液滴在气固交界面变形移动问题的光滑粒子流体动力学模拟

为准确模拟液滴在气固交界面变形移动问题,对基于连续表面张力模型的表面张力光滑粒子流体动力学方法进行了改进.改进方法采用新的边界处理方式和界面法向修正方法,即将固体边界虚粒子色函数值根据液面的位置进行相应设定以保证气-液-固三相交界处流体粒子的界面法向沿接触线法线方向,引入Brackbill提出的壁面附着力边界条件处理方法,对在气-液-固三相交界处的流体粒子及部分固体边界虚粒子的界面法向进行修正,修正前后保持法向模值不变,得到了含壁面附着力边界条件的表面张力算法.模拟了受壁面附着力影响的水槽中液面的变化过程、液滴润湿壁面过程和剪切气流驱动液滴在固体表面变形脱落过程,并与流体体积函数方法进行了对比.结果表明,该方法在处理壁面附着力问题时精度较高,稳定性较好,适合处理工程中液滴在气固交界面变形移动问题.     

固体表面不同微观形貌对冷凝过程的影响

固壁表面发生的冷凝过程广泛存在于工程领域中,具有重要的研究意义.本文采用分子动力学模拟方法,对氩气在光滑/粗糙铂金属壁面的冷凝过程进行了研究,观察了近壁面区内液体的层状和网状密度分布特征及固液界面处的温度跳跃现象,前者是由固体表面作用势所致,后者则是分子热运动在微尺度固液界面区域所呈现的特殊现象.通过对不同工况模拟结果及系统内传热传质特性的分析发现,随着壁面凸起高度的增加,流固接触面积增大,接触热阻减小,换热效果得到了强化;凝结过程换热量随凸起高度的增加呈增长趋势;热量传递过程中,相变潜热量始终占总传热量的60%左右.     

壁面效应对纳米尺度气体流动的影响规律研究

采用分子动力学方法研究了过渡区纳米通道内的壁面力场对气体剪切流动的影响规律.在纳米尺度下,壁面力场对流场的主导作用更加显著,流动物理量对于壁面条件和系统温度的变化也更加敏感.壁面原子的运动采用Einstein模型模拟,结果表明随着壁面刚度的增加,气体在近壁面区域的速度峰值减小,气体分子与壁面的动量适应性变差.壁面粗糙度通过金字塔形模型来研究,发现无论是主流区域还是近壁区域,壁面粗糙度对流动的影响都非常明显.当粗糙单元高度增大时,气体分子在壁面处的聚集现象明显,与壁面完全动量适应.本文还研究了系统温度对纳米通道流动的影响,结果表明温度的影响是全局性的,温度的升高导致整个通道内流速降低,近壁区域气体密度减小,气-固动量适应性变差.     

电场下液滴合并自弹跳行为的分子动力学研究

在工程上通常利用滴状冷凝提高冷凝换热效率、进而强化传热。而当冷凝液滴发生合并自弹跳时,冷凝换热系数是传统滴状冷凝的1.3至1.5倍,因此液滴合并自弹跳现象对冷凝传热强化的贡献是非常大的。一些宏观实验和理论研究表明,加入外电场能进一步促进冷凝液滴合并自弹跳的频率和高度,但在纳米尺度下是否仍遵守这一规律还未可知,因此本文使用分子动力学模拟方法,探究了在超疏水表面上电场的方向和强度对纳米纯水液滴合并自弹跳行为的影响,模拟结果表明垂直向上方向电场会抑制液滴合并自弹跳,垂直向下方向存在一个电场促进弹跳的区间,在此区间内电场强度越大,弹跳速度越大.     

