壁面加热湍流相干结构的子波分析实验研究

通过在平板湍流边界层沿流向固壁表面平行放置若干条通电加热的金属细丝,在平板表面形成沿展向周期性分布的温度场,利用该温度场引起的空气热对流,在湍流边界层近壁区域产生一组沿湍流边界层展向周期分布的大尺度流向涡结构,改变了平板湍流边界层中不同尺度结构及其能量分布。采用对壁湍流多尺度结构的子波分析表明,在湍流边界层近壁区域产生规则的流向涡结构将壁湍流各种尺度湍涡结构不规则的脉动有序地组织起来,抑制了壁湍流各种尺度湍涡结构脉动,特别抑制了能量最大尺度湍涡结构的脉动,减小由于湍流脉动引起的在湍流边界层法向和展向的动量和能量损耗,从而减小了湍流的阻力。     

用子波分析能量最大准则修正检测壁湍流猝发的mu-level法

将壁湍流脉动速度信号子波分析技术引入壁湍流相干结构猝发检测的研究,基于子波分析能量最大准则确定相干结构猝发的时间尺度,对能量最大时间尺度的子波系数进行子波逆变换,获得能量最大时间尺度的脉动速度信号。根据其自相关函数的波长确定相干结构的平均猝发周期;根据能量最大时间尺度的子波系数的正极大值和负极小值检测壁湍流喷射和扫掠事件,获得壁湍流相干结构喷射和扫掠事件的相位平均波形。该方法可以不需要确定门限值,有效排除了小尺度脉动的干扰。     

湍流边界层相干结构剩余脉动雷诺应力项的实验测量

用IFA300恒温热线风速仪和X形二分量热线探针以采样间隔小于湍流耗散时间尺度的分辨率精细测量了风洞中平板湍流边界层不同法向位置的瞬时流向、法向速度分量的时间序列信号。用条件采样和相位平均技术提取了相干结构猝发过程中相干结构剩余脉动雷诺应力和随机脉动对相干结构贡献的雷诺应力的条件相位平均波形。基于理论上对湍流相干结构动量方程中随机脉动对相干结构贡献的雷诺应力和相干结构剩余脉动雷诺应力项的分析,对两种雷诺应力项进行了对比研究。研究发现,相干结构剩余脉动雷诺应力项在数值上具有和随机脉动对相干结构贡献的雷诺应力相同的数量级,表明在相干结构动力学模型方程中,相干结构剩余脉动雷诺应力项并不像以前估计的那样可以忽略不计。     

湍流信号的三项分解

利用数字滤波方法和子波（ｗａｖｅｌｅｔ）分析方法对用热线测得的湍流信号进行了三项分解．将湍流信号分解为近似各向同性的小尺度涡和各向异性的大尺度涡之后，再将大尺度涡分解为相干结构部分以及非相干结构部分．与目前检测相干结构常用的条件采样方法相比较后发现，本文的分解方法是可靠的．利用此方法不仅能确定相干结构的时间尺度，而且可以得到非条件平均的相干结构波形．     

用人工产生的拟湍流信号检验相干结构的检测方法

本文利用计算机产生拟湍流脉动信号，将数据进行频谱分析和能谱分析，发现湍流中相干结构不仅包合低频成分还包含一定数量高频成分，因而简单地认为湍流中低频部分是相干结构而高频部分是小尺度脉动，来确定相干结构能量在湍流中所占成分是不科学的；本文还将得到的数据用几种条件采样方法检测相干结构数量和位置，以此判断检测方法的优劣，发现就这类信号而言ＭＵ—ＬＥＶＥＬ法要比ＶＩＴＡ法准确性要高一些。     

FV/MC混合算法求解轴对称钝体后湍流流场

介绍一种有限容积／Monte Carlo结合求解湍流流场的相容的混合算法．有限容积法求解Reynolds平均的动量方程和能量方程，Monte Carlo方法求解模化的脉动速度—频率—标量联合的PDF方程．将该算法发展到无结构网格，探讨了在无结构网格中实现两种方法的耦合，包括颗粒定位，颗粒场和平均场之间数据交换等问题．并以二维轴对称钝体后湍流流场作为算例，比较了计算结果与实验结果．     

湍流边界层大尺度相干结构空间相位平均拓扑

湍流边界层大尺度相干结构(large-scale coherent structure,LSCS)是目前湍流边界层研究的热点之一.湍流边界层中存在大尺度相干结构均是通过各种谱的低波数峰值证实的,而对大尺度相干结构各种物理量的空间拓扑形态及其发展演化规律还缺乏研究.应用高时间分辨粒子图像测速多相机阵列系统,测量湍流边界层...     

