Further development of a model for the production of strange particles in nucleus-nucleus collisions

A previously proposed model for the production of neutral strange particles in nucleus-nucleus collisions, based on the Additive Quark Model and nuclear cascading, is further developed. The model predictions on neutral strange particle multiplicities, transverse momentum and rapidity distributions are compared with the existing oxygen- and sulphur-nucleus data at 200 GeV per nucleon. The predictions for central PbPb collisions are presented and discussed in some detail.     

Characteristics of particle production in high energy nuclear collisions: A model-based analysis

The present work pertains to the production of some very important negatively charged secondaries in lead-lead and gold-gold collision at AGS, SPS and RHIC energies. We would like to examine here the role of the particular version of Sequential Chain Model (SCM), which was applied widely in the past in analysing data on various high-energy hadronic collisions, in explaining now the latest findings on the features of particle production in the relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. The agreement between the model of our choice and the measured data is found to be modestly satisfactory in cases of the most prominent and abundantly produced varieties of the secondaries in the above-stated two nuclear collisions.     

J/psi suppression in nucleus-nucleus collisions

We propose a model for calculating J/psi suppression in high-energy hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions. We factorized the process into a production of the cc- pairs convoluted with a transition probability into the observed J/psi mesons. As the produced cc- pairs exit the nuclear matter, multiple scattering increases the square of the relative momentum between the c and c- such that some pairs are transmuted into open charm states. With only one parameter, the energy gained by the produced cc- pair per unit length in the nuclear medium, our model can fit all observed J/psi suppression data in hadron-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions.     

AGS和RHIC能区核-核碰撞中的领头粒子效应与双柱模型

在总结双柱模型计算结果的基础上, 用该模型对交变梯度同步加速器(AGS)和相对论性重离子对撞机(RHIC)能区核－核碰撞中的领头粒子效应进行了统一分析. 结果表明:在AGS和RHIC能区, 不同中心性核－核碰撞中带电粒子(赝)快度分布的不同, 主要由领头粒子的贡献影响; 如果扣除领头粒子的贡献, 不同中心性核－核碰撞中带电粒子的(赝)快度分布有相同的形状.     

Pion production as a probe of the nuclear matter equation of state

It is shown that thermal and chemical equilibrium are approached during the high density stage in central nucleus-nucleus collisions and that the yield of produced pions is determined at that time. A chemical model with Rankine-Hugoniot compression is used to extract a nuclear matter equation of state from the observed pion yield assuming a partition of the internal energy per nucleon into thermal and compressional energy fractions, with only the former part contributing to particle production.     

Total angular momentum and reaction plane in collisions of high-energy particles

The reaction plane is an efficient tool for studying nucleus-nucleus collisions and other particle interactions. In order to determine it in those cases, use is made of model (hydrodynamic) concepts of the relationship between the impact parameter and collective flows of particles. It is shown that there is a direct possibility for reconstructing, in a model-independent way, the orientation of the plane in which particle collisions in reactions occur. The idea of the method is based on the relationship between experimentally measured quantities and the total angular momentum of the system of particles involved in the collision process. The concept of the reaction plane is defined for the case of multiparticle-production processes; it is shown that a normal to it is aligned with the total angular momentum. This circumstance ultimately leads to the interplay of particle azimuthal angles. This effect is interpreted in the literature as a manifestation of a collective production of particle flows in nuclear collisions.     

Strange particle production in relativistic collisions of heavy ions

This review examines data on strange particle production in Pb + Pb collisions obtained in heavy ion experiments at CERN SPS. The yields of K, Λ, Ξ and Ω are considered, as well as their rapidity and transverse mass distributions, depending on the centrality of Pb + Pb collisions at SPS energies. Experimental results are compared with predictions of the statistical nuclear fireball and microscopic parton -string models. We discuss in detail the experimentally observed effect of strangeness enhancement in nucleus-nucleus collisions as compared to nucleon-nuclear interactions and its interpretation within the framework of various theoretical models. Also, we analyze the behavior of hyperon yields and nuclear modification factors in passing from SPS to RHIC energies.     

