CO2 background concentration in the atmosphere over the Chinese mainland

Based on the long-term monitoring data on CO₂ concentration, variation trend and characteristics of CO₂ background concentration in the atmosphere over the Chinese mainland are analyzed. Results show that the increasing trend of CO₂ background concentration in the atmosphere over the Chinese mainland has appeared during the period of 1991–2000. The average annual CO₂ growth increment is 1.59 μL/L, and the average annual CO₂ growth rate is 0.44%. Distinct seasonal variations of CO₂ background concentration are observed, and the averaged amplitude of CO₂ seasonal variations is 10.35 μL/L. Regional variation characteristics of CO₂ background concentration in the atmosphere and possible impact of human activities on these variations over the Chinese mainland are discussed as well.     

Changes of photosynthetic capacity of some plant species under very high CO2 concentrations in Biosphere 2

Conclusions The initial slope of A/ light curve became steep under high CO₂ (700 μmol · mol^-1) compared with that under low CO₂ (350 μmol · mol^-1) for the C₃ species growing in very high CO₂(>2 200 μmol · mol^-1) for a long period. The light compensation points remained unchanged, but the light saturation points were found increased. The ϕ_m,_app and A_max of the C₃ species increased respectively by 79 % and 80 %, while those of C₄ species decreased by 10% and 14%, respectively. The shape of A/light curve of C₄ species did not change. Such results indicated that C₃ species increased the capacity of photosynthesis, while C₄ did not change, otherwise it decreased a little. This work only compared the changes of capacity in photosynthesis of some species under different CO₂ levels in Biosphere 2. We need further investigation on the effects of high CO₂ on the same species outside Biosphere 2, in order to fully undertand the effects and mechanism of response of plants to the elevated CO₂.     

Responses of plant rhizosphere to atmospheric CO2 enrichment

Plant root growth is generally stimulated under elevated CO₂. This will bring more carbon to the below-ground through root death and exudate. This potential increase in below-ground carbon sink may lead to changes in long-term soil sequestration and relationship between host plants and symbions. On the other hand, changes in litter components due to the changes in plant chemical composition may also affect soil processes, such as litter decomposition, soil organic matter sequestration and hetero-nutritional bacteria activities. These issues are discussed.     

Influences of double aerial CO2 concentration on plant root surface area and viability and infection intensity of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

Using recently developed methods for root research, an investigation initiated concerning effects of doubled atmospheric CO2 concentration on root surface area and infection of vesicular-arbuscu-lar mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi in seedlings of maize, wheat and soybean. Results showed that doubled CO2 concentration significantly extended root system surface area and promoted VAM fungal infection intensity and viability. However, interspecific variation existed in these responses. It is suggested that plant community succession would be changed due to altered characteristics of roots among species in the future climate.     

Responses of rice growth to copper stress under free-air CO2 enrichment （FACE）

The responses of rice to the second degree contamination of copper were studied by pot experiments under free-air CO2 enrichment （FACE） with 570 μmol ·mol^-1 of CO2. The results showed that the content of copper in rice leaves was reduced with the CO2 concentration reaching 570 μmol· mol^-1 and this happened more significantly under the second degree contamination of copper. Under FACE, activities of superoxide dismutase （SOD） enzyme in rice leaves treated by copper contamination were induced, whereas the contents of glutathione （GSH） and glutathione disulfide （GSSG） had no significant difference from the control. In the presence of ambient CO2, activities of SOD enzyme treated by copper pollution were suppressed during the whole rice growth, however, the contents of GSH and GSSG were induced at tillering and jointing stages, and then restored to the control levels in later growth under the second degree contamination of copper. With the rice growing, the content of malondialdehyde （MDA） rises continuously, but there had been no significant difference between the treatments at the same growth stage. Further studies are needed on the response mechanism of rice to Cu stress under elevated CO2.     