滴状冷凝过程液滴自由表面温度场分析

对于滴状冷凝过程及其传热强化机理, 一般通过分析冷凝壁面上液滴分布和运动规律进行研究, 并且将单个液滴视为稳定的个体, 很少涉及液滴内部运动特征. 本文通过红外热像仪观测了纯蒸气滴状冷凝过程中, 液滴运动时自由表面温度场的演化过程. 发现在疏水壁面上, 液滴由于合并或脱落而发生移动过程中, 其自由表面温度先降低, 而后升高并高于移动前温度. 通过分析疏水表面上液滴移动过程的物理模型, 认为液滴移动时表面液膜发生履带式滚动现象, 或者发生液滴内部与自由表面附近的液体间形成对流和掺混现象. 对液滴运动时表面温度演变规律的分析表明: 触发液滴表面发生持续冷凝可能需要克服一个临界过冷度, 当气液间温差超过该临界值时才诱发冷凝; 液滴合并或脱落等整体运动过程, 导致了液滴内部的运动特征, 并促进了较大尺寸液滴表面发生直接冷凝, 这为强化冷凝传热的研究提供新的思路.     

矩形微通道中环状冷凝的数值模拟

建立了一套恒热流边界条件下矩形微通道内环状冷凝过程的一维稳态模型,进行了数值计算,并将数值模拟结果与正三角形中的冷凝过程进行了比较.研究显示,在不同截面的微通道中,液相毛细半径和流速的沿程变化趋势都是相似的.同条件下,矩形通道的冷凝段长度大于正三角形通道.在矩形微通道中,通道入口蒸气压力和水力直径越大或者接触角越小,则冷凝段长度越长.     

纳米通道内气体剪切流动的分子动力学模拟

采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了表面力场对纳米通道内气体剪切流动的影响规律.结果显示通道内的气体流动分为两个区域:受壁面力场影响的近壁区域和不受壁面力场影响的主流区域.近壁区域内,气体流动特性和气体动力学理论预测差别很大,密度和速度急剧增大并出现峰值,正应力变化剧烈且各向异性,剪切应力在距壁面一个分子直径处出现突变.主流区域的气体流动特性与气体动力学理论预测相符合,该区域内的密度、正应力与剪切应力均为恒定值,速度分布亦符合应力-应变的线性响应关系.不同通道高度及密度下,近壁区域的归一化密度、速度及应力分布一致,表明近壁区域的气体流动特性仅由壁面力场所决定.随着壁面对气体分子势能作用的增强,气体分子在近壁区域的密度和速度随之增大,直至形成吸附层,导致速度滑移消失.通过剪切应力与切向动量适应系数(TMAC)的关系,得到不同壁面势能作用下的TMAC值,结果表明壁面对气体分子的势能作用越强,气体分子越容易在壁面发生漫反射.     

液滴在不同润湿性表面上蒸发时的动力学特性

基于润滑理论,采用滑移边界条件建立了二维液滴厚度的演化模型和移动接触线动力学模型,利用数值计算方法模拟了均匀加热基底上固着液滴蒸发时的动力学特性,分析了液-气、固-气和液-固界面张力温度敏感性对壁面润湿性和液滴动态特性的影响.结果表明,液滴的运动过程受毛细力、重力、热毛细力和蒸发的影响,重力对液滴铺展起促进作用,而毛细力、热毛细力则起抑制作用;通过改变界面张力温度敏感性系数,可使液滴蒸发过程中的接触线呈现处于钉扎或部分钉扎模式,且接触线钉扎模式下的液滴存续时间低于部分钉扎模式;提高液-气与液-固界面张力温度敏感系数均可改善壁面润湿性能,加快液滴铺展速率;而增大固-气界面张力温度敏感系数则导致壁面润湿性能恶化、延缓液滴铺展过程;通过改变固-气界面张力温度敏感系数更有利于调控处于蒸发状态下的液滴运动.     

