Chiral resolution of basic drugs by capillary electrophoresis with new glycosaminoglycans

New glycosaminoglycans, fucose-containing glycosaminoglycan (FGAG) and depolymerized holothurian glycosaminoglycan (DHG), were investigated as chiral additives for the separation of drug enantiomers by capillary electrophoresis. The average molecular masses of FGAG and DHG were estimated to be about 59,000 and 14,000, respectively. A variety of basic drug enantiomers were resolved using 10 mM phosphate buffer, pH 5.0, containing 3% FGAG or DHG. Since chiral recognition properties of FGAG and DHG are different, some drug enantiomers were only separated by using FGAG or DHG. With regard to comparison of chiral recognition abilities of FGAG and DHG with other chiral selectors, tolperisone and eperisone enantiomers were not separated with alpha- or beta-cyclodextrin, or heparin as the chiral additives, but were separated with FGAG and DHG. The results obtained reveal that FGAG and DHG are useful as the chiral selectors for separations of drug enantiomers by CE, and that they could be complementarily used with other chiral additives.     

L-亮氨酸衍生物手性氨基醇的合成及其对布洛芬和扁桃酸对映异构体的手性识别

对甲基苯胺经甲基化、甲酰化得到5,N,N-三甲基-2-氨基苯甲醛;对L-亮氨酸经酯化、格氏反应得到二齿手性氨基醇.二齿手性氨基醇与上述醛经缩合、还原反应,得到三齿手性氨基醇.产物结构经IR,MS和1H NMR等进行了表征;通过改变主客体的浓度及手性羧酸的纯度,运用1H NMR分别考察了主体二齿手性氨基醇、三齿手性氨基醇对客体布洛芬和扁桃酸对映异构体的手性识别能力.结果表明:当主客体物质的量之比为1:1时,三齿手性氨基醇对布洛芬消旋体的a位甲基质子及扁桃酸消旋体的a位质子分别产生11.2和9.2 Hz的化学位移差值.     

Photochemical tuning of the helical structure of cholesteric liquid crystals by photoisomerization of chiral azobenzenes, and their structural effects

Several chiral azobenzene compounds having different chiral substituents were synthesized. A cholesteric phase was induced by mixing each chiral azobenzene compound with a host non-chiral nematic liquid crystal (E44). The helical twisting power (HTP) as well as the change in HTP by trans-cis photoisomerization of the chiral azobenzene compound was dependent on the structure of the chiral substituents. A compensated nematic phase was induced by combination of E44, a chiral azobenzene compound and a non-photochromic chiral compound. Reversible switching between the compensated nematic phase and cholesteric phase was brought about by trans-cis photoisomerization of the chiral azobenzene compound in the liquid crystalline systems. An azobenzene compound substituted with a menthyl group showed the highest efficiency as the trigger for the switching; this efficiency was related to the compactness of the chiral group substituted within the azobenzene core moiety.     

手性酰胺聚硅氧烷固定相的制备与气相色谱性能

以L-苯丙氨酸,L-缬氨酸为手性源,合成了二种含末端烯基,具有刚性苯基链节的新型手性酰胺单体;并通过硅氢加成方法将其接枝到含氢硅油上,制备了两种新型手性酰胺聚硅氧烷固定相.这一新方法具有简单易行,各步产率较高的优点,所制备的手性固定相具有较好的毛细管柱色谱性能.手性拆分能力和耐温性.     

Enantioseparation characteristics of the chiral stationary phases based on natural and regenerated chitins

Natural and regenerated chitins were derivatized with 3,5‐dimethyphenyl isocyanate. The corresponding chiral stationary phases were prepared by coating the resulting chitin derivatives on 3‐aminopropyl silica gel. The swelling capacity of the chitin derivatives, enantioseparation capability, as well as eluents tolerance of the chiral stationary phases were evaluated. The results demonstrated no remarkable difference in enantioseparation capability between natural and regenerated chitins based chiral stationary phases. The similar enantioseparation characteristics of two chiral stationary phases could be understood by comparing the IR spectra of related chitin derivatives. The one of the two chiral stationary phases prepared by coating the chitin derivative with a lower molecular weight generally provided better enantioseparations. All chiral stationary phases can work in 100% chloroform, 100% ethyl acetate, 100% acetone, and the mobile phases containing a certain amount of tetrahydrofuran. The chiral stationary phase prepared from the chitin derivative with the highest swelling capacity exhibited better enantioseparations than others. This chiral stationary phase was damaged by flushing with 100% tetrahydrofuran, however, the enantioseparation capability was recovered again after the column was allowed to stand for 1 month. Furthermore, the recovered chiral stationary phase provided better enantioseparations for some chiral analytes than before.     