施肥对马尾松幼苗及根系生长的影响

采用盆栽试验研究了不同施肥处理下马尾松苗木苗高、地径、根系的动态变化。研究表明：施肥对马尾松地上及根系生长有一定促进作用。其中,苗高、地径在单施磷肥时生长最好,到12个月时,分别为16.23、0.29 cm,高于对照67.5 %及155.1 %;根长最长为54.58 cm/株,高于对照69.2 %;主根长相对较短（20.67 cm/株）,仅高于对照29.1 %;根表面积较大,为11.86 cm2/株,明显高于对照104.8 %;根尖数较多（239个/株）,高于对照16.1 %,侧须根发达。其次是氮、磷、钾肥混施效果较好,而单施氮肥则效果不佳。因此,在马尾松苗木培育过程中,适当施用磷肥可促进大苗、壮苗培育。     

印度梨形孢对黑松幼苗生长量及其根系形态的动态影响

为研究印度梨形孢(Piriformospora indica)对黑松(Pinus thunbergii)幼苗生长及其根系形态的动态影响,在营养杯培育条件下研究了印度梨形孢对黑松地上部分与根系生长、根系构型及根系分形维数的影响。结果表明,印度梨形孢对黑松地下根系生长的促进作用发挥时间早于地上部分、效应显著高于地上部分,接种印度梨形孢15~30 d时对地上部分基本无影响,但对根系促进作用明显,而地上部分在60 d时生长效应显著。接种印度梨形孢可增加黑松地上部分、根系的生物量,也显著地改善了根系长度、分支数、表面积、体积等构型参数与根系分形维数,促进黑松生长。     

孔洞型碳酸盐岩T2谱分维值与微观结构参数关系探究

碳酸盐岩储层非均质性强,发育溶蚀孔洞等孔隙结构,其固相颗粒级配良好,直径跨度范围约为三个量级,且为连续分布,具有统计自相似性和标度不变性,为严格意义上的固相分形多孔介质。核磁共振T2谱曲线能辨识碳酸盐岩储层基质孔隙、裂缝和溶蚀孔洞,是研究孔隙特征的有效方法之一,通常具有多峰特征。选取孔洞型碳酸盐岩岩心开展饱和地层水核磁共振测试,探究其T_2谱曲线分形特征;编制基于matlab的计盒法自动化处理程序计算T2谱曲线豪斯道夫维数D_H。结果表明T_2谱曲线具有显著的分形特征,可用分形理论对其特征开展研究。编制基于matlab的嵌入相空间法自动化程度较高的处理程序,实现最适定相空间维数的自动判别和双对数坐标系中线性段的自动提取,有效减少误差和噪声干扰,准确获取T_2谱曲线关联维数D_r。结果表明T_2谱曲线波峰个数越多,波峰与波谷距离越大,其D_r越大;即孔隙类型越多,分布范围越宽,使表征孔隙特征的数据密切程度越高;T_2谱曲线波峰个数越多,数据密切程度越高,最佳相空间维数m越小,即密切程度较高的数据含有更丰富的信息。较小的相空间即可体现系统特征。最终建立了关联维D_r与孔、渗之间的非线性定量关系式。实例验证结果表明该定量关系可有效预测孔隙度、渗透率,对于室内实验和矿场生产有较高的应用价值。     

Effect of elevated CO2 on CH4 emission

Global CH₄ emission may increase under CO₂ enrichment condition, which is projected for the future. CO₂ enrichment could affect CH₄ emission in two ways: (i) Photosynthesis of plants that also include plants in rice paddies and natural wetlands will be stimulated under CO₂ enrichment condition. CH₄ emission rate may be increased due to the accumulation of more plant biomass, root exudes and soil organic matters. (ii) Combined with other global warming forces, CO₂ enrichment may bring a change of atmospheric temperature and precipitation around the world. CH₄ emission will also be changed with the variation of the area and distribution of rice paddies and natural wetlands.     

