after 100 cycles. The parallel control of the hierarchical structure and the composition in the precursor material through a biomimetic approach, promises the development of functional materials under mild conditions.     

正极材料Li(Ni0.5Mn0.5)1-xMxO2 (M=Ti，Al；x=0，0.02)电化学行为的比较研究

0IntroductionMany efforts have been made to develop newmaterials as an alternative to LiCoO2due to the rela-tively high cost and toxicity of Co.Much attention hasbeen paid to layered structure cathode materials suchas LiMnO2and LiNiO2due to their lower co…     

Sol-gel Synthesis and Electrochemical Performance of Li4-xMgxTi5-xZrxO12 Anode Material for Lithium-ion Batteries

The anode materials Li_4?xMg_xTi_5?xZr_xO₁₂ (x=0, 0.05, 0.1) were successfully synthesized by sol‐gel method using Ti(OC₄H₉)₄, CH₃COOLi·2H₂O, MgCl₂·6H₂O and Zr(NO₃)₃·6H₂O as raw materials. The crystalline structure, morphology and electrochemical properties of the as‐prepared materials were characterized by XRD, SEM, cyclic voltammograms (CV), electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) and charge‐discharge cycling tests. The results show that the lattice parameters of the Mg‐Zr doped samples are slightly larger than that of the pure Li₄Ti₅O₁₂, and Mg‐Zr doping does not change the basic Li₄Ti₅O₁₂ structure. The rate capability of Li_4?xMg_xTi_5?xZr_xO₁₂ (x=0.05, 0.1) electrodes is significantly improved due to the expansile Li⁺ diffusion channel and reduced charge transfer resistance. In this study, Li_3.95Mg_0.05Ti_4.95Zr_0.05O₁₂ represented a relatively good rate capability and cycling stability, after 400 cycles at 10 C, the discharge capacity retained as 134.74 mAh·g^?1 with capacity retention close to 100%. The excellent rate capability and good cycling performance make Li_3.95Mg_0.05Ti_4.95Zr_0.05O₁₂ a promising anode material in lithium‐ion batteries.     

Correlation between the O 2p Orbital and Redox Reaction in LiMn0.6Fe0.4PO4 Nanowires Studied by Soft X‐ray Absorption

The changes in the electronic structure of LiMn_0.6Fe_0.4PO₄ nanowires during discharge processes were investigated by using ex situ soft X‐ray absorption spectroscopy. The Fe L ‐edge X‐ray absorption spectrum attributes the potential plateau at 3.45 V versus Li/Li⁺ of the discharge curve to a reduction of Fe³⁺ to Fe²⁺. The Mn L ‐edge X‐ray absorption spectra exhibit the Mn²⁺ multiplet structure throughout the discharge process, and the crystal‐field splitting was slightly enhanced upon full discharge. The configuration‐interaction full‐multiplet calculation for the X‐ray absorption spectra reveals that the charge‐transfer effect from O 2p to Mn 3d orbitals should be considerably small, unlike that from the O 2p to Fe 3d orbitals. Instead, the O K‐edge X‐ray absorption spectrum shows a clear spectral change during the discharge process, suggesting that the hybridization of O 2p orbitals with Fe 3d orbitals contributes essentially to the reduction.     

正极材料Li_(0.99)Nb_(0.01)Fe_(1-x)Mg_xPO_4/C的制备及电化学性能的研究

采用两步固相反应合成了锂、铁双位掺杂的锂离子电池正极材料Li0.99Nb0.01Fe1-xMgxPO4/C(x=0,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04)。通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)以及恒电流充放电测试,研究了复合材料的晶体结构、形貌以及电化学性能。实验结果表明,制备的Li0.99Nb0.01Fe1-xMgxPO4/C(x=0,0.01,0.02,0.03,0.04)为纯相,掺杂适量的Nb5+、Mg2+离子可减小材料的晶粒尺寸,当Nb离子掺杂量为1mol%、Mg离子掺杂量为3mol%时,Li0.99Nb0.01Fe0.97Mg0.03PO4/C的电化学性能最佳。室温下,0.2C、1C、2C、4C(1C=170mA·g-1)倍率充放电其首次放电比容量分别为153.7、149.7、144.6、126.4mAh·g-1,即使在8C倍率下放电其放电比容量也有92.2mAh·g-1,并表现出良好的循环性能。     

Enhanced carbon dioxide adsorption performance and kinetic study of K and Al co-doped Li4SiO4

Effective K and Al incorporation in Li₄SiO₄ leads to the broadened adsorption temperature range and enhanced carbon dioxide adsorption performance.     

