非定常膨胀过程中水蒸汽凝结对流场影响的数值分析

采用数值目的对激波管非定常膨胀过程中,汽液相变与流场的相互作用进行了模拟.主要研究了含有水蒸汽的混合气体在激波管中的非平衡凝结过程以及其对流场的作用.结果表明由于水蒸气的凝结释放热量对流场局部进行加热,使流场参数发生扰动而产生凝结激波.经过与凝结激波的相互作用后,流场参数和结构将发生明显的变化.     

Role of tension and twist in single-molecule DNA condensation

Using magnetic tweezers, we study in real time the condensation of single DNA molecules under tension. We find that DNA condensation occurs via discrete nucleated events. By measuring the influence of an imposed twist, we show that condensation is initiated by the formation of a plectonemic supercoil. This demonstrates a strong interplay between the condensation transition and externally imposed mechanical constraints.     

基于变温紫外分光光度法研究温度对DNA凝聚过程影响

荧光单分子实验结果表明温度能够促进DNA凝聚,随着温度升高,精胺(亚精胺)-DNA凝聚体系中DNA凝聚构象趋于更加紧致、有序。为探究温度对不同高价离子-DNA凝聚体系的影响,利用自行搭建的变温紫外分光光度计,通过系统研究荧光单分子实验中采用的精胺(亚精胺)-DNA凝聚体系及去离子水中DNA在260 nm处特征吸收值随温度变化情况,确定了DNA凝聚构象与其260 nm处特征吸收值之间的对应关系为：DNA凝聚构象越紧致、有序,其对应的260 nm处紫外吸收值越低。在此基础上,系统地研究了DNA凝聚实验中常用四种钴胺化合物-DNA凝聚体系随温度变化情况,结果表明三氯六胺合钴与精胺(亚精胺)类似,其对应的DNA凝聚体系在260 nm特征吸收值,随着温度升高而逐渐降低,即DNA凝聚构象趋于更加紧致、有序。而三(乙二胺)氯化钴、反式双(乙二胺)氯化钴、五胺氯化钴的情况却不同,与其对应的DNA凝聚体系在260 nm特征吸收值,随着温度升高,呈现先增加,再降低,然后再增加的规律。     

在无标度网络上基于偏好聚集机理的零区域凝聚现象

为了理解在真实网络中偏好聚集机理如何影响交通输运系统的粒子稳定态分布,研究了基于偏好聚集机理的零区域作用(zero range process,ZRP)凝聚现象.与以往采用巨正则系综方法处理ZRP问题不同,通过平均场速率方程解析得到了系统的相变点和稳定态分布情况.研究发现当存在正偏好聚集时,随着粒子跳跃速率的增大,系统呈现出三种不同的相：完全凝聚相、部分凝聚相、均匀相;当存在负偏好聚集机理时,系统只出现两相：部分凝聚相、均匀相.不同于无权与加权网络交通情况,系统的稳定态分布依赖于边权、粒子跳跃速率以及偏好 关键词： 无标度网络 零区域作用 偏好聚集 平均场速率方程     

Polariton condensation in photonic molecules

We report on polariton condensation in photonic molecules formed by two coupled micropillars. We show that the condensation process is strongly affected by the interaction with the cloud of uncondensed excitons and thus strongly depends on the exact localization of these excitons within the molecule. Under symmetric excitation conditions, condensation is triggered on both binding and antibinding polariton states of the molecule. On the opposite, when the excitonic cloud is injected in one of the two pillars, condensation on a metastable state is observed and a total transfer of the condensate into one of the micropillars can be achieved. Our results highlight the crucial role played by relaxation kinetics in the condensation process.     

含有不凝气体的蒸汽滴状冷凝传热实验研究

本文对饱和水蒸气和空气的混合物在垂直表面上滴状冷凝传热特性进行了实验研究。考察了不同的压力条件下不凝气对冷凝传热的影响。与膜状冷凝实验结果对比表明,滴状冷凝对含有不凝气的蒸汽冷凝传热有强化作用;在较高的冷凝压力下不凝气体对传热的影响相对较小。     

Interaction-driven real-space condensation

We study real-space condensation in a broad class of stochastic mass transport models. We show that the steady state of such models has a pair-factorized form which generalizes the standard factorized steady states. The condensation in this class of models is driven by interactions which give rise to a spatially extended condensate that differs fundamentally from the previously studied examples. We present numerical results as well as a theoretical analysis of the condensation transition and show that the criterion for condensation is related to the binding-unbinding transition of solid-on-solid interfaces.     