Chiral separations on multichannel microfluidic chips

Chiral separations of FITC-labeled basic drugs on multichannel microfluidic chips with LIF detector were investigated. A preliminary screening procedure for seven neutral CDs was performed under optimized conditions for chiral separations of three FITC-labeled drugs (baclofen, norfenefrine, and tocainide) on a mono-channel microfluidic chip. According to the results of screening, FITC-baclofen and FITC-norfenefrine as well as two chiral selectors including gamma-CD and dimethyl-beta-CD (DM-beta-CD) were selected as models to perform chiral separations on a two-channel chip. FITC-baclofen enantiomers were separated completely by gamma-CD in one channel, while resolution of FITC-norfenefrine enantiomers was achieved by DM-beta-CD in the other channel in the same run. Furthermore, the feasibility of using one chiral selector to separate multiple chiral samples was studied on a four-channel chip. These results show that multichannel chip has a potential for chiral high-throughput screening.     

手性温敏凝胶 P(NIPAM-co-NALL)的制备及识别性能

以L-亮氨酸(L-Leu)为手性源, 经酯化和缩合等步骤制备手性单体(NALL), 以该单体为手性识别基团, 在交联剂N,N'-亚甲基双丙烯酰胺和引发剂偶氮二异丁腈的作用下, 与N-异丙基丙烯酰胺(NIPAM)以不同的质量比发生自由基共聚, 制备了一系列新型手性温敏水凝胶P(NIPAM-co-NALL), 其结构经红外光谱确证. 相比于PNIPAM水凝胶, 疏水性单体NALL的引入使 P(NIPAM-co-NALL)凝胶的温敏性下降. 以D, L-苯丙氨酸为模型药物对P(NIPAM-co-NALL)凝胶的手性识别和拆分性能进行研究, 结果表明, 手性温敏凝胶对D型对映体具有选择吸附性, 且吸附量随着手性单体含量的增加而增加; 提高温度(40 ℃)有利于手性温敏凝胶对D, L-苯丙氨酸的手性识别和拆分. P(NIPAM-co-NALL)凝胶在重复使用后依然具有手性识别性能, 但其吸附量随着使用次数的增加而下降, 3次重复使用后吸附量下降到原来的27.6%.     

Bile Salts in Chiral Micellar Electrokinetic Chromatography: 2000–2020

Bile salts are naturally occurring chiral surfactants that are able to solubilize hydrophobic compounds. Because of this ability, bile salts were exploited as chiral selectors added to the background solution (BGS) in the chiral micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) of various small molecules. In this review, we aimed to examine the developments in research on chiral MEKC using bile salts as chiral selectors over the past 20 years. The review begins with a discussion of the aggregation of bile salts in chiral recognition and separation, followed by the use of single bile salts and bile salts with other chiral selectors (i.e., cyclodextrins, proteins and single-stranded DNA aptamers). Advanced techniques such as partial-filling MEKC, stacking and single-drop microextraction were considered. Potential applications to real samples, including enantiomeric impurity analysis, were also discussed.     

Preparation and chiral resolution properties of bridged bis(cyclodextrin)s hybrid spheres for high performance liquid chromatography

Selenium-bridged bis(β-cyclodextrin)s organic–inorganic hybrid silica material with regular spherical shape as new type of chiral stationary phase was directly synthesized under the one-pot hydrothermal synthesis method, and the chiral stationary phase was further characterized by infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, thermogravimetry, and elemental analysis. The results of chiral separation showed that eight chiral compounds including various types of chiral alcohols and flavanone were successfully separated in the reversed-phase separation mode by high performance liquid chromatography, which showed the better chiral resolution effect than that on the C2 position of single β-cyclodextrin. The mechanism of chiral separation was likely due to multiple interactions such as inclusion, hydrogen bonding, electrostatic interaction, dipole–dipole interaction, and the synergistic effect of two cyclodextrins during the chiral resolution process. The synergy of the two cyclodextrins has great potential for development in chiral resolution.     