La、Ce、Yb掺杂对LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4高电压正极材料性能的影响

采用低温燃烧法制备出不同稀土元素掺杂的高电压镍锰酸锂(LiNi_(0.5)Mn_(1.5)O_4)正极材料,探究了不同掺杂比例(物质的量分数0.5%、1%、2%)和不同掺杂稀土元素(La、Ce、Yb)对样品性能的影响,并通过X射线衍射、拉曼光谱、电子顺磁共振和恒电流间歇滴定等技术探究了其影响机理。从X射线衍射图可以看出,稀土掺杂可以抑制Li_xNi_(1-x)O杂质相的产生;电感耦合等离子谱结果表明,掺杂进入的稀土元素与设计比例基本相符;从拉曼光谱图可以看出,稀土元素可以使样品的有序相增多,其中Ce掺杂样品的有序相最多;结合电子顺磁共振波谱氧空位测试,发现Ce掺杂诱导了样品中有序相比例增加,从而使样品的稳定性提高;经恒电流间歇滴定技术测试发现,Ce掺杂镍锰酸锂样品的扩散系数比未掺杂样品高了约15倍;在不同掺杂比例上,1%掺杂量时样品性能最佳。在3种最佳掺杂量的稀土元素样品中,Ce掺杂的样品性能最优,首次放电比容量可以达到133.3mAh·g~(-1),比未掺杂样品放电比容量高且首次效率提高了 18%,在1C下循环200次后,容量保持率为102%,比未掺杂样品提高了 8%。     

An Ultra‐Long‐Life Lithium‐Rich Li1.2Mn0.6Ni0.2O2 Cathode by Three‐in‐One Surface Modification for Lithium‐Ion Batteries

Voltage decay and capacity fading are the main challenges for the commercialization of Li‐rich Mn‐based layered oxides (LLOs). Now, a three‐in‐one surface treatment is designed via the pyrolysis of urea to improve the voltage and capacity stability of Li_1.2Mn_0.6Ni_0.2O₂ (LMNO), by which oxygen vacancies, spinel phase integration, and N‐doped carbon nanolayers are synchronously built on the surface of LMNO microspheres. Oxygen vacancies and spinel phase integration suppress irreversible O₂ release and help lithium ion diffusion, while N‐doped carbon nanolayer mitigates the corrosion of electrolyte with excellent conductivity. The electrochemical performance of LMNO after the treatment improves significantly; the capacity retention rate after 500 cycles at 1 C is still as high as 89.9 % with a very small voltage fading rate of 1.09 mV cycle^?1. This three‐in‐one surface treatment strategy can suppress the voltage decay and capacity fading of LLOs.     

Effects of Mg,Al Co-doping into Mn site on electrochemical performance of LiNi<Subscript>0.5</Subscript>Co<Subscript>0.2</Subscript>Mn<Subscript>0.3</Subscript>O<Subscript>2</Subscript>

In order to study the influence of multiple ions doping into single-site on the structure and electrochemical properties of Ni-rich layered-structure cathode material LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3O₂, the coprecipitation of hydroxides was applied to synthesize Mg, Al co-doped cathode material LiNi_0.5Co_0.2Mn_0.3–x Mg_1/2x Al_1/2x O₂ (x = 0.00, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04) in this paper. Morphology and structure, kinetic parameter, impedance and electrochemical performance of the material were respectively characterized by SEM, XRD, CV, EIS and galvanostatic charge/discharge test. The results of comprehensive analysis showed that the properties of material were improved obviously when the amount of doping was 0.02. At this amount of doping, the corresponding material has smaller cation mixing, higher hexagonal ordering of layered-structure, larger Li⁺ ion diffusion coefficients which are 2.444 × 10^–10 and 4.186 × 10^–10 cm² s^–1 for Li+ intercalation and deintercalation respectively, smaller impedance which is 33.93 Ω, higher specific capacity of first-discharge which is 168.01 mA h g^–1 and higher capacity retention rate which is up to 95.06% after 20 cycles at 0.5 C (100 mA g^–1).     