微通道内光热相变驱动流体运动特性研究

本文通过可视化实验,对微通道内光热效应致相变驱动流体运动特性进行了研究,通过红外聚焦激光跟随微通道内液柱气液界面进行加热持续产生的蒸发冷凝-聚合过程对液柱进行连续驱动。实验研究了激光功率、加热点位置对相变过程中的界面行为、冷凝液滴分布、驱动速率的影响规律。结果表明,激光功率越高,光斑距离界面越近,液柱蒸发速率越大,蒸汽浓度高,冷凝液滴分布越密集,驱动流体流动速度越快。     

纳米尺度下气泡核化生长的分子动力学研究

采用分子动力学方法模拟纳米尺度下液体在固体壁面上发生核化沸腾的过程,主要研究壁面浸润性对气泡初始核化过程和气泡生长速率的影响以及固-液界面效应在液体核化沸腾的能量传递过程中所起到的作用.研究结果发现：壁面浸润性越强,气泡在固壁处越容易核化.该结果与经典核化理论中“疏水壁面易于产生气泡”的现象产生了明显的区别.其根本原因是在纳米尺度下,固-液界面热阻效应不能被忽略.一方面,在相同的壁温下,通过增强固-液相互作用,可以显著降低界面热阻,使得热量传递效率提高,导致靠近壁面处的流体温度升高,气泡核化等待时间缩短,有利于液体沸腾核化.另一方面,气泡的生长速率随着壁面浸润性的增强而明显升高.当气泡体积生长到一定程度时,会在壁面处形成气膜,从而导致壁面传热性能恶化.因此,通过壁面的热流密度呈现出先增大后减小的规律.     

Electric field and force on a conducting sphere in contact with a dielectric solid

This paper presents the analysis of electric field and force on a conducting sphere lying on a dielectric solid under a uniform field. To achieve high accuracy, we have applied the analytical method of successively placing three infinite sequences of point and dipole charges (zero- or first-order multipoles). The electric field is highest at the contact point, called the triple junction, where the conductor, the dielectric solid, and the surrounding medium (gas or vacuum) meet together. Both the contact-point field and the force increase with the permittivity ratio of the solid to that of the surrounding medium. The resulting force always attracts the sphere to the solid, in contrast to the repulsive force in the case of a conducting sphere lying on a plane conductor under an external field. We have given very simple formulae for approximating the contact-point field and the force which agree with the precise values within a difference of 3% for permittivity ratios up to 32 and 64, respectively.     

Mathematical simulation of nonstationary regimes of natural convection in a cubical enclosure with finite-thickness heat-conducting walls

Nonstationary regimes of conjugate thermal-gravitational convection in a cubical enclosure in the conditions of horizontal temperature difference is numerically analyzed. The external surfaces of two opposite walls were at constant different temperatures, the rest external edges were considered adiabatic. The mathematical model based on Oberbeck-Bussinesq equations is formulated in dimensionless natural velocity-pressure variables. Typical temperature and velocity fields, which represent the effect of the nonstationarity factor, Prandtl number, and thermophysical characteristics of the enclosure solid walls on the flow and heat transfer, are obtained.     

Temperature and external field-driven microrelief at free surface of smectic-A liquid crystal

A homeotropically oriented smectic-A film on a solid substrate with periodical microrelief is considered. Periodical distortions of the free surface of the film induced by this microrelief are theoretically investigated. The dependence of these distortions on the film thickness, the temperature, and external magnetic (electric) field is obtained. It is shown that, for a certain choice of the shape of the substrate surface microrelief, one can realize a temperature and external magnetic (electric) field control on the microrelief at the free surface of the smectic-A film.     

Computer simulation of nanoindentation into polymer films

We present computer simulations of nanoindentation into amorphous polymer films. The bulk polymer is treated through a united atom model in connection with molecular dynamics methods. The dynamics of the indenter is modeled as overdamped, such that the indentation velocity is proportional to the difference between the external force acting onto the tool and the resistance force built up in the polymer film. We concentrate on the initial, kinetic stage of the indentation process and give results for the motion of the indenter, the deformation field of the polymer film, the stress field, and the field of total monomer energy. We propose an effective coefficient as a new measure for the resistivity of a surface against indentation. Its value can be determined in an experiment with constant indentation velocity. In addition, we investigate the free drift behavior when the external driving force has been set to zero and the tool is expelled from the polymer film. For different polymer chain lengths, the tool’s motion is exponential in time and we determine the relaxation scale.     