利用“网包法”制备高效液相色谱大环抗生素类手性固定相

万古霉素和替考拉宁都属于糖肽类的大环抗生素，具有立体的环状结构和多个手性中心，是两种常见的手性识别材料，广泛应用于对映体的色谱手性分离分析。该文以万古霉素和替考拉宁为手性选择剂，哌嗪为单体，4，4'-二苯基甲烷二异氰酸酯（MDI）、1，6-己二异氰酸酯（HDI）和2，4-甲苯二异氰酸酯（TDI）为交联剂，通过界面聚合反应形成网状层包裹硅胶载体的方法制得6种高效液相色谱手性固定相，用于分离外消旋化合物，并与MDI直接交联万古霉素和替考拉宁在硅胶表面所得固定相进行了比较。结果表明，利用"网包法"和直接交联法制备的手性柱与商品万古霉素和替考拉宁柱之间具有互补性，均对不同的外消旋体有不同程度的拆分。     

多糖类手性固定相超临界流体色谱法分离手性化合物

采用超临界流体色谱法(SFC),在多糖固定相Chiralpak IA、IB、IC、ID、IE和IF上成功拆分了11种手性化合物。分离结果表明,这6支手性色谱柱对这些手性化合物具有良好的手性识别互补性,均可以在10 min之内得到良好的分离结果,具有较好的实用性。改性剂甲醇、乙醇和异丙醇对手性化合物的保留时间以及手性选择性均具有良好的调节作用,需要根据不同手性物质在手性柱上的分离情况加以区别,选择使用,并调节改性剂至合适的比例。针对键合型固定相溶剂通用性的特征,特殊改性剂的应用也有助于优化手性分离。     

Enantiomeric separation of chiral peptide nucleic acid monomers by capillary electrophoresis with charged cyclodextrins

Direct chiral separation of chiral peptide nucleic acid (PNA) monomers has been achieved for the first time by capillary electrophoresis (CE) with charged cyclodextrins as chiral selectors added to the electrophoretic buffer. Selectively modified 6-deoxy-6-N-histamino-beta-cyclodextrin and sulfobutyl ether-beta-CD were successfully used as chiral selectors for the enantiomeric separation of chiral monomers based on different aminoethylamino acids bearing thymine or adenine as nucleobases. Chiral separations were obtained at low selector concentrations (1-3 mM) with good enantioselectivity and resolution factors. Separations were optimized as a function of pH in order to exploit the effect of the electrostatic interactions between the oppositely charged selector and selectand. The method has been applied to the analysis of the enantiomeric excess of chiral monomers used for the solid phase synthesis of chiral PNA oligomers. CE chiral analysis showed that a very high enantiomeric purity was generally achieved in the synthesis of all monomers, except for histidine and aspartic acid based monomers in which ca. 10% of the "wrong" enantiomer was always present.     

Enhancement of chiral recognition by formation of a sandwiched complex in capillary electrophoresis

For chiral primary amino compounds not separable by cyclodextrins alone, chiral recognition was successfully achieved by the formation of a sandwiched complex of the non-chiral 18-crown-6, the chiral amine and cyclodextrin (CD) [18-crown-6+amino compound+CD]. The separation of 1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine and 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine racemates showed the special function of the non-chiral 18-crown-6 on chiral recognition. By formation of the sandwiched complex, the chiral center of 1-methyl-3-phenylpropylamine was successfully recognized, and resolution of 1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthylamine dramatically increased. In these studies, the mobility differences of the enantiomers were evaluated as a function of the concentration of cyclodextrins with and without the 18-crown-6, and as a function of the concentration of the 18-crown-6. In addition, the separations by this method were compared to those by the chiral 18-crown-6 reagent.     

L-亮氨酸衍生物手性氨基醇的合成与应用

以N,N-二甲基苯胺为原料,经对位溴化、邻位甲酰化得到5-溴-2-(二甲氨基)苯甲醛;L-亮氨酸经酯化、格氏反应得到二齿手性氨基醇;将5-溴-2-(二甲氨基)苯甲醛与上述氨基醇经缩合、还原得到三齿手性氨基醇;产物经红外光谱(IR)、质谱(MS)及核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)表征,考察了二齿手性氨基醇和三齿手性氨基醇作为...     

Design of main-chain polymers of chiral imidazolidinone for asymmetric organocatalysis application

Main-chain polymers of chiral imidazolidinone were successfully synthesized by reaction of chiral imidazolidinone dimers with disulfonic acid. Chiral imidazolidinones were incorporated into the main-chain of the polymer by ionic bonding. These polymers could be used as polymeric chiral organocatalysts for asymmetric Diels-Alder reactions.     

