稳态荧光探针法测定三聚季铵盐表面活性剂的胶束聚集数

以芘为荧光探针, 十六烷基氯化吡啶(CPC)为猝灭剂, 以芘的饱和水溶液为溶剂配制表面活性剂溶液, 根据芘的荧光强度之比I1/I3随表面活性剂水溶液浓度的变化, 测定了三聚季铵盐表面活性剂CTTTA的cmc值, 测定值与表面张力法测定的cmc值一致；当猝灭剂CPC的浓度取0.1~0.3 mmol·L-1范围时, 用稳态荧光探针法测定了CTTTA的胶束聚集数. 实验数据表明, 表面活性剂溶液浓度为6~10倍cmc时, 胶束聚集数N随表面活性剂浓度增大而线性增大, 并用外推法得到CTTTA的临界胶束聚集数.     

转基因抗虫蛋白Cry1Ac与表面活性剂作用的芘探针光谱分析

以芘作为外源荧光探针,采用牛血清蛋白作为参照,考察了转基因抗虫蛋白Cry1Ac与4种表面活性剂相互作用的荧光光谱特征.结果表明,鼠李糖脂和Tween 80体系的芘荧光行为有相似的变化规律,可与蛋白质发生稳定的缔合过程.Cry1Ac蛋白的亲水性和分子极性较强,在表面活性剂浓度低时,可导致芘的I1/I3值较高.在阴离子、非离子表面活性剂胶团形成后,2种蛋白质的存在均不改变芘与表面活性剂的结合位点.十六烷基三甲基溴化铵对芘的荧光有一定猝灭作用,且在Cry1Ac蛋白介入下不能形成稳定的胶束.     

基于芘荧光行为的表面活性剂胶束及其与酶缔合作用研究

采用芘作为外源荧光探针,对4种类型表面活性剂(RL,SDS,CTAB和Tween 80)的胶束化过程及其与纤维素酶、漆酶缔合的特征进行探讨。在各表面活性剂的浓度变化范围为0.01～4倍CMC(临界胶束浓度)条件下,不同类型的表面活性剂所引起的芘荧光行为变化存在差异。结果表明:芘荧光强度的变化与表面活性剂的性质、浓度和荧光猝灭因子有关。纤维素酶因与表面活性剂和芘发生疏水性吸附,使芘荧光I1/I3值减小。而在漆酶介入下,芘的荧光强度显著减小,但I1/I3值与不含酶体系的特征相似,这与漆酶中含有Cu2+以及漆酶的强亲水性有关。在高于临界胶束浓度时,生物表面活性剂RL与酶缔合的稳定性高于SDS。     

共振光散射方法研究钙存在下十二烷基苯磺酸钠的聚集行为

利用共振光散射技术在不引入探针的条件下,建立了室温下直接测定十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDBS)的临界胶束浓度(CMC)的方法.研究发现:在室温下,SDBS水溶液的共振光散射强度(RLS)随SDBS浓度的增加而增强;且当SDBS接近其临界胶束浓度时,RLS强度增强显著,共振光散射峰分别位于330和396 nm.396 nm处的RLS强度与SDBS浓度关系曲线呈S型曲线,本文将曲线突升起点处两条切线的交点对应的SDBS浓度,确定为SDBS的临界胶束浓度(CMC),这与荧光芘探针和电导率等方法测定结果基本一致.并利用此方法分别研究了Ca2+浓度对SDBS及其SDBS-聚乙二醇辛基苯基醚(OP)复配体系聚集行为的影响.结果表明,SDBS与OP以1∶ 3复配时,增强了体系的抗钙能力.     

荧光探针法研究核壳结构有机硅-丙烯酸酯乳液的聚合行为

以芘为荧光探针,探讨了有机硅-丙烯酸酯核壳乳液聚合过程中,芘的第一振动峰(373 nm处)与第三振动峰(384 nm处)荧光强度的比值I1/I3与乳化剂、有机硅单体(D4)和引发剂(KPS)用量之间的关系,并结合聚合过程中探针芘的I1/I3峰值与单体转化率及乳胶粒形态演变之间的关系,研究了核壳结构有机硅-丙烯酸酯乳液的聚合行为.研究结果表明,探针芘的I1/I3峰值随乳化剂用量,D4用量,KPS用量不同发生相应的变化,随单体转化率的增加而增大.当乳化剂用量、D4用量、KPS与总单体的质量比依次为2 g、8 g、0.7%时,得到的乳液具有优良的综合性能.聚合反应过程中,当种子乳胶粒转变为核壳乳胶粒时,芘的I1/I3峰值仍呈现出明显的转变,说明有机硅-丙烯酸酯核壳乳液具有互穿聚合物网络结构.因此,荧光探针可用于研究有机硅-丙烯酸酯核壳乳液聚合反应进程.     