Difference in Bose-Einstein condensation of conserved and unconserved particles

The peculiarities in the Bose-Einstein condensation of particles and quasiparticles are discussed. The difference between the condensation of conserved and unconserved particles is analyzed. A classification of quasiparticles is given. The emphasis is made on the ability of particles and quasiparticles to condense. Illustrations include: general Bose-condensed atomic systems, such as ensembles of trapped atoms, Bose gases with conserved and unconserved number of atoms, vibrating atoms in double-well lattices, Holstein-Primakoff magnons, Schwinger bosons, slave bosons, and the condensation of singletons and triplons. The basic difference is that the system of particles, whose total number is conserved, can form equilibrium as well as nonequilibrium condensates, while unconserved particles can condense only in a nonequilibrium system subject to external pumping supporting the density of these particles sufficient for their condensation. The examples of such a nonequilibrium condensation of unconserved particles are the Bose-Einstein condensation of excitons, polaritons, and photons. Elementary collective excitations, such as bogolons and phonons, being self-consistently defined, do not condense. Magnons cannot condense in equilibrium systems. Controversies, existing in literature with regard to the Bose-Einstein condensation of some quasiparticles, are explained. Pushing a system out of equilibrium may favor the condensation of unconserved quasiparticles, but suppresses the condensate fraction of conserved particles.     

Physics of <Emphasis Type="Italic">π</Emphasis>-meson condensation and high temperature cuprate superconductors

The idea of condensation of the Goldstone π-meson field in nuclear matter had been put forward a long time ago. However, it was established that the normal nuclear density is too low, it is not sufficient to condensate π mesons. This is why the π condensation has never been observed. Recent experimental and theoretical studies of high-temperature cuprate superconductors have revealed condensation of Goldstone magnons, the effect fully analogous to the π condensation. The magnon condensation has been observed. It is clear now that quantum fluctuations play a crucial role in the condensation, in particular they drive a quantum phase transition that destroys the condensate at some density of fermions. The text was submitted by the author in English.     

Model of filmwise vapor condensation on curved surfaces

A three-dimensional unsteady model of filmwise vapor condensation on a curved surface that takes into account the mass forces, the surface tension, and the friction on the surface of the condensate film is developed. This model generalizes the previous models of the filmwise vapor condensation. An evolution equation is derived for a condensate-layer thickness. Numerical algorithms are developed for solving the evolution equation. The condensation of ethanol vapor moving in a round tube is calculated. The effect of the tube diameter on the intensity of condensation is analyzed.     

On the mechanism of carbon nanotube formation: II. The kinetics of explosive condensation of carbon molten drops in a metallic catalyst

The preliminary stage of the formation of carbon nanotubes by the vapor-liquid-drop mechanism is considered as applied to the condensation of drops from carbon and metal vapors. The problem of the condensation of molten drops is solved for a wide concentration range for both vapors at a condensation temperature. It is shown that, at very high concentrations of the metal vapor (10¹⁸–10¹⁹ cm⁻³) and high temperatures (about 0.3 eV), peculiar heterogeneous condensation of the drops can occur at huge supersaturation of the carbon vapor and the saturated metal vapor. This problem of the condensation of the binary vapor is of methodical interest. This condensation is shown to be unrealizable in real experiment at the parameters of the carbon and metal vapors; it virtually merges with the homogeneous condensation of the metal vapor. The maximum concentration of the carbon vapor below which carbon condenses into drops and above which carbon condenses into amorphous soot particles is calculated. The calculation makes it possible to propose a new approach to the controlled growth of carbon nanotubes.     

纤维膜在膜蒸馏过程中的膜内毛细冷凝现象

膜蒸馏过程中的膜内冷凝现象是该技术在实际应用中不可忽视的一个重要问题。本文以疏水化改性处理的纤维膜作为研究对象,采用实验现象观察和理论分析并用的方法,研究了纤维膜在膜蒸馏过程发生膜内毛细管冷凝的影响因素包括膜蒸馏模块结构、蒸馏膜参数、热力学参数,探讨了毛细冷凝对膜蒸馏的影响。实验表明毛细冷凝可以在膜蒸馏过程中发生,但并不终止膜蒸馏过程,而是减小了传质系数。毛细冷凝容易发生在蒸馏膜厚度小、热料液温度高、冷却液温度低或气隙小的情况下。实验结果和理论分析表明,传质系数实验值的降低可作为膜孔内发生毛细冷凝的判定依据。通过简化蒸气在疏水多孔介质的传递过程,建立了膜蒸馏过程发生毛细冷凝时的传质平衡模型。     

三维简谐势阱中玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的边界效应

在定义特征长度的基础上,应用Euler–MacLaurin公式,研究了理想玻色气体在三维简谐势阱中玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的边界效应.结果表明:粒子的凝聚分数由于有限尺度和有限粒子数效应而减小,修正的凝聚分数和凝聚温度由于边界效应存在一个极大值,选择优化的最佳势阱参数,可以有效提高凝聚分数和凝聚温度;热容量的跃变存在边界效应和粒子数效应,选择合理的势阱参数时,热容量的跃变存在一个极小值.导出了简谐势阱中有限理想玻色气体的状态方程,揭示了压强的各向异性(或各向同性)取决于简谐势频率的各向异性(或各向同性).     