Chiral covalent organic framework incorporated organic polymer monolithic capillary column for enantioseparations

A chiral covalent organic framework was synthesized, characterized, and incorporated into organic polymer monolithic capillary columns to provide chiral stationary phases for enantioseparations. The prepared monolithic capillary columns were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and elemental analysis. To obtain better enantioseparations, the columns’ preparation conditions, and enantioseparation conditions were optimized. Baseline resolutions of several chiral compounds were obtained with good reproducibility and stability. Furthermore, the mechanism of chiral recognition was investigated using molecular docking with AutoDock. Docking results showed that the enantioselectivity factor rather than resolution is correlated with the binding free energy difference between enantiomers with the chiral covalent organic framework. And abundant acetoxy and nitrile groups as well as benzene rings in the chiral covalent organic framework are responsible for the enantioseparation ability of the chiral monolithic capillary columns.     

New Chiral Calixarene Derivatives： Syntheses and Their Chiral Recognition Toward Amino Acids by UV-Vis Spectroscopy

Three novel types of chiral calixarene derivatives 5, 8, and 10 were designed and synthesized by introducing chiral units to parent calixarenes. Their chiralities were confirmed by rotational analysis. Chiral recognition properties of these host compounds towards L- and D-threonine were studied by UV-Vis spectroscopy. The results indicated that calixarene derivatives 5 and 8 exhibited good chiral recognition capabilities toward L- or D-threonine. Although calixarene derivative 10 had no evident chiral recognition ability, the supramolecules of calixarene derivative 10 with L- or D-threonine showed a hypochromic effect or hyperchromic effect respectively. Therefore, calixarene derivative 10 might serve as a good chiral UV-indicator.     

卡那霉素作为手性选择剂的毛细管电泳手性药物分离研究

建立了一种以天然易得的卡那霉素为手性添加剂，用毛细管区带电泳法快速分离市售对乙肝有良好治疗效果的药物联苯双脂衍生物的方法，拓宽了毛细管电泳中手性选择剂的范围，通过实验研究了卡那霉素、甲醇 含量PH值，磷酸盐缓冲体系和硼硝缓冲体系对手性分离的影响，以及三种有机溶剂（甲醇、乙晴、异丙醇）添加剂对手性分离的影响，结果表明，在含有3％卡那霉素，30mol/L，硼砂缓冲体系（PH＝8．0）添加30％异丙醇是最佳的分离条件。     

侧链带有L-氨基酸乙酯的螺旋聚苯乙炔衍生物的手性识别能力研究

采用Rh(nbd)BPh4催化剂合成了3种侧链带有L-氨基酸乙酯的螺旋聚苯乙炔衍生物PPA-S-Phe、PPA-S-Leu和PPA-A-Leu,并将其涂覆在氨丙基硅胶上制备高效液相色谱(HPLC)手性固定相(CSP),研究其对7种对映体的手性识别能力.由于侧链手性基团或主链与手性基团之间的链接基团不同,PPA-S-Phe、PPA-S-Leu和PPA-A-Leu形成了不同的螺旋构象,并表现出对对映体不同的手性识别能力.PPA-S-Phe和PPA-S-Leu的主链与手性基团之间的链接基团均为磺酰胺基,侧链手性基团为L-亮氨酸乙酯的PPA-S-Leu的手性识别能力优于侧链手性基团为L-苯丙氨酸乙酯的PPA-S-Phe.PPA-S-Leu和PPA-A-Leu的侧链手性基团均为L-亮氨酸乙酯,以酰胺基为链接基团的PPA-A-Leu的手性识别能力明显优于以磺酰胺基为链接基团的PPA-S-Leu.螺旋聚苯乙炔主链与侧链手性基团之间的链接基团、侧链手性基团在手性识别中均发挥十分着重要作用.     

毛细管区带电泳法拆分手性药物萘普生和氟联苯丙酸

 70-72 -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 以β-环糊精(CD)作为手性选择剂 ,用毛细管区带电泳法成功地拆分了两种弱酸性药物萘普生(naproxen)和氟联苯丙酸(flurb iprofen),并比较了4种环糊精［β-环糊精(β-CD)、二甲基-β-环糊精( DM-β-CD)、羟丙基-β-环糊精(HP-β-CD)和三甲基-β-环糊精( TM-β-CD)］对手性拆分的影响,同时测定了萘普生对映体在不同环糊精中的出峰次 序。通过实验,发现对于此类化合物拆分的最佳pH值为5左右,即接近于该类化合物的pK a值。该方法适用于酸性手性药物的拆分。