芘荧光探针法研究海藻酸钠与SDS的作用

采用芘荧光法研究了海藻酸钠(NaAlg)与十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)在不同pH水溶液中的相互作用.以芘单体的荧光光谱第一峰与第三峰的荧光强度之比(I1/I3)及激基缔合物与单体荧光强度之比(IE/IM)来探测芘分子所处环境的极性.结果表明:NaAlg水溶液随pH值降低,出现了聚合物的疏水微区;pH从7降到5,NaAlg类似简单盐,对SDS的临界胶束浓度(CMC)有明显的影响;在pH 3时,海藻酸主链上有足够的疏水片段,使得SDS与海藻酸通过疏水性作用而聚集.NaCl对NaAlg /SDS体系的影响亦较明显.     

离子型芘衍生物同聚电解质键合平衡的模拟

利用平衡键合模型模拟了聚电解质同荧光探针离子键合过程的计量关系 ,以及添加盐竞争键合时的计量关系 .计算的结果能够描述荧光实验结果 .芘离子探针PyMeA·HCl的IE IM 随着探针浓度的增加 ,会出现一个极大值 ,此极大值能够定量地给出饱和键合计量关系 .当盐浓度和聚电解质荷电单元浓度相当时 ,盐离子和芘离子探针发生明显的竞争键合 ,部分离子探针被排挤入水相 ,实验的IE IM 随盐浓度增大急剧减小     

疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺与双子表面活性剂的自组装

通过荧光光谱、动/静态激光光散射研究了疏水缔合聚丙烯酰胺(HAPAM)自组装行为及双子表面活性剂(双十四酸乙二酯双磺酸盐(DMES-14))对其的影响.实验结果表明:聚合物HAPAM在溶液中能够通过自组装形成疏水微区,表现出芘的发射光谱中第一振动峰(373nm)与第三振动峰(383nm)的荧光强度之比(I1/I3)值随聚合物浓度的增大而下降,当聚合物HAPAM浓度(CP)达到一定值后,I1/I3值不再变化;当加入表面活性剂时,HAPAM能够与双子表面活性剂在溶液中形成混合胶束,在聚合物浓度一定时,I1/I3值随表面活性剂浓度(CS)的增大急速下降,当表面活性剂浓度达到30mg·L-1时,I1/I3值趋于恒定;当表面活性剂浓度一定时,聚合物/表面活性剂二元体系中聚集体的聚集数随HAPAM浓度的增大出现先下降再增加的过程;一定量的双子表面活性剂对HAPAM分子间的缔合起促进作用,过量的双子表面活性剂对HAPAM分子间的缔合起抑制作用,使HAPAM的表观重均分子量(Mw,a)、均方根回转半径()和流体力学半径()随表面活性剂浓度增加先增大后减小,而HAPAM的/比值则随表面活性剂浓度增大出现一定程度的上升,表明HAPAM分子链段变得相对舒展.     

芘荧光探针光法测定聚氧化乙烯与SDS的作用

采用芘荧光法研究了聚氧化乙烯(PEO)与十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)在不同质量浓度的水溶液中的相互作用。以芘单体的荧光光谱第一峰与第三峰的荧光强度之比(I_1/I_3)及激基缔合物与单体荧光强度之比(I_E/I_M)来探测芘分子所处环境的极性。结果表明:Py-PEO-SDS水溶液在极小质量浓度下基本不形成疏水微区,当质量浓度超过一定值时开始大量形成疏水微区,I_1/I_3值迅速下降。在溶液浓度为6g·L~(-1)时,SDS分子开始与聚合物分子相互作用,芘探针分子开始与形成的预胶束发生吸附作用,同时开始形成高荧光电子产率的激基缔合物;在溶液浓度为20g·L~(-1)时,随着SDS溶液浓度的增加,芘探针分子全部进入胶束中,形成的激基缔合物急速增加并且在I_E/I_M最高值点达到最大量。     

荧光法测定N-(α-烷苯氧基)十四酰基牛磺酸钠的临界胶束浓度

研究了一类以苯氧基作疏水支链的新型阴离子表面活性剂——N-(α-烷苯氧基)十四酰基牛磺酸钠(SAPTT)水溶液的紫外吸收光谱、探针(芘)稳态荧光发射光谱及自身稳态荧光发射光谱性质.研究结果表明,荧光探针(芘)法和自身稳态荧光法可用来测定这类表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC),且测定结果与表面张力法(吊片法)接近;与荧光探针(芘)法相比,对于所研究体系,自身稳态荧光法的灵敏度和准确性均较高,所测得CMC结果与表面张力法(吊片法)能较好地吻合.     

