The Solubility of the Chloromethanes in Water

 There are more than 150 papers that report on the solubility of the four chloromethanes in water. Volume 62 of the Solubility Data Series compiles and evaluates the papers concerned with the liquid–liquid solubility of the chloromethanes with water. A similar evaluation has not been carried out for the vapor–liquid solubility at a partial pressure up to the saturation vapor pressure of the four chloromethanes. This paper uses the liquid–liquid evaluated solubility values to calculate vapor–liquid Henry’s constants. They are compared with a compilation of Henry’s constants with good agreements between the calculated constants and the median of the compiled constants. It is believed that the calculated constants are a reliable set of values to use for the vapor–liquid solubility of the chloromethanes in water.     

Solubility of Lithium Monoborate in High-Temperature Water

The solubility in water of anhydrous lithium monoborate has been determinedat 300 to 360°C. Equilibrium constants for the isocoulombic solubilityreactionLiBO₂ (s) + H⁺ (aq) + H₂O (1) = Li⁺ (aq) + H₃BO₃ (aq)have been calculated from measured concentrations of total B and total Li insolution. These high-temperature constants can be fitted by a three-term equationthat is consistent with thermodynamic data at 25°C. The heat capacity changefor the isocoulombic reaction is small and independent of temperature. Solubilityresults agree with unpublished measurements from early work on developmentof nuclear power. Solubilities reported by Bouaziz appear to be much too highand may apply to a hydrated phase.     

The Solubility of the Chloromethanes in Water

Summary.  There are more than 150 papers that report on the solubility of the four chloromethanes in water. Volume 62 of the Solubility Data Series compiles and evaluates the papers concerned with the liquid–liquid solubility of the chloromethanes with water. A similar evaluation has not been carried out for the vapor–liquid solubility at a partial pressure up to the saturation vapor pressure of the four chloromethanes. This paper uses the liquid–liquid evaluated solubility values to calculate vapor–liquid Henry’s constants. They are compared with a compilation of Henry’s constants with good agreements between the calculated constants and the median of the compiled constants. It is believed that the calculated constants are a reliable set of values to use for the vapor–liquid solubility of the chloromethanes in water. E-mail: hlclever@worldnet.att.net Received October 11, 2002; accepted October 22, 2002 Published online April 24, 2003 RID="a" ID="a" Dedicated to Prof. Dr. Heinz Gamsj?ger on the occasion of his 70^th birthday     

难溶硫化物在水中溶解度计算的探讨

在讲授难溶硫化物溶解度的计算时,由于其阴离子在纯水中发生水解作用,会改变溶液的pH,计算此类弱酸盐在水中的溶解度时,要考虑其阴离子水解的影响。现行教材大都分两种情况来讨论:若沉淀的溶解度非常小,则认为由S2-水解产生的[OH-]很小,此时水解后溶液的pH与水相同,可按pH=7时的酸效应来计算沉淀的溶解度;若沉淀的溶解度较大,则水解后溶液的pH大于7,此时按阴离子第一级水解已经完全,而第二级水解基本上没有发生,作近似计算[1]。本文提出了一种计算难溶硫化物在水中溶解度的新方法,即通过分段考虑S2-离子水解后水的pH,逆向推出与之对应的难溶硫化物的Ksp范围,并给出了溶解度大小的近似计算公式。     

Meloxicam Solubility in Ethanol+Water Mixtures According to the Extended Hildebrand Solubility Approach

In this work the extended Hildebrand solubility approach (EHSA) was applied to evaluate the solubility of the analgesic drug meloxicam in ethanol+water mixtures at 298.15 K. An acceptable correlative capacity of EHSA was found using a regular polynomial model in fifth order (overall deviation 0.52 %), where the W interaction parameter is related to the solubility parameter of the co-solvent mixtures. Nevertheless, the deviations obtained in the estimated solubility with respect to experimental solubility were similar to those obtained directly by means of an empirical regression of the logarithm of the experimental solubility as a function of the same polarity index (near to 0.51 %).     

Solubility of Adipic Acid in Organic Solvents and Water

The solubility of adipic acid in methanol, ethanol, propanol, isopropanol, n-butanol, tert-butanol, acetone, 1,4-dioxane, acetic acid, and water was measured within the 0–60°C temperature range. A sampler for determination of the temperature dependence of the solubility of solids in liquids by the isothermal method was suggested. The thermodynamic parameters of solution of adipic acid in the above solvents were calculated. The dependence of the solubility on the solvent and temperature was considered.__________Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Khimii, Vol. 78, No. 3, 2005, pp. 403–407.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Gaivoronskii, Granzhan.     

