广东省某民办中学膳食中微量元素调查及其评价

为调查和评价民办中学膳食中微量元素营养情况,探讨最佳膳食模式,全面改善学生的营养,采用称质量法调查三天膳食。结果表明,每人每天微量元素摄入量(RDA)为:Ca523.00mg、Fe10.72mg、Zn10.91mg、Se58.07μg;用RDA标准评价,Ca、Fe、Zn、Se达标率(%)分别为:初中男生45.58、76.00、68.07、100.00;女生33.59、39.50、50.00、100;高中男生52.80、70.87、77.00、100.00;女生47.50、46.70、76.33、100.00。结论是该中学学生Se达标;Ca、Fe、Zn均未达标,有待研究最佳膳食模式,全面改善学生营养。     

长骨骨折患者中西结合食疗的平衡膳食模式研究

为证明中国营养平衡米和粉（CNBR和CNBP）作主食,制得骨伤患者食疗的平衡膳食,可提高骨折患者的疗效,对骨折患者中西结合食疗的平衡膳食模式进行了研究。结果表明：（1）用理化方法检测每100g主食的蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物和热量,CNBR为10．24、2．45、70．00g和343．01kcal（1cal=4．1868J）;CNBP为26．20、30．60、35．50g和522kcal;而普通稻米为7．29、1．10、77．00g和347．00kccal（2）据骨伤机体高代谢的营养需要求得：早期热量=BMR·应激因素·1．25＋（15％～25％）BMR,为2700～2800kcal;中期热量=BMR·应激因素·1．25·PAL＋（15％～25％）BMR,为4000～4100kcal;晚期热量：BMR·PAL,为2400kcal。（3）按以CNBR和CNBP为主食的平衡膳食基本模式2700kcal±x·100kcal（CNBR575g±x·21．54和CNBP50g±x·5．00）求得：早期2700—2800kcal需要主食CNBR575～579g和CNBP50～55g,中期4000～4100kcal主食CNBR855～877g和CNBP115—120g,晚期2400kcal需要主食CNBR510g和CNBP35g;各期副食相同：蔬菜和水果500g～200g、鱼和肉50～100g、蛋40g、大豆30g、花生油12．25g、盐6g,可制得骨折患者食疗以CNBR和CNBP为主食的中西结合平衡膳食模式。（4）平衡膳食模式评价：热量和3大营养素数量足够,比例平衡,符合骨伤机体高代谢营养需要,适合骨折患者的食疗,建议推广应用。     

广东省高校大学生膳食调查及营养配餐推荐

本调查报告采用问卷法了解广东主要高校大学生一周内熟食进食量及用餐情况，计算出每人每日热量和各种营养素的摄人量，采用Microsoft Excel软件进行数据处理和统计分析，并用中国营养学会制订的DRIs(膳食营养素参考摄人量)和中国居民膳食指南及平衡膳食宝塔进行比较分析，且通过微量元素检测对结果进行了验证，最后提供了为期一周的营养配餐作为膳食参考。主要调查结果如下：男女生的蛋白质、尼克酸、维生素C、维生素E、碘和男生锰的摄入量已经满足人体需要。男生铁和锰的摄入量基本满足需要。男女生的能量、脂肪、膳食纤维、维生素A、硫胺素、核黄素、钙、锌的摄人量都不足，且女生铁的摄人量同样不足。男女生一日三餐热量分配结构十分不平衡，早餐的热量摄入均偏低，膳食结构也不合理。在分析广东省大学生膳食状况的基础上，推出五套营养配餐方案供高校膳食部门和大学生参考选用。     

略谈甲醛聚糖研究的进展

供给人体热:量的食物主要是碳水化合物、脂肪和蛋白质。目前,我国人民膳食中的热量主要来自碳水化合物。用人工合成的方法获得可食用的碳水化合物,这是化学和生物化学工作者长期以来进行的最艰巨的探     

棕腹刺河豚肌肉中三大营养成分的研究

采用国标方法测定了棕腹刺河豚肌肉中三大营养成分.结果表明,棕腹刺河豚肌肉的可食部87.30%;每100 g可食部中水分78.50 g,蛋白质19.30 g,脂肪1.94 g,碳水化合物0.26 g,热量95.70 kcal（1 cal=4.1868 J）.同法测定了黑鳃兔头豚肌肉的营养成分,结果表明,可食部66.14%;每100 g可食部中水分80.18 g,蛋白质18.70 g,脂肪0.68 g,碳水化合物0.25 g,热量81.92 kcal.两种河豚均在珠江口捕获.综合来看,棕腹刺河豚可食部、蛋白质、脂肪、碳水化合物、热量等均比黑鳃兔头豚高,且安全食用[1].据此认为,棕腹刺河豚为良好的蛋白质和脂肪资源,建议在秋冬季节捕捞和开发棕腹刺河豚.     