新型钙荧光探针在H2O2对HL-60胞浆钙影响研究中的应用

采用H2O2、黄嘌呤和黄嘌呤氧化酶、H2O2/抗坏血酸/Fe^2＋（或H2O2/Fe^＋）、H2O2和辣根过氧化酶（HRP）等不同活性氧产生体系,对自行合成的胞浆特异性钙荧光探针STDIn的活性氧耐受性进行了考察.以STDIn-AM为探针标记HL-60细胞,激光共聚焦技术检测单细胞内Ca^2＋-STDIn荧光强度的变化;探讨了不同浓度的H2O2对胞内Ca^2＋浓度变化的影响,从膜结构和生物信号传导的角度研究了氧自由基对培养细胞的生物效应.     

J-聚集体生成中阴离子菁与外加盐反离子相互作用的量热瘀电化学活度测量

用量热和反离子活度测量法研究了阴离子菁(Ⅰ)在DMF-水(35%DMF, V/V)中生成J-聚集体时, 染料与外加盐反离子之间的相互作用。当外加盐为CdCl_2或LaCl_3时, 由量热曲线获得J-聚集焓△H_9, 分别为-42.6, -42.0 kJ·mol~(-1), 染料(Ⅰ)束缚的Cd~(2+), La~(3+)量与染料量之比分别为0.48:1和0.31:1。由反离子活度的电化学活度测量获得束缚的Cd~(2+)离子量与染料量之比为0.47:1, 这些结果表明J-聚集体中, 染料与其反离子形成了盐型的总体。     

荧光探针法研究壳聚糖水凝胶形成过程及其性能

基于芘(Py)单体荧光光谱结构对微观环境变化的敏感性,以及介质粘度及Py分子间距对Py激基络缔合物形成的影响,以戊二醛交联壳聚糖(CS)水凝胶体系为例研究了Py荧光探针法监测水凝胶形成过程及其溶胀性能的可行性。结果表明,Py荧光光谱精细结构的变化(以I~3/I~1为参量)或Py激基缔合物荧光强度与单体荧光强度之比(I~E/I~M)的变化与CS水凝胶的形成及溶胀程度有很好的对应关系。此外,CS凝胶网状结构中包埋的聚N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(PNIPAM)的构象变化也可由探针光谱变化反映出来。利用这种荧光探针方法有助于从分子水平上探知凝胶形成过程的微观本质。此外,这种方法也可作为光纤传导监测凝胶形成过程和溶胀的基础。     

Transition from micelle to vesicle in aqueous mixtures of anionic/zwitterionic surfactants studied by fluorescence, conductivity, and turbidity methods

Vesicles form spontaneously in a aqueous mixture of sodium bis(2-ethylhexyl) sulfosuccinate (Aerosol OT) and lauryl sulfonate betaine (LSB). Different from catanionic vesicles, the formation or disaggregation of such zwitterionic/anionic vesicles may be easily controlled by adjusting the relative amount of LSB and salinity. The participation of LSB reduces the polydispersity of the vesicles and even results in the formation of monodispersed vesicles at a certain salinity. But as LSB exceeds a certain proportion, vesicles cannot form at any concentration and salinity, making convenient the study of the structural transitions. We applied pyrene as a fluorescence probe and monitored the transition among the monomer, micelle, and vesicle through the variation of I(1)/I(3), accompanied by conductivity and turbidity measurements. In LSB solution and LSB-rich mixture, an abrupt change of the ratio of I(1)/I(3) was found in the transition from monomer to micelle with increasing concentration, as well as in the transition from micelle to vesicle with increasing salinity, which shows that a difference of the polarity of the microenvironment between the micelle and the vesicle bilayer resulted from the composition change. But in AOT solution and AOT-rich mixture, only a gradual change in the transition is observed due to the existence of intermediate structures, which have different microenvironments from micelles and vesicles. So the formation of vesicle experiences a process of monomer to premicelle to micelle to bilayer segment with increasing concentration by combining the conductivity method. The ratio of I(1)/I(3) is independent of the vesicle size once formed.     

The role of selected cations in the formation of pseudomicelles in aqueous humic acid

The fluorescence intensity enhancement of a pyrene probe in aqueous humic acid solutions was assessed in terms of added lanthanide and thorium cations. Among the trivalent ions it was found that size played a role, with the small Lu(3+) ion producing the greatest increase in pyrene emission. This was attributed to its superior ability to cause pseudomicellization in the humic acid polymer. Slow kinetic effects were observed, leading to substantial fluorescence enhancement over a period of 7 h. This was ascribed to a continuous aggregation process in aqueous humic acid, leading to ever more viscous microenvironments for the probe molecule.     