湍流边界层外区相干结构的三维波模型

根据流动稳定性理论,提出了一种三维波模型来描述湍流边界层外区大尺度相干结构。计算所得流线图和等涡量线图较罗纪生,周恒（1993）的二维波模型更符合实验结果。说明该三维模型能够较好地反映湍流边界层外区大尺度相干结构的物理特征。     

壁湍流相干结构和减阻控制机理

剪切湍流中相干结构的发现是上世纪湍流研究的重大进展之一,这些大尺度的相干运动在湍流的动力学过程中起重要作用,也为湍流的控制指出了新的方向.壁湍流高摩擦阻力的产生与近壁区流动结构密切相关,基于近壁区湍流动力学过程的减阻控制方案可以有效降低湍流的摩擦阻力,但是随着雷诺数的升高, 这些控制方案的有效性逐渐降低.近年来研究发现, 在高雷诺数情况下外区存在大尺度的相干运动,这种大尺度运动对近壁区湍流和壁面摩擦阻力的产生有重要影响,为高雷诺数湍流减阻控制策略的设计提出了新的挑战.该文将对壁湍流相干结构的研究历史加以简单的回顾,重点介绍近壁区相干结构及其控制机理、近年来高雷诺数外区大尺度运动的研究进展,在此基础上提出高雷诺数减阻控制研究的关键科学问题.      

基于单个压电振子的湍流边界层主动控制

利用安装在壁面上的单个压电振子周期振荡,采用开环主动控制方案,实现了对平板湍流边界层相干结构猝发的主动控制和壁湍流减阻.根据不同的输入电压幅值和频率,完成了10种工况的实验.在压电振子下游2mm处,用热线风速仪和迷你热线单丝探针,精细测量湍流边界层不同法向位置瞬时流向速度信号的时间序列,分析了在Re_?=2183压电振子振动对湍流边界层平均速度剖面、减阻率和相干结构猝发过程的影响.实验结果表明,施加控制的工况使平均速度剖面对数律层上移,产生减阻效果;压电振子振幅越大,减阻率越高,减阻效果越明显;通过对施加控制前后流向瞬时速度的多尺度湍涡结构脉动动能的尺度分析,当压电振子振动频率与壁湍流能量最大尺度的猝发频率相近时,减阻率达到最大,为25%,说明控制壁湍流能量最大尺度相干结构的猝发是实现壁湍流减阻的关键;通过对比相干结构猝发的流向速度分量条件相位平均波形,发现施加控制的工况中相干结构猝发流向速度分量的波形幅值明显降低,且流向速度在扫掠后期高速阶段迅速衰减,缩短了高速流体的下扫过程,说明压电振子的振动能抑制相干结构的高速流体下扫过程,减弱高速流体与壁面的强烈剪切过程,并使近壁区域相干结构的振幅显著减弱,迁移速度加快,从而减小壁面摩擦阻力.      

An analysis of energy transport processes in the presence of coherent structures

The paper deals with the influence exterted by the presence of coherent structures upon the energy transfer processes in turbulent flow. The round free jet has been stimulated by the acoustic field with the frequency corresponding to the shedding of column-mode vortices (the so called helical structures). The results of hot-wire measurements enabled to calculate the particular terms of coherent energy transport equations that in turn made it possible to trace the energy transfer processes realized in the presence of helical-mode structures. The results obtained suggest that the organized motion modifies substantially the energy transfer processes in the flow considered.     