Antiproton production in nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at the CERN-SPS

A model for antiproton production in nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon, based on the Wounded Nucleon Model is developed. The predictions are compared to published nucleon-nucleus and sulphur-nucleus data. The results suggest the presence of similar antiproton production processes in nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions near midrapidity.     

Antiproton production in nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at the CERN-SPS

A model for antiproton production in nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions at 200 GeV per nucleon, based on the Wounded Nucleon Model is developed. The predictions are compared to published nucleon-nucleus and sulphur-nucleus data. The results suggest the presence of similar antiproton production processes in nucleon-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus collisions near midrapidity.     

Entrance-channel potentials in synthesis of the heaviest nuclei, muon catalysis of superheavy element formation

Entrance-channel potentials in nucleus-nucleus collisions, relevant for the synthesis of superheavy elements, are systematically studied within a semi-microscopic approach, where microscopic nuclear densities are used in semi-classical expressions of the energy-density functional. The existence of pockets in the entrance-channel potentials is crucial for heavy-ion fusion. It is shown that a muon bound with the light projectile induces the production of superheavy elements in nucleus-nucleus collisions.     

Comment on entropy production in nuclear collisions

A recent analysis of the data for particle production in central nucleus-nucleus (AA) collisions finds an “enhancement” in particle multiplicities or entropy at the highest energies near 200A GeV (as compared to those at lower energies). This is interpreted within a relativistic photon gas model as an increase in the number of degrees of freedom, and the formation of the quark-gluon plasma between AGS and SPS energies is hypothesized. We find that particle multiplicities in A collisions also show an enhancement at large F, a nonlinear increase with the Fermi energy variable, . This suggests the possibility that the enhancement seen in AA collisions is also due to such a non-linearity in F. Received: 11 November 1997 / Published online: 10 March 1998     

Full and Partial Thermalization of Nucleons in Relativistic Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions

We propose a mechanism of thermalization of nucleons in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. Our model belongs, to a certain degree, to the transport ones; we consider the evolution of the system, but we parametrize this development by the number of collisions of every particle in the system rather than by the time variable. We based on the assumption that the nucleon momentum transfer after several nucleon-nucleon (-hadron) collisions becomes a random quantity driven by a proper distribution.     

Leading baryon spectrum in high-energy nuclear collisions

We compute the leading baryon spectrum in high-energy nuclear collisions in the framework of the Dual parton model. Nucleus-nucleus collisions are treated in full detail. The average rapidity shift of the leading baryon (nuclear stopping power) is studied as a function of the degree of centrality of the collision and the cross-section of the selected events is given. Important differences are found here between proton-nucleus and nucleus-nucleus interactions. The agreement with existing data on proton-nucleus and α?α collisions is quite good.     

A microscopic calculation of secondary Drell-Yan production in heavy ion collisions

A study of secondary Drell-Yan production in nuclear collisions is presented for SPS energies. In addition to the lepton pairs produced in the initial collisions of the projectile and target nucleons, we consider the potentially high dilepton yield from hard valence antiquarks in produced mesons and antibaryons. We calculate the secondary Drell-Yan contributions taking the collision spectrum of hadrons from the microscopic model URQMD. The contributions from meson-baryon interactions, small in hadron-nucleus interactions, are found to be substantial in nucleus-nucleus collisions at low dilepton masses. Preresonance collisions of partons may further increase the yields. Received: 9 July 1997 / Revised version: 17 December 1997 / Published online: 10 March 1998     

Analytical treatment of high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions

We review an analytical study of high-energy nucleus-nucleus collisions based on Boltzmann's kinetic theory of gases. In the first part of the paper, we do not take effects of the nuclear mean field into account. This turns out to be appropriate for particle inclusive production, as the good agreement of the theory with a large variety of inclusive experimental data demonstrates. As soon as physical observables extracted from measurements on an event per event basis are considered, the nuclear potential plays a decisive rôle. To account for this fact, we extend the theory by including the nuclear mean field in the Boltzmann equation. The results obtained are in qualitative agreement with experimental exclusive observables such as the sideward kinetic energy flow angle and the average transverse momentum, despite the absence of strong compression of nuclear matter in the theory presented.     