Effect of external electric field on crystalline structure and dielectric properties of Bi_(1.5)MgNb_(1.5)O_7 thin films

Bismuth-based cubic pyrochlore materials have attractive dielectric properties, especially dielectric tunability. The Bi_(1.5)MgNb_(1.5)O_7 ceramic samples were prepared by solid state reaction. The XRD results and SEM pictures prove the raw material are well mixed and co-fired and the BMN cubic pyrochlore is well crystallized, no second phase was found in the result. BMN thin film were fabricated by depositing BMN ceramic nanoparticles on the sapphire. The BMN thin film has a high dielectric tunability of 43% at a bias voltage of 1.5 MV/cm, with loss tangent lower than 0.009. A Raman study of BMN cubic pyrochlore reveals O′–A–O′and O–A–O bending modes contribute to 80% of dielectric permittivity,obstructing these modes such as applying external electric field can have apparent influence on dielectric constant. Berry Phase calculation results shows that A_2 O′tetrahedrons are more easy to distort under an external field. The A-site Mg have the highest displacement(0.765028 ?), followed by A-site Bi cations(0.346317 ?). Compared to zero-bias thin film,the biased one with A–O and A–O′bonds being stretched and external coulomb force applied on cations and anions, the dielectric constant under bias field dramatically decreased.     

Sound attenuation in doped displacive ferroelectrics

An expression is obtained for the sound attenuation constant in a doped displacive ferroelectrics in the presence of an external electric field, using double-time temperature-dependent Green’s function technique. The mass and force constant changes due to impurity atoms, are taken into account along with higher order anharmonic and electric dipole moment terms, in the Silverman-Joseph Hamiltonian. The attenuation constant increases with an external electric field. The soft mode is responsible for the anomalously increasing behaviour of the attenuation constant in the vicinity of the Curie temperature. The results agree with those attained by Tani and Tsuda and Heuter and Neuhaus.     

水平梯度表面能材料表面上的滴状凝结换热系数

本文在均质表面的单个球缺形液滴换热模型和液滴通用尺度分布规律的基础上,结合梯度表面能材料表面的液滴分布和凝结换热特性,得到了一维水平梯度表面能材料表面上的滴状凝结换热计算式。在此基础上,研究了壁面过冷度、接触角梯度、工质物性等参数对梯度表面能材料表面滴状凝结换热性能的影响。结果表明:随着过冷度的增加和凝结工质汽化潜热的增大和表面张力的减小和接触角梯度的增大,平均表面凝结换热系数会增大。     

Thermomechanics of Deformations in an Anharmonic Solid Body

Physics of the Solid State - The macroscopic laws determining the temperature and deformations of an anharmonic solid body in a given external temperature force field have been stated in the form...     

磁场对二元合金凝固过程中糊状层稳定性的影响

利用线性稳定性方法研究了外加磁场对二元合金凝固过程中糊状层稳定性的影响,且模型同时考虑了温度场、浓度场和流动的耦合作用.利用计算得出的色散关系式分析了磁场对糊状层稳定性的影响,其中包括直接模式和振荡模式.给出了不同情况下外加磁场对糊状层稳定性的影响,发现磁洛伦兹力可以减小由浮力引起的失稳效应.振荡模式下外加磁场对糊状层产生稳定作用,但直接模式下外加磁场对糊状层的稳定作用具有不确定性.本文所给出结果为工业中利用外加磁场改善产品的质量提供了重要的理论参考.     

Quark and pion condensation in a chromomagnetic background field

The general features of quark and pion condensation in dense quark matter with flavor asymmetry have been considered at finite temperature in the presence of a chromomagnetic background field modeling the gluon condensate. In particular, pion condensation in the case of a constant abelian chromomagnetic field and zero temperature has been studied both analytically and numerically. Under the influence of the chromomagnetic background field the effective potential of the system is found to have a global minimum for a finite pion condensate even for small values of the effective quark coupling constant. In the strong field limit, an effective dimensional reduction has been found to take place.