碳封存工程泄漏超高CO2浓度对植被影响的多光谱遥感监测应用

利用天然CO_2气田模拟碳封存工程泄漏超高浓度CO_2后对生态环境影响研究基地,借助多光谱高分辨率遥感技术,在获取多个时相的卫星影像基础上,监测当地植被指数及变化趋势。结果表明:多光谱遥感技术能很好的应用于因高浓度CO_2泄漏造成的植被影响监测,既适用于微小尺度的精细监测,同时也对宏观范围内植被监测起到很好的效果,为完善我国二氧化碳地质封存工程环境影响监测技术方法体系提供科学支撑。     

Relationship between stomatal density and the changes of atmospheric CO2 concentrations

The relationship between the stomatal density of five woody plants endemic to China, i. e.Eucommia ulmoides, Quercus liaotungensis, Q. glandulifera var.brevipetiolata, Cyclocarya paliurus andFicus heteromorpha, and the atmospheric CO₂ concentrations was studied by observations on leaves of the herbarium-stored specimms(1920s–1990s). The results showed that the stomatal density inEucommia ulmoides, Quercus liaotungensis andQ. glandulifera var.brevipetiolata decreased significantly in response to the elevated atmospheric CO₂ concentrations, while inCyclocarya paliurus it decreased slightly and inFicus heteromorpha there were no responses.     

亚高山红桦根及根际土壤生化特性对升高温度和CO2的响应

通过川西亚高山野外大型控制实验,研究了红桦不同密度下的根系生物量、根际土壤微生物数量和根际土壤酶活性对短期升高温度（ET,相对室外平均升温2.4±0.4 ℃）、升高大气CO2浓度（EC,平均增加15.5±1.0 μmol·L^-1）及交互作用（ETC,生长室相对室外平均升温2.2±0.5　℃并CO₂浓度平均增加15.8±1.2　μmol·L^-1）的响应.初步结果表明：升高大气温度或CO₂浓度均能够显著促进红桦低密度和高密度下单株根系生物量;升高温度和CO₂浓度及二者共同升高对微生物类群和数量影响不同,升高温度细菌、真菌数量以及低密度下放线菌数量显著增加,而高密度下放线菌数量显著下降;升高CO₂浓度下高密度时细菌和真菌数量增加而低密度下均显著下降;升高温度（ET）显著抑制高、低密度下红桦根际土壤多酚氧化酶活性,升高CO₂（EC）根际土壤过氧化氢酶活性在2种密度条件下均不同程度升高,土壤脲酶和多酚氧化酶活性则降低;ETC条件下,根际土壤多酚氧化酶和过氧化氢酶在2种密度下均表现出不同程度的降低,但脲酶活性在高、低密度条件下对ETC表现出不同的响应结果.     

Leaf cuticular characters of Ginkgo and implications for paleoatmospheric CO2 in the Jurassic

A combination of carbon isotope composition and stomatal characters of fossil leaves provides information about paleoatmospheric CO₂ levels and the physiology of fossil plants. Plant anatomy, physiology, and geochemistry have been employed to reconstruct the paleoatmospheric CO2 concentrations throughout Jurassic time and to investigate the physiological response of fossil Ginkgo to an atmosphere of much higher CO₂ than usual. Our results show that fossil Ginkgo in China lived in an atmosphere with a CO₂ concentration 3—5 times higher than that of today. It used a carbon isotopic discrimination similar to that of the living plant, but had much higher water use efficiency (3—5 times that of the extant). The physiological traits of Ginkgo in different atmospheres suggest that CO₂ might have played a contributory role in the rise and fall of maidenhair trees.     