蒸气压力和流速对低浓度酒精-水混合蒸气微细竖直管外凝结的影响

本文在不同蒸气压力和流速状态下对低浓度的酒精-水混合蒸气在微细竖直圆管外表面Marangoni凝结传热特性进行了可视化实验研究,观测到不同工况下的凝结形态。结果表明,随着过冷度的增加,凝结传热系数急剧升高,凝结传热系数在达到峰值后开始下降,下降曲率相对较缓;随着压力的增加,凝结传热系数在大的过冷度下增幅较大。蒸气流速的影响与压力的影响类似。可视化研究表明蒸气压力和流速大小对凝结速率影响较大。     

Water condensation kinetics on a hydrophobic surface

Employing thermal desorption spectroscopy, we show that the effective probability of water condensation at low water vapor pressure on an octane film is much below unity at 100-120 K. This unusual finding is related to a small binding energy of H2O monomers on octane (approximately equal to 0.08 eV), requiring the formation of critical water clusters for condensation to occur. This results in strong temperature and impingement-rate dependencies of the water condensation rate and a nonlinear uptake as a function of dose time. All these features are rationalized quantitatively by a kinetic model of water condensation.     

On the choice of the condensation pressure in the condensation approximation

The choice of the condensation pressure in the condensation approximation is a rather ambiguous step, and only fortuitously the methods of choice proposed by Harris and by Cerofolini give the same results when applied to the Fowler-Guggenheim isotherm. In fact, the two methods lead to different condensation pressures when considering the Hill-De Boer isotherm. This article is due to the necessity of clarifying what method may be opportunely used: the conclusions of our discussion show that if the condensation approximation is a good approximation, then the obtained distribution function does not depend markedly on the assumed condensation pressure.     

透平级中自发凝结及叶栅中非均质凝结流动的初步研究

湿蒸汽流动问题研究对提高蒸汽透平设计水平具有重要意义。本文对级环境下的自发凝结流动和和叶栅中的非均质凝结流动进行了数值研究。结果表明,透平级环境下的凝结不仅使流动模式发生了变化,也改变了级的反动度;蒸汽中一定量的杂质对叶栅中湿蒸汽凝结流动的流场发生变化,使流动情况得到改善。要使这些影响从工程上具有指导意义,在此基础上还需要进一步的研究。     

The Boltzmann Equation for Bose-Einstein Particles: Condensation in Finite Time

The paper considers the problem of the Bose-Einstein condensation in finite time for isotropic distributional solutions of the spatially homogeneous Boltzmann equation for Bose-Einstein particles with the hard sphere model. We prove that if the initial datum of a solution is a function which is singular enough near the origin (the zero-point of particle energy) but still Lebesgue integrable (so that there is no condensation at the initial time), then the condensation continuously starts to occur from the initial time to every later time. The proof is based on a convex positivity of the cubic collision integral and some properties of a certain Lebesgue derivatives of distributional solutions at the origin. As applications we also study a special type of solutions and present a relation between the conservation of mass and the condensation.     

Experimental and numerical visualizations of condensation process in a supersonic ejector

The present study deals with the visualization of the droplet condensation phenomenon that can occur in ejectors powered by moist air. The condensation process is visualized through a numerical model of non-equilibrium condensation in high speed flows implemented by the present authors in a CFD code. The evolution of the region of condensation in the ejector with the primary stagnation pressure is examined both in the case without secondary flows and in the case with free entrainment of induced air. Laser tomography visualization is used to validate the computational results. The effects of some parameters such as the primary stagnation pressure and the humidity ratio in the primary and secondary air flows are also examined. Limitations of the present numerical model are discussed.     

Tachyon condensation and open string field theory

We perform canonical quantization of open string on a unstable D-brane in the background of tachyon condensation. Evaluating the Polyakov path-integral on a strip, we obtain a field theoretical propagator in the open string theory. As condensation occurs the string field theory is continuously deformed. At the infrared fixed point of condensation, the open string field on the unstable D-brane transmutes to that on the lower-dimensional D-brane with the correct D-brane tension.