Quenching and dequenching of pyrene fluorescence by nucleotide monophosphates in cationic micelles

The fluorescence behavior of pyrene solubilized in the hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide aqueous micellar solution in the presence of adenosine 5'-monophosphate (AMP) and uridine 5'-monophosphate (UMP) was investigated. AMP and UMP were found to influence oppositely the fluorescence of micellized pyrene. UMP acts as quencher, while AMP acts as dequencher. Both effects saturate at high nucleotide concentration (about 40 mM). Dequenching of micellized pyrene fluorescence is induced also by addition of disodium hydrogen orthophosphate (Na 2HPO 4), while loading with sodium bromide (NaBr) quenches the fluorescence. Furthermore, in absence of micelles, pyrene fluorescence depends on the UMP, according to the Stern-Volmer relation, but is unaffected by AMP. Dynamic light scattering experiments showed that the size and shape of aggregates is not affected by different types of nucleotide loaded into the solution; thus, we conclude that the opposite photophysical effect exploited by AMP and UMP are uncorrelated to any change in micellar microstructure. The whole fluorescence data set was successfully accounted for by assuming that the anionic nucleotides compete with the surfactant counterion (bromide) for the surface of the micelle. Accordingly, substitution of bromide with the more effective quencher UMP results in a strong decrease of the pyrene fluorescence, while the substitution of bromide with the nonquencher AMP results in an increase in the pyrene fluorescence.     

Thermodynamics and micellar properties of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide in formamide-water mixtures

The effect of formamide on the micellization of tetradecyltrimethylammonium bromide has been investigated by conductance and fluorescence probe experiments. The critical micelle concentration and the degree of counterion dissociation of micelles were obtained from conductance measurements in the temperature range of 20 to 40 degrees C. It was found that these two parameters increase with both temperature and formamide content in the solvent system. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization were estimated using the equilibrium model of micelle formation. The standard free energy of micellization was found to be negative in all cases and becomes less negative as the formamide content in the mixed solvent increases, but it is roughly independent of temperature. Although the entropic contribution was found to be larger than the enthalpy one, in particular at lower temperatures, an enthalpy-entropy compensation effect was observed for all systems. Micellar aggregation numbers were determined by the static quenching method, using pyrene as a probe and cetylpyridinium chloride as a quencher. The observed decrease in the micelle aggregation number, which is controlled by the increase in the surface area per headgroup, was attributed to an enhanced solvation in formamide rich solvent mixtures. Changes in the pyrene 1:3 ratio index, indicating a more polar environment, are consistent with an increased micellar solvation. Fluorescence polarization of both coumarin 6 and fluorescein are indicative of a decrease in microviscosity with cosolvent addition. The data on fluorescence anisotropy of coumarin 6 were analyzed using the wobbling in cone model. Data indicated the formation of micelles with a less ordered structure as the formamide increases in the solvent system.     

染料敏化太阳能电池的二氧化钛膜性能研究

以二氧化钛(TiO₂)纳米粉(P25)为原料,把它研磨成胶状,用涂敷法制得TiO₂纳米多孔膜,并组装成太阳能电池,用100W氙灯作为模拟太阳光,对电池进行光电性能测试.根据电池的短路电流(I_sc)、开路电压(V_oc)和填充因子(ff)等指标来反映电池的性能.研究表明,分散剂乙酰丙酮、OP乳化剂、研磨时间和热处理后的保温时间长短对TiO₂膜的性能均有很大的影响.其结果是,乙酰丙酮0.15mL、OP乳化剂0.10mL、研磨时间1h和保温时间0.5h时,TiO₂膜的光电性能较好,I_sc、V_oc和ff分别为8.85mA、567mV和0.445.并用XRD和比表面及孔隙分析仪对TiO₂膜进行了表征.     

荧光探针法研究乳化剂对硅/丙核壳乳液聚合行为的影响

用荧光探针(芘)法测定了十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、烷基酚聚氧乙烯醚(OP-10),以及复配乳化剂的临界胶束浓度(CMC),并首次把荧光探针技术应用到硅/丙核壳乳液聚合反应的研究中.利用芘的I₁/I₃值,结合胶束微环境的极性变化规律和乳液聚合机理,探讨了乳化剂对聚合反应的影响.结果表明,荧光探针(芘)法可用于研究硅/丙乳液的聚合行为和确定乳化剂配比.通过粒径分析、透射电镜(TEM)对产品的结构进行了表征.