黑洞照亮宇宙——银河系中心黑洞及其物理意义

2020年度诺贝尔物理学奖颁发给为黑洞和超大质量致密天体做出突出贡献的三位科学家,他们分别从理论和观测上提供了令人信服的证明和证据。他们的工作打开了理解宇宙中大质量天体命运的窗口。人们普遍相信超大质量黑洞存在于每一个星系的中心,是这些黑洞照亮了再电离时期的宇宙,也是它们为揭开宇宙膨胀历史、暗能量宇宙演化性质、纳赫兹低频引力波等诸多谜团提供了十分强大的工具。预计未来5年内,反响映射和GRAVITY/VLTI联合观测将在以黑洞研究为支撑的领域取得重大进展。     

Weighing black holes in the universe

The determination of the mass of black holes in our universe is crucial to understand their physics nature but is a great challenge to scientists. In this paper I briefly review some methods that are currently used to estimate the mass of black holes, especially those in X-ray binary systems and in galactic nuclei. Our recent progress in improving the mass estimates of supermassive black holes in active galactic nuclei by involving some empirical relations is presented. Finally I point out the similarities and common physics in Galactic black hole X-ray binaries and active galactic nuclei, and demonstrate that the black hole mass estimation is very much helpful to understand the accretion physics around black holes.     

自适应增强方法在光谱自动分类中的应用

针对活动星系核(AGN)光谱中发射线的不同特征,在恢复到静止系状态后的光谱上截取具有有效特征的波段范围,采用自适应增强(Adaboost)的方法,对宽线和窄线AGNs进行特征融合的分类实验,经分析,确定了以Hα和[NⅡ]发射线为主的波段为宽线和窄线AGNs光谱的主要区别特征。再单独对Hα和[NⅡ]发射线为主的波段,用自适应增强的方法对其进行光谱分类。自适应增强方法在训练过程中不断地加入“弱分类器”,直到达到某个预定的足够小的误差率或一定的循环次数,最后构成的总体分类器的分类判决由这些“弱分类器”各自的判决结果的投票来决定。此方法不需要事先调节参数,且“弱分类器”的分类结果只需好于随机猜测,算法简单。实验证明,对于单独采用以Hα和[NⅡ]发射线为主的波段,自适应增强方法能达到较好的分类效果,从而可有效地应用于大型光谱巡天所产生的活动星系核光谱的自动分类中。     

The ratio RT of the jet to the unbeamed luminosities for superluminal radio sources

Relativistic beaming model has been successfully used to explain the observational properties in active galactic nuclei. In this model the emissions are composed of two components, i.e. the boosted and the isotropic emissions. But how much is from each part is unknown. It has been assumed that the luminosity in the jet is proportional to the unbeamed in the comoving frame. However, the value of this ratio is not easy to determine. In this paper, we use the beaming model and the radio sources with superluminal motions to estimate the ratio, R_T, for each source. We find R_T= 0.044±0.02, which is consistent with that found by Orr and Browne.     

On the systematic bias in the estimation of black hole masses in active galactic nuclei

In this report,we find the MBH estimated from the formalism of Wang et al.are more consistent with those from the MBH-σ relation than those from previous single-epoch mass estimators,using a large sample of AGNs.Furthermore,we examine the diferences between the line widths of Hβ and Mg Ⅱ in detail by comparing their line profiles.The flux around the line core and that in the wing of both Hβ and Mg Ⅱ show an opposite variation tendency,which indicates the BLR is multi-componential.The contribution of the wing makes the FWHM deviate fromσline,and thus bias the MBH estimated from previous single-epoch mass estimators.Thus the correction on the formalism suggested by Wang et al.is crucial to MBH estimation.     

The variability of BL Lac 3C 66A

It is now known that there are supermassive black holes at the centre of a galaxy, surrounded by an accretion disc. The black hole-jet-accretion disc model plays an important role in the explanation of the observational properties of active galactic nuclei. BL Lacertae objects form a subclass of blazars; they are monitored through electromagnetic wave bands. During the OJ-94 project, 3C 66A was observed as a comparison object of OJ287 and found to display a possible 65-day period in the V light curve. In this paper, we show that the instability of an accretion disc surrounding a massive central black hole (2.5×10^{7}M_⊙) may explain this period in 3C 66A.     

Cosmological evolution of supermassive black holes in galactic centers unveiled by hard X-ray observations

We review the current understanding of the cosmological evolution of supermassive black holes in galactic centers elucidated by X-ray surveys of active galactic nuclei (AGNs). Hard X-ray observations at energies above 2 keV are the most efficient and complete tools to find “obscured” AGNs, which are dominant populations among all AGNs. Combinations of surveys with various flux limits and survey area have enabled us to determine the space number density and obscuration properties of AGNs as a function of luminosity and redshift. The results have essentially solved the origin of the X-ray background in the energy band below ∼10 keV. The downsizing (or anti-hierarchical) evolution that more luminous AGNs have the space-density peak at higher redshifts has been discovered, challenging theories of galaxy and black hole formation. Finally, we summarize unresolved issues on AGN evolution and prospects for future X-ray missions.     