400 AMeV 12C诱发乳胶核反应重电离粒子前后关联研究

对400 AMeV 12C诱发乳胶核反应重电离粒子的前后关联进行了研究。重电离粒子来源于靶核碎片,分为灰径迹粒子和黑径迹粒子两种。实验结果很好地验证了核-核碰撞几何模型。灰径迹粒子的发射在前、后半球是各向异性的,而黑径迹粒子的发射基本是一致的。向前、向后发射的灰径迹粒子、黑径迹粒子平均多重数对重电离粒子数n_h呈线性依赖,黑径迹粒子、灰径迹粒子的向前发射随n_h的增加而增加的幅度分别大于其向后发射随n_h的增加而增加的幅度,但核内级联效应受靶核大小的影响,向后半球内发射的灰径迹粒子平均多重数随n_h的增加有饱和现象,这些多重数关联特性基本上可以利用基于碰撞几何的旁观体-反应体模型及级联蒸发模型来解释。The forward-backward multiplicity correlation of heavily ionized particles produced in 12C-emulsion interactions at 400 AMeV is investigated. The heavy ionized particles, come from the target fragments, are divided into grey track particle and black track particle. The experimental results can be well explained by the geometry model of the nucleus-nucleus collisions. The emission of grey track particles in forward and backward hemisphere is not isotropic, but the emission of black track particle is almost isotropic. The averaged multiplicity of grey track particles and black track particles in forward and backward hemisphere linearly depend on the number of heavily ionized particle n_h, the correlation strength in forward hemisphere is greater than that in backward hemisphere, but the dependence of grey track particle in backward hemisphere on the number of heavily ionized particle n_h shows the saturation because of the intranuclar cascade effect is influenced by target size. The characteristics of multiplicity correlations can be well explained by the participant-spectator model based on the colliding geometrical picture and the cascade evaporation model of high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions.     

(sNN)1/2=200 GeV的d+Au碰撞中末态带电粒子赝快度分布的对心度依赖性

将核子-核子碰撞末态带电粒子的生成源分为二元核子 核子碰撞与带头粒子两部分, 给出了末态带电粒子的赝快度分布与入射能量间的解析关系。 以此为基础, 将核 核碰撞末态带电粒子的生成源分为二元核子-核子碰撞、 带头粒子与旁观者3部分, 建立起了以碰撞参数与束流能量为自变量的末态带电粒子的赝快度分布, 并用其分析了BNL-RHIC-PHOBOS合作组在sNN=200 GeV的不同d+Au对心度碰撞中所做的实验测量。 所得结果与实验符合得很好。 We divide the particle generating sources in nucleon-nucleon collisions into two parts: binary collisions and leading particles, and present the analytical relation between charged particle pseudorapidity distributions and incident energy. On the basis of this work, we classify the particle generating sources in nucleus-nucleus collisions into three parts:binary collisions,leading particles and spectators,and formulate the charged particle pseudorapidity distributions as the function of incident energy and impact parameter. We then analyze with the model the experimental measurements in d+Au collisions at sNN=200 GeV. The theoretical results are well consistent with experimental data.     

Rayleigh-like distribution of particle transverse momenta in collisions at high energies

The transverse momentum distributions of final-state particles produced in collisions at high energies are studied by using a two-component Rayleigh-like distribution. This representation is based on Liu's multisource ideal gas model which describes protons and fragments in high energy nucleus-nucleus collisions. The calculated results are in good agreement with the experimental data of Au-Au, Cu-Cu, d-Au, and pp collisions at the relativistic heavy ion collider energies. The experimental particle momentum distributions of p-Be collisions at 6.4, 12.3, and 17.5 GeV/c, as well as Au-Au collisions at 1.5 AGeV are well described by a model based on a single Rayleigh-like distribution of particle transverse momenta.     

Canonical hadron gas interpretation ofp-A E802 data

Hadron gas models have proved successful in predicting particle production in relativistic nucleus-nucleus collisions. The extension of these models to the smaller systems formed in proton-nucleus collisions requires that the finite size of the system be considered. We study two features introduced by the finite size: the need to conserve strangeness and baryon number exactly by performing calculations in the canonical ensemble, and the inclusion of a finite size geometrical correction term in the single particle density of states. We find significant differences between the grand canonical and canonical ensembles and a strong dependence on the baryon number of the system.