入口速度比对射流拟序结构的影响

为了深入了解湍流流动机理以及湍流拟序结构发现过程的影响因素，本文采用大涡模拟方法对不同入口射流伴流速度比的平面湍射流流动进行了数值模拟。采用分步投影法求解动量方程，亚格子项采用标准Smagorinsky亚格子模式模拟，压力泊松方程采用修正的循环消去法快速求解，空间方程采用二阶精度的差分格式，在时间方向上采用二阶精度的显式差分格式。模拟结果给出了平面射流中湍流拟序结构的瞬态发展演变过程，分析了入口速度比对射流拟序结构发展演化过程及宏观流场形态的影响。为进一步研究射流拟序结构及其在湍流流动中的作用提供了基础。     

Coherent Vortex Simulation (CVS), A Semi-Deterministic Turbulence Model Using Wavelets

In the spirit of Ha Minh's semi-deterministic model, we propose a new method for computing fully-developed turbulent flows, called Coherent Vortex Simulation (CVS). It is based on the observation that turbulent flows contain both an organized part, the coherent vortices, and a random part, the incoherent background flow. The separation into coherent and incoherent contributions is done using the wavelet coefficients of the vorticity field and the Biot–Savart kernel to reconstruct the coherent and incoherent velocity fields. The evolution of the coherent part is computed using a wavelet basis, adapted at each time step to resolve the regions of strong gradients, while the incoherent part is discarded during the flow evolution, which models turbulent dissipation. The CVS method is similar to LES, but it uses nonlinear multiscale band-pass filters, which depend on the instantaneous flow realization, while LES uses linear low-pass filters, which do not adapt to the flow evolution. As example, we apply the CVS method to compute a time developing two-dimensional mixing layer and a wavelet forced two-dimensional homogeneous isotropic flow. We also demonstrate how walls or obstacles can be taken into account using penalization and compute a two-dimensional flow past an array of cylinders. Finally, we perform the same segmentation into coherent and incoherent components in a three-dimensional homogeneous isotropic turbulent flow. We show that the coherent components correspond to vortex tubes, which exhibit non-Gaussian statistics and long-range correlation, with the same k ^−5/3power-law energy spectrum as the total flow. In contrast, the incoherent components correspond to an homogeneous random background flow which does not contain organized structures and presents an energy equipartition together with a Gaussian PDF of velocity. This justifies their elimination during the CVS computation to model turbulent dissipation. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

吹吸扰动对壁湍流相干结构的影响

采用热线风速仪测量受吹吸扰动的壁湍流边界层的流向速度，用傅里叶变换和子波变换研究 吹吸扰动对壁湍流能谱的影响，结果显示施加的低频扰动使边界层内层大尺度结构的能量减 少，小尺度结构的能量有所增强，远离壁面时扰动强度逐步衰减直到在外层中消失；通过VITA 法和子波变换法检测猝发事件，表明该扰动降低了猝发强度，使猝发周期延长，条件平均速 度波形的幅值降低、持续时间变短，说明扰动明显抑制了相干结构的猝发过程. 利用子波变 换可以实现湍谱分析，能有效检测猝发中的湍流结构，是一种客观的分析工具.     

Numerical investigation of the turbulent energy budget in the wake of freely oscillating elastically mounted cylinder at low reduced velocities

We present a numerical study of the turbulent kinetic energy budget in the wake of cylinders undergoing Vortex-Induced Vibration (VIV). We show three-dimensional Large Eddy Simulations (LES) of an elastically mounted circular cylinder in the synchronization regime at Reynolds number of Re=8000. The Immersed Boundary Method (IBM) is used to account for the presence of the cylinder. The flow field in the wake is decomposed using the triple decomposition splitting the flow variables in mean, coherent and stochastic components. The energy transfer between these scales of motions are then studied and the results of the free oscillation are compared to those of a forced oscillation. The turbulent kinetic energy budget shows that the maximum amplitude of VIV is defined by the ability of the mean flow to feed energy to the coherent structures in the wake. At amplitudes above this maximum amplitude, the energy of the coherent structures needs to be fed additionally by small scale, stochastic energy in form of backscatter to sustain its motion. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the maximum amplitude of the VIV is defined by the integral length scale of the turbulence in the wake.     