球磨辅助高温固相法制备Li1.0Na0.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2正极材料及其性能

以乙酸盐(乙酸锂、乙酸钠、乙酸钴、乙酸镍、乙酸锰等)为原材料,采用球磨辅助高温固相法制备Li_1.0Na_0.2Ni_0.13Co_0.13Mn_0.54O₂正极材料。借助XRD、SEM等表征材料的结构和形貌,利用循环伏安、恒流充放电、交流阻抗等方法研究材料的电化学性能。结果表明,钠的掺杂导致颗粒表面光滑度降低,形成Na_0.77MnO_2.05新相。0.05C活化过程中,掺钠样品和未掺钠样品首次放电比容量分别为258.4 mAh·g^-1和215.8 mAh·g^-1,库伦效率分别为75.2%和72.8%;2C放电比容量分别为116.3 mAh·g^-1和106.2 mAh·g^-1。研究发现,掺钠可减小首次充放电过程的不可逆容量,提高容量保持率;改善倍率性能与容量恢复特性;降低SEI膜阻抗和电荷转移阻抗;掺钠后样品首次循环就可以基本完成Li₂MnO₃组分向稳定结构的转化,而未掺杂的样品需要两次循环才能逐步完成该过程;XPS结果表明,掺钠样品中Ni²⁺、Co³⁺、Mn⁴⁺所占比例明显提高,改善了样品的稳定性和电化学性能;循环200次后的XRD结果表明掺钠与未掺钠材料在脱嵌锂反应中的相变化过程基本一致,良好有序的层状结构遭到破坏是循环过程中容量衰减的主要原因。     

Enhanced Electrochemical Performance of Ti‐Doping Li1.15Ni0.47Sb0.38O2 as Lithium‐excess Cathode for Lithium‐ion Batteries

Recent success and application of the percolation theory have highlighted cation‐disordered Li‐rich oxides as high energy density cathode materials. Generally, this kind of cathode materials suffer from low cycling stability and rate performance. Doped Ti⁴⁺ ions can improve the long‐term cycling stability and rate performance of the Li‐rich oxides materials with obvious capacity fading. The electrochemical performance in Li_x Ni_{2−4x /3}Sb_{x /3}O₂ can benefit a lot from the nanohighway, which is a kind of nanoscale 0‐TM diffusion channels in the transition metal layer and provides low diffusion barrier pathways for the lithium diffusion. In this work, the doping effect of Ti on the structure and electrochemical properties in Li_1.15Ni_{0 .47}Sb_{0 .38}O₂ is studied. The Ti‐stabilized Li_1.15−x Ni_0.47Ti_x Sb_{0 .38}O₂ (x =0, 0.01, 0.03 and 0.05) have been prepared by a solid‐state method and the Li_1.03Ni_{0 .47}Sb_{0 .38}Ti_{0 .03}O₂ sample exhibits outstanding electrochemical performance with a larger reversible discharge capacity, better rate capability and cyclability. Synchrotron‐based XANES , combined with ab initio calculations in the multiple‐scattering framework, reveals the Ti ions have been doped into the Li‐site in the lithium layer and formed a distortion TiO₆ octahedron. This TiO₆ local configuration in the lithium can keep the stability of nanohighway in the electrochemical process. In particular, the Li_1.03Ni_{0 .47}Sb_{0 .38}Ti_{0 .03}O₂ compound can deliver a discharge capacities 132 and 76 mAh /g at 0.2 and 5 C, respectivly. About 86% capacity retention occurs at 1 C rate after 500 cycles. This work suggests capacity fading in the oxide cathode materials can be suppressed to construct and stabilize the nanohighway.