中国外销普通型营养平衡米及其配膳的微量元素平衡研究

报告了中国外销普通型营养平衡米（下称营养平衡米）与普通籼米的TE含量、NSF值和INQ值,并将营养平衡米平衡米配膳和籼米配膳的NSF进行了比较。结果表明：每100g外销普通型营养平衡米Fe、Mn、Zn、Cu含量为0．719、1．043、1．391、0．439mg,均高于籼米的0．39、0．92、1．20、0．29mg;NSF值分别为19．97、208．60、46．37、109．75,均高于籼米的0．30、184．00、40．00、72．50,其各营养素含量对人体营养素供给量满足程度比普通米更接近人体营养平衡模式。营养平衡米的INQ值,幼儿组分别为0．24、2．76、0．46、1．16,均高于籼米的0．10、2．53、0．41、0．80,儿童组和成人组结果与幼儿组的一致,其各营养素含量比普通米平衡安全,长期食用,热量满足,各营养素达到RDA,不会出现肥胖等营养过剩或营养不良的危险,还可改善营养不平衡状况。营养平衡米膳的NSF值分别为29．808、115．280、173．028、171．234,高于籼米膳的25．35、105．44、170．48、156．33,其膳食的NSF值比普通米膳食NSF值更接近膳食NSF标准,更符合平衡膳食模式要求。证明营养平衡米及其配膳的微量元素TE平衡,且比籼米及其配膳的营养价值高。因此,当前很有必要推广食用营养平衡米,预防和改善当前营养不平衡状况和防治因Zn、Cu、Fe、Se引起的疾病,并促进儿童生长发育。     

血透患者微量元素营养状况初步探讨

对门诊维持性血透肾衰患者进行了膳食营养调查。结果表明：（1）在临床检查中发现,血透肾衰患者面黄肌瘦,面色苍白,浮肿,疲劳;体质虚弱,四肢无力;精神不振,具有明显的营养不良的临床表现。（2）在膳食调查中发现,每人每日营养素摄入量为蛋白质41．54mg,热量5288kJ,钙104mg、铁4．86mg和锌8．86mg、硒35μg、铜2．28mg、锰2．86mg、镁76．50mg、磷448mg、钾752mg和钠1385．4mg;视黄醇当量368μg、vitarmin B10.58mg、vitamin B20.39mg、vitarnin C51mg、vitaminPP12.60mg和vitaminE0.38mg。提示血透肾衰患者蛋白质－热量营养不良,K、Na过量,而Ca、Mg、P等宏量元素和Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Se等微量元素和RE、vitamin B1、vitamin B2、vitamin C均未达到RDA要求。原因是主食营养不平衡。因此,建议对血透肾衰患者进食主食营养平衡米（NBR）和制订平衡食谱,开展透析日营养治疗和病人家庭营养治疗。改善血透肾衰患者微量元素营养状况。     

广东某高校学生膳食镉摄入状况

目的通过分析膳食镉摄入量与膳食摄入状况之间的关联性,揭示广东某高校学生膳食镉摄入量与摄入状况之间的关系。方法本文采用双份饭法收集该校某班10名学生(男女各半)连续7 d每天摄入的全部食物作为样品,共70份,经匀浆处理后得到36个实验样品,用火焰原子吸收光谱法测定上述样品的镉含量。结果该校学生膳食镉的摄入量男生为74.74μg/d,女生为67.64μg/d;学生膳食摄入状况与膳食镉摄入量之间的关联性依次是:膳食总量(r=0.84)摄入的鱼量(r=0.74)摄入的米饭量(r=0.67)摄入的鸡肉量(r=0.65)摄入的青菜量(r=0.52)摄入的鸡蛋量(r=0.50)。结论男女生膳食镉摄入量均超出了相应的允许摄入限量,膳食镉摄入量与膳食摄入总量、摄入食品种类和调查对象的性别有关。     

中国营养平衡米膳治疗肾衰病人的Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Se平衡论证

采用营养调查方法 ,对门诊 30例血透肾衰患者进行了调查 ,并对其进食中国营养平衡米膳改善Zn、Cu、Fe、Mn、Se不平衡进行了论证。结果表明 ,临床表现为面黄肌瘦 ,苍白 ,浮肿 ,疲劳 ,消瘦 ,虚弱 ,无力 ,食欲不振 ,恶心呕吐 ,头晕 ,皮肤瘙痒 ,肌肉震颤 ,手足麻木 ,无精神等明显的营养不良 ,平均体重 5 3 5kg ,皮脂厚度 1 1 2cm ,检验为血清总蛋白 67 31mg dL ,白蛋白 37 4 9mg dL ,RBC 2 4 1× 1 0 12 /L ;氮质血症 (x) :BUN 31mmol l,Cr 1 0 0 2 6μmol L。膳食中平均每人每日微量元素摄入量为 :Fe 1 7 99mg ,Zn 1 0 35mg ,Se 5 9 2 2 μg,Cu 1 71mg ,Mn3 95mg ,以肾衰患者RDA标准评价 ,Zn、Cu未达到RDA ,Fe ,偏高 ,Mn、Se达标。证明血透肾衰患者微量元素营养不平衡。RDA标准评价分别为 1 5 0 %、 69%、 1 1 8%、 86%、 1 5 8%。若改食中国营养平衡米膳 ,Fe、Zn、Se、Cu、Mn摄入量分别为 1 9 74mg、 2 4 64mg、 1 78mg、4 0 9mg ,达标率分别为 1 65 %、 1 64%、 1 5 7%、 89%、 1 64% ,则全部达标率近 90 %以上 ,且比原来膳食中元素平衡 ,证明营养平衡米膳的Fe、Zn、Se、Cu、Mn均与RDA标准模式平衡。因此 ,建议血透肾衰患者进食中国营养平衡米膳 ,可望改善其微量元素营养不平衡状况 ,提高生存质     

开发中国营养平衡米提高老人健康水平

介绍了广州老人进食中国营养平衡米(下称平衡米)的效果.营养调查发现,180例广州老人Ca、P、Fe、Zn和Se摄入量分别为403、807、17、14 mg和46 μg,说明老人Ca、Zn、Se不足.原因是主食籼米矿物质营养不平衡.建议进食营养平衡米后,老人Ca、P、Fe、Zn 和 Se 摄入量分别提高到1 153、863、45、45 mg和111 μg,结果表明,进食平衡米可以提高广州老人矿物质营养水平,致使老人健康长寿.对此,建议开发和推广食用中国营养平衡米.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。