Rapid distortion of turbulent structures

A simple two scale rapid distortion model of turbulence is used to investigate the generation of coherent structures and to explain some dynamical effects (vorticity alignment with the intermediate eigenvector of the rate of strain, and vorticity production) which have been observed in recent Direct Numerical Simulations (Vincent & Meneguzzi 1991, Ashurstet al. 1987).A three dimensional homogeneous, isotropic, turbulent velocity field with the Von Karman energy spectrum is generated from random Fourier modes (Kinematic Simulation), and dynamics are added by subjecting this flow to a variety of plane large scale distortions calculated using Rapid Distortion Theory (RDT). Five non-overlapping zones (eddy, donor, convergence, shear and streaming regions) are defined. Eddy, convergence and donor regions increase with the proportion of rotational straining by the large scales, while stream regions increase with irrotational distortion. Shear regions show the largest overall change in volume.After large scale irrotational straining the small scale vorticity aligns with themiddle eigenvector of the small scale rate of strain, but with the largest eigenvector of the large scale rate of strain. There is no net production (destruction) of vorticity except under large scale irrotational strain in regions with two positive (negative) eigenvalues of the small scale rate of strain. These vorticity alignment and production results may be deduced analytically from Rapid Distortion by assuming that the initial turbulence is homogeneous and isotropic.     

A study on coherent structures and drag-reduction in the wall turbulence with polymer additives by TRPIV

An experimental measurement was performed using time-resolved particle image velocimetry (TRPIV) to investigate the spatial topological character of coherent structures in wall-bounded turbulence of polymer additive solution. The fully developed near-wall turbulent flow fields with and without polymer additives at the same Reynolds number were measured by TRPIV in a water channel. The comparisons of turbulent statistics confirm that due to viscoelastic structure of long-chain polymers, the wall-normal velocity fluctuation and Reynolds shear stress in the near-wall region are suppressed significantly. Furthermore, it is noted that such a behavior of polymers is closely related to the decease of the motion of the second and forth quadrants, i.e., the ejection and sweep events, in the near-wall region. The spatial topological mode of coherent structures during bursts has been extracted by the new mu-level criteria based on locally averaged velocity structure function. Although the general shapes of coherent structures are unchanged by polymer additives, the fluctuating velocity, velocity gradient, velocity strain rate and vorticity of coherent structures during burst events are suppressed in the polymer additive solution compared with that in water. The results show that due to the polymer additives the occurrence and intensity of coherent structures are suppressed, leading to drag reduction.     

湍流的相干结构:推演方法和结果

本文讨论壁面湍流发展的相干结构的观点.在简要的历史文献综述后,我们回顾一些基本观点, 并且介绍相干结构的思想.基于大量主要是由实验所得的结果,本文通过广泛运用的事件检 测技术,探讨湍流边界层内部和外部区域发生的现象.我们从边界层内部区域发生的现象、 边界层外部大尺度运动的发展和涡结构动力学的角度来描述流动的现象.在文章的 第2部分,介绍从背景流动中推演出湍流相干结构的各种方法以及在各种方法框架下所得到的结果, 讨论速度梯度张量不变量、压力的Hessian矩阵分析和本征正交分解等方法.每一个过程 都有``相干结构'的特定的定义,满足恰当的数学构架,并可以对湍流数据做相干结构动力 学分析.这一工作可能会对当前流体动力学家在湍流研究中用到的最新理论和技术的传播有 所贡献.     

Compressible Turbulence and Energetic Scales: What Is Known from Experiments in Supersonic Flows?

Some properties of large-scale structures in supersonic turbulent flows are examined through experiments. The large eddies considered here include energetic scales, which contribute predominantly to, say, turbulent energy and coherent structures. Different features are presented, such as the level of energy in supersonic free shear flows, the average size of energetic structures, and their characteristic timescales. It is shown that compressibility affects the level of velocity and the size of the energetic eddies, but in many common supersonic situations, the estimation of the timescales can be made from rules valid for solenoidal turbulence. Some implications for compressible turbulence modeling are suggested. Finally, the properties of coherent structures are considered in the case of mixing layers and in a separated shock/boundary layer interaction. Some features relative to the organization of the large eddies are given and the importance of the shock motion is discussed in relation to the shock/layer interaction. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Wave turbulence and intermittency in directional wave fields

The evolution of surface gravity waves is driven by nonlinear interactions that trigger an energy cascade similarly to the one observed in hydrodynamic turbulence. This process, known as wave turbulence, has been found to display anomalous scaling with deviation from classical turbulent predictions due to the emergence of coherent and intermittent structures on the water surface. In the ocean, waves are spread over a wide range of directions, with a consequent attenuation of the nonlinear properties. A laboratory experiment in a large wave facility is presented to discuss the sensitivity of wave turbulence on the directional properties of model wave spectra. Results show that the occurrence of coherent and intermittent structures become less likely with the broadening of the wave directional spreading. There is no evidence, however, that intermittency completely vanishes.