黑洞喷流研究进展

黑洞喷流是黑洞吸积系统中广泛存在的、非常壮观的天文现象。它的形成问题一直是高能天体物理中非常重要同时也是非常困难的研究课题。近年来,主要由于大型计算机数值模拟的快速发展以及观测数据的积累,这一研究领域取得了快速发展。本文将介绍这方面的进展。     

黑洞喷流研究进展

黑洞喷流是黑洞吸积系统中广泛存在的、非常壮观的天文现象。它的形成问题一直是高能天体物理中非常重要同时也是非常困难的研究课题。近年来,主要由于大型计算机数值模拟的快速发展以及观测数据的积累,这一研究领域取得了快速发展。文章将介绍这方面的进展。     

基于相融性度量的光谱分类方法

海量天体光谱的自动分类以及从海量天体光谱中发现新类型天体或新的天文规律(知识发现)已经受到天文工作者的普遍关注。在相关文献中这两方面的研究工作都是分别进行的。文章首先提出了一种相融性度量的概念,该度量能够刻画一个样本与训练样本集融合为一体的程度。然后,在此基础上给出了一种基于相融性度量的k-近邻分类方法。该方法不仅能够实现较准确的分类,而且还具有相当好的知识发现能力。通过对活动星系与活动星系核实验表明,该方法无论对分类还是对知识发现都是非常有效的。     

Fe离子M壳层不可分辨跃迁系不透明度研究

在活动星系核吸收光谱中存在着一种重要的吸收特征——铁元素的M 壳层不可分辨跃迁系吸收谱, 认识这种特征对于活动星系核区的物理性质的研究具有重要的意义. 利用细致谱线模型, 对实验室中获得的吸收谱进行了理论计算和分析, 较好地重现了实验结果中主要的吸收结构, 同时计算了温度为10-50 eV的预测吸收谱,用于活动星系核光谱的研究.     

Chandra observations of the H2O megamaser galaxy Mrk1210

We present the first Chandra X-ray observations of the H₂O megamaser galaxy Mrk1210 (UGC4203), a Seyfert 2 galaxy at an approximate distance of D ∼ 57.6 Mpc. The Chandra X-ray image, with by far the highest angular resolution (∼1″), displays an unresolved compact core toward the nuclear region of Mrk1210. Comparisons with the previous X-ray observations in the nuclear emission and the spectral shape indicate a fairly stable phase between 2001 (BeppoSAX and XMM-Newton) and 2004 (Chandra) after a dramatic variation since 1995 (ASCA). The best-fit model of Chandra X-ray spectrum consists of two components. The soft scattered component can be best fitted by a moderately absorbed power-law model adding a spectral line at ∼0.9 keV (possibly a Ne-Kα fluorescent line), while the hard nuclear component can be well reproduced by a heavily absorbed power-law model (N _H ∼ 2×10²³ cm⁻²) with an additional line at ∼6.19 keV (close to the Fe-Kα fluorescent line). The derived absorption-corrected X-ray luminosity implies that the dramatic variation of spectral properties is caused by significant changes of the absorbing column density along the line-of-sight, while the intrinsic nuclear X-ray luminosity remains stable. In this case, the absorbers should be anisotropic and its size can be constrained to be less than 0.0013 pc. In addition, we also estimate the mass of central engine, the disk radius and the accretion rate of the accretion disk to be 10^7.12±0.31 M _⊙, ∼1 pc and 0.006, respectively. Supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 10633010) and the Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province, China (Grant No. 8451009101001047) Recommended by Zhou YouYuan     

针对磁共振射频脉冲的时频域分析方法比较研究

射频脉冲可实现样本自旋体系的精确操控,进而产生预期的核磁共振(NMR)信号,在NMR信号产生过程中扮演重要角色.该文分别采用短时傅里叶变换(STFT)、连续小波变换(CWT)和维格纳-威利分布(WVD)几种时频域分析方法对射频脉冲(优化形状脉冲)进行特性分析和比较.结果表明,三种方法各自具有优缺点,结合各自优势对射频脉冲进行各种方法分析,可以更好地理解复杂脉冲的幅度、相位特性在时频域的分布情况.该文的研究方法将为直观理解复杂射频脉冲对自旋体系的作用机制提供参考.     

Confirmation/Observation of Hindered E2 Strengths in-16,18C

The lifetime of the first excited 2~+ state in ~(18)C was measured using an upgraded recoil shadow method to determine the electric quadrupole transition.The measured mean lifetime is 18.9±0.9 (stat)±4.4 (syst) ps,which corresponds to a B(E2;2~+_1→0~+_(gs)) value of (4.3±0.2±1.0) e~2fm~4,or about 1.5 Weisskopf units.The mean lifetime of the first 2~+ state in ~(16)C was remeasured to be about 18 ps,about four times shorter than the value reported previously.This discrepancy was explained by incorporating the γ-ray angular distribution measured in this work into the previous measurement.The observed transition strengths in ~(16,18)C are hindered compared to the empirical transition strengths,indicating that the anomalous hindrance observed in ~(16)C persists in ~(18)C.     