Solubility of Elemental Sulfur in Water at 298 K

Abstract

The solubility of elemental rhombic sulfur in water is 1.9(±0.6) × 10^?8 mole S₈·kg^?1. This value is in agreement with thermodynamic considerations on the solubility of sulfur and experimental data on sulfur hydrosols.     

血清白蛋白对紫杉醇的化学修饰

采用两种方法由牛血清白蛋白和人血清白蛋白修饰紫杉醇,提高了水溶性.红外和紫外数据证实了修饰结果.     

Solubility and Binding of Water in Toluene Solutions of Asphaltenes

The solubility of water in toluene solutions of asphaltenes is determined, and the state of water molecules in these solutions is studied spectroscopically. A number of water molecules bound to an asphaltene molecule is estimated from the experimental data. Aggregation in the system asphaltene-water-toluene is simulated using the pseudophase approximation, and the Flory-Huggins parameters are estimated for the pair asphaltene-water. The potentiality of this model for simulation of mixed aggregates in the asphaltene-water-toluene systems is discussed.     

Solubility Determination,Hansen Solubility Parameters and Thermodynamic Evaluation of Thymoquinone in (Isopropanol + Water) Compositions

This article studies the solubility, Hansen solubility parameters (HSPs), and thermodynamic behavior of a naturally-derived bioactive thymoquinone (TQ) in different binary combinations of isopropanol (IPA) and water (H₂O). The mole fraction solubilities (x₃) of TQ in various (IPA + H₂O) compositions are measured at 298.2–318.2 K and 0.1 MPa. The HSPs of TQ, neat IPA, neat H₂O, and binary (IPA + H₂O) compositions free of TQ are also determined. The x₃ data of TQ are regressed by van’t Hoff, Apelblat, Yalkowsky–Roseman, Buchowski–Ksiazczak λh, Jouyban–Acree, and Jouyban–Acree–van’t Hoff models. The maximum and minimum x₃ values of TQ are recorded in neat IPA (7.63 × 10⁻² at 318.2 K) and neat H₂O (8.25 × 10⁻⁵ at 298.2 K), respectively. The solubility of TQ is recorded as increasing with the rise in temperature and IPA mass fraction in all (IPA + H₂O) mixtures, including pure IPA and pure H₂O. The HSP of TQ is similar to that of pure IPA, suggesting the great potential of IPA in TQ solubilization. The maximum molecular solute-solvent interactions are found in TQ-IPA compared to TQ-H₂O. A thermodynamic study indicates an endothermic and entropy-driven dissolution of TQ in all (IPA + H₂O) mixtures, including pure IPA and pure H₂O.     

相溶解度法研究环糊精对黄酮醇溶解度的影响

羟丙基-β-环糊精;相溶解度法研究环糊精对黄酮醇溶解度的影响     

Influence of Dispersing Agents on the Solubility of Perovskites in Water

In this study, solubility behavior of lead magnesium niobate (PMN) powders in water was investigated in the presence of pure polyacrylic acid and polyacrylic acid/polyethylene oxide comb polymers. Experiments were performed by measuring the solubility of PMN in terms of the concentration of Pb⁺² and Mg⁺² ions in supernatant as a function of pH and dispersing agent dosage. The concentrations of the metal ions in supernatant were found to be affected by the dispersant concentration, stirring time and the suspension pH. Results revealed that both dispersing agents enhance the cation dissolution from PMN surface at pH 9 due to weak (reversible) adsorption and complexation of Pb⁺² and Mg⁺² by carboxylate groups. On the other hand, under acidic conditions cation dissolution from PMN is inhibited and this was attributed to the strong adsorption of dispersing agents onto the powder surface and formation of a dense polymer layer.     