Leaf cuticular characters of Ginkgo and implications for paleoatmospheric CO2 in the Jurassic

A combination of carbon isotope composition and stomatal characters of fossil leaves provides information about paleoatmospheric CO₂ levels and the physiology of fossil plants. Plant anatomy, physiology, and geochemistry have been employed to reconstruct the paleoatmospheric CO2 concentrations throughout Jurassic time and to investigate the physiological response of fossil Ginkgo to an atmosphere of much higher CO₂ than usual. Our results show that fossil Ginkgo in China lived in an atmosphere with a CO₂ concentration 3—5 times higher than that of today. It used a carbon isotopic discrimination similar to that of the living plant, but had much higher water use efficiency (3—5 times that of the extant). The physiological traits of Ginkgo in different atmospheres suggest that CO₂ might have played a contributory role in the rise and fall of maidenhair trees.     

Au/CexZr1-xO2催化剂在高浓度CO室温催化氧化中的活性

 以柠檬酸溶胶凝胶法制备的铈锆氧化物为载体,采用沉积-沉淀法制备了Au/Ce_xZr_1-xO₂催化剂.探讨了载体组成、焙烧温度、金担载量对该催化剂催化氧化一氧化碳性能的影响,并对催化剂进行XRD表征,优化了制备条件.结果表明:当载体为Ce_0.75Zr_0.25O₂,焙烧温度为550℃,金担载量为4.7%的催化剂在室温下催化氧化CO的效果最好.该催化剂的优点是具有较强的耐水性;在用量少,一氧化碳浓度高的条件下仍能氧化CO₃0%~40%左右.     

CO2浓度倍增对元宝枫和刺槐光合特性的影响

在CO2浓度倍增条件下,研究了元宝枫和刺槐叶片光合特性的变化。结果表明:对元宝枫和刺槐培养60 d和90 d,其平均光合速率分别为对照的117.81%和106.11%。8月和9月两树种在CO2倍增条件下叶绿素初始荧光(Fo)较对照升高,最大荧光(Fm)和可变荧光(Fv)较对照降低,但10月和11月这些指标呈相反的变化趋势,光系统II(PSII)的最大光化学效率(Fv/Fm)和潜在光化学活性(Fv/Fo)的相应值分别增大0.008、0.012倍和0.230、0.201倍,具有较高的PSII原初光能转化效率。CO2浓度倍增条件下,元宝枫和刺槐的蒸腾速率分别较对照降低了26.82%和42.30%,蒸腾速率的日变化为单峰型,而对照条件下呈现双峰型。     

K2CO3活化合成的甘蔗渣衍生多孔碳用于CO2吸附

环境中化石燃料的大量使用导致CO₂浓度不断增加,这是全球变暖的主要原因。为了解决这一问题,开发一种高效廉价的吸附材料至关重要。以甘蔗渣为碳源,尿素为N源,通过碳化和K₂CO₃活化制备出N掺杂多孔碳。多孔碳的物理化学性质用N₂解吸等温线、傅里叶红外光谱、元素分析、扫描电子显微镜观察和X射线衍射等方法进行表征。结果表明：该材料具有高度发达的孔隙、较高的N含量和较高的石墨化程度。当尿素与甘蔗渣混合比是2、碳化温度是800℃、K₂CO₃浸渍比是3时,多孔碳的比表面积高达2 486.67 m²·g^-1,同时CO₂吸附量高达250.73 mg·g^-1。由此可见以廉价的甘蔗渣制备N掺杂的多孔碳用于吸附CO₂具有广阔的应用前景。     

油藏埋存CO_2泄漏机制及故障树分析

利用故障树分析法,结合油田CO_2驱和埋存示范区泄漏及环境监测结果,对油藏埋存CO_2发生泄漏的途径和泄漏机制进行分析,并对CO_2驱和埋存示范区进行环境监测。结果表明:对圈闭性很好的油藏,井的密封性失效(包括套管和井口设施损坏)、固井不完善及水泥环腐蚀是造成CO_2泄漏的主要原因;整体上,埋存于地下的CO_2没有发生大规模的泄漏,但在近井土壤中CO_2含量有增加的趋势,越靠近井口土壤中CO_2含量越大,表明CO_2通过井内套管柱或不完整水泥环发生了微量泄漏。故障树分析结果对CO_2埋存区的泄漏监测和预防具有指导意义。