Au@SiO2 core/shell nanoparticle assemblage used for highly sensitive SERS‐based determination of glucose and uric acid

The use of Au@SiO₂ core/shell nanoparticle (NP) assemblage with highly sensitive surface‐enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) was investigated for the determination of glucose and uric acid in this study. Rhodamine 6G dye molecules were used to evaluate the SERS enhancement factor for the synthesized Au@SiO₂ core/shell NPs with various silica shell thicknesses. The enhancement of SERS signal from Rhodamine 6G was found to increase with a decrease in the shell thickness. The core/shell assemblage with silica layer of 1–2 nm over a Au NP of ~36 nm showed the highest SERS signal. Our results show that the SERS technique is able to detect glucose and uric acid within wide concentration ranges, i.e. 20 ng/dL to 20 mg/dL (10⁻¹²–10⁻³ M) and 16.8 ng/dL to 2.9 mg/dL (10⁻¹¹–1.72 × 10⁻⁴ M), respectively, with associated lower detection limits of ~20 ng/dL (~1.0 × 10⁻¹² M) and ~16.8 ng/dL (~1.0 × 10⁻¹¹ M). Our work offers a low‐cost route to the fabrication of agile sensing devices applicable to the monitoring of disease progression. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Dendronization of gold and CdSe/cdS (core-shell) quantum dots with tomalia type, thiol core, functionalized poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrons

Poly(amidoamine) (PAMAM) dendrimers containing disulfide cores (i.e., cystamine) and possessing carboxylic acid or hydroxyl terminal groups were reduced with dithiothreitol (DTT) to yield single site, thiol core, functionalized PAMAM dendron reagents. These thiol functionalized dendron reagents were used to surface modify (dendronize) both gold nanoparticles, as well as CdSe/CdS (core-shell) quantum dots (QDs). Dendronization involved self-assembly of the focal point thiol functional dendrons at the metal interface of both gold and CdSe/CdS QDs by ligand exchange of protective surfactants used for their synthesis. The synthesis, characterization and preliminary luminescence studies of these new dendritic hybrids are reported.     

灵芝酸A对人肝癌细胞的辐射增敏效应的初步研究

本研究旨在初步探讨灵芝酸A(GAA)对人肝癌细胞系HepG2在高LET中子和低LET的γ射线条件下的辐射敏感性的影响及差异。研究中,我们用CCK-8方法检测不同浓度GAA对HepG2增殖抑制作用。选取低浓度(5μmol/L)GAA预处理细胞24 h,分别给予不同剂量的中子辐照或γ射线辐照,分别检测克隆存活率、细胞凋亡和γH2AX蛋白的foci的形成。结果表明:在不加GAA的情况下,高LET中子辐射比低LET的γ射线对细胞产生的凋亡比例高;在添加了GAA后,与未加GAA对照组相比,诱导细胞凋亡的比例明显增加;另外,加GAA处理后,细胞增殖抑制率也随着辐照剂量的增加而增高。即GAA能增加HepG2细胞的辐射敏感性,而在同样GAA剂量下,HepG2细胞对高LET中子辐射比低LET的γ射线更敏感。由此,这项研究说明灵芝酸或可开发成为一种天然辐射增敏剂,从而为癌症特别是肝癌的放疗提供新的辅助治疗方法。     

Scaling of Yb-doped photonic crystal fiber to 200 μm core diameter for high beam quality laser output

The rare earth-doped active fibers not only have ten thousands of square-micron core-area but also deliver a laser with near-diffraction-limited beam quality. However, they have been studied little. In this paper, we design a 200-μm-corediameter Yb~(3+)-doped photonic crystal fiber with a large pitch in the air-hole cladding region. Simulations demonstrate that only fundamental mode(FM) with a mode field area(MFA) of ～ 28000 μm~2 can be amplified and propagated at the gain saturation, and the beam quality M~2 is about 1.5. It is predicted that almost 105 m J single-pulse energy is available from such a 1.5-meter-length fiber.     

NMR Anomalies in Quasi-2D Organic Superconductors: Effects of Spin Fluctuations in a Fermi Liquid Approach

The -(BEDT-TTF)₂X organic superconductors are described by a two parameter 2D Fermi surface model, in which bandwidth and departure from perfect nesting can be varied. We have studied the spin fluctuations effect on the normal state properties in a Fermi liquid approach using the RPA approximation. The calculated NMR relaxation rate exhibits a peak in 1/(T ₁ T), which strongly decreases when the departure from perfect nesting of the Fermi surface and the bandwidth increase. These results are in good agreement with NMR experiments done in -(ET)₂X at least qualitatively. In conclusion, we have shown that, in the normal state and with a Fermi liquid approach, the spin fluctuations, which are present in the system due to an imperfect nesting property of the Fermi surface, can induce anomalies of the magnetic properties. Besides, we can restore the usual behaviour like the Korringa law by increasing the bandwidth or by considering a more imperfect nesting. Our calculation reproduces qualitatively the applied pressure relaxation rate experiment done in -(ET)₂X salt.