Solvent Solubility Testing of Cosmetics-Relevant Chemicals: Methodology and Correlation of Water Solubility to In Silico Predictions

Aqueous solubility is one of the main physicochemical parameters used to assess skin absorption. As solvents have great impact on skin absorption, knowledge of chemical solubility in appropriate solvents is key to correlate in vitro skin penetration with in vivo outcomes. For example, acetone:olive oil, ethanol and dimethyl sulfoxide are all relevant to in vitro and in vivo assays. Solubility information is also needed to identify the optimal solvent for skin penetration assays. Therefore, we have measured the solubilities of 54 chemicals related to cosmetics and the reference controls for skin sensitization and genotoxicity, in five different solvents: water, DMSO, ethanol, acetone:olive oil (4:1), 5% ethanol in 0.1 mol·L^?1 phosphate buffered saline. The solubility protocol resulted in highly reproducible values, with greatest variability for poorly soluble chemicals, especially those in 0.1 mol·L^?1 PBS, which may be due to the high salt content. There was good agreement between experimental and literature values for water solubility (mean difference < twofold). A better correlation of experimental values with in silico predictions was obtained using ACD/Labs software (mean difference < fourfold, R² = 0.64) than WSKOW from EpiSuite (mean difference < eightfold, R² = 0.48). Chemicals with a log₁₀P > 2 generally exhibited a poor solubility in water but a much higher solubility in acetone:olive oil, ethanol and DMSO. These five solvents include pH effects, acceptor and donor hydrogen bonding and non-polar interactions. Thus, the solubility profile across these different solvents would help to characterize the chemicals related to their cutaneous absorption with different vehicles and their toxicity assessment.     

Solubility of Icariin in a Binary Solvent System of Ethanol and Water

The solubility of icariin in the binary solvent system of ethanol and water was measured by UV–Vis spectrophotometry from 288.2 to 328.2 K. The solubility of icariin in the system increased with increasing temperature. A synergistic effect appeared at x ₂ = 0.4 (equivalent to 68.34 % ethanol, v/v) binary mixture. Solubility data were correlated with the modified Apelblat equation. The enthalpy and entropy of solution were evaluated using van’t Hoff plots.     

药物水溶解度的QSAR研究和VolSurf参数

药物的水溶解度与其吸收密切相关。本文利用一种新的计算方法,VolSurf,预测药物的水溶解度并测定有利于药物水溶解度的主要分子特征。被测化合物包括26个结构不同的药物,通过偏最小二乘分析法,对药物水溶解度实验值与分子特征进行相关,得到较好的模型(r2=0.90,q2=0.77)。将化合物分为训练集和预测集进行相关分析,结果表明以18个化合物所建立的训练集模型对其余8个化合物有较好的预测能力,预测的标准偏差(SDEP)为0.59。参数分析表明分子与水相互作用的3个局部能量最小值越小,且它们之间的距离越大,对其水溶解度越有利;亲水性占主导因素的分子有高的水溶解度;分子的疏水性越强,在水中的溶解性越弱;大分子的溶解度较小分子溶解度低。     

New Procedure for Determining the Solubility of Lypophilic Nonionic Surfactants in Water

The procedure that allows to study the kinetics of a dissolution of oleophilic nonionic surfactants in water and to determine the equilibrium values of solubility (S ^eq _w) was proposed, based on the spectrophotometry of extremely dilute, finely dispersed o/w emulsions of these substances prepared by sonication. The equilibrium values of solubility of tetraethoxylated p-nonylphenol (Neonol AF_9-4) and sorbitan monolaurate (Span-20) at 293 K in water are 3.67 × 10^–5 and 1.03 × 10^–5 M, respectively. For the tetraethoxylated p-nonylphenol, the equilibrium value of solubility in water determined by the proposed procedure agrees well with that determined by precision tensiometric measurements.     

可溶性有机物对绿麦隆水溶解度和正辛醇/水分配系数的影响

土壤中的可溶性有机物(dissolved organic matter,DOM)其组分既具有亲水基团又具有疏水基团,而疏水基团易与有机化合物(如农药)形成一种不稳定的复合物,这种作用能明显的影响农药在土壤中的迁移和扩散。而正辛醇／水分配系数(n-octanol-water partition coefficient,Kow)是衡量有机化合物疏水性的重要依据。本实验选用广泛应用于麦田杂草     

Modification of the Scaled Particle Theory for Solubility of Non-Polar Gases in Water

In this work based on the modified scaled particle theory (SPT), the solubility of non-polar gases (He, Ar, N₂, H₂, O₂, CO₂ and CH₄) in water has been studied over a wide range of temperatures. Calculations of Henry’s law constant by the SPT are related to the inherent physical properties and parameters of solvent and solute, all of which are considered temperature dependent. The temperature dependence of molar volume and hard sphere diameter of solvent and polarizability of solute have the most significant effects on the solubilities of gases in water. The average relative deviation is less than 3 %. Also, the effect of different mixing rules in the application of SPT to prediction of gas solubility has been studied.