干涉型复合腔激光束相干合成中分束器的相移特性研究

分析了采用分束器构建干涉型复合腔进行激光束相干合成的过程与原理.利用分束器的特征矩阵研究了分束时产生的反射与透射相移,得到了两束相干光经过分束器分束后进行相干叠加时相移满足的普适关系,从相移的角度解释了分束器一侧发生相长干涉时另一侧必然发生相消干涉这一现象.比较了分束器与光纤耦合器在激光束相干合成应用中的一些特性,并验证了所得相移关系式的正确性.     

线性啁啾脉冲频域-时域相移转换的模拟研究

在超快激光与物质相互作用的实验中, 实现单束实时的频谱干涉测量对提高测量精度很重要。基于频谱干涉原理和线性啁啾脉冲瞬时频率与时间的线性关系对啁啾脉冲频域相移直接映射为瞬态时域相移的原理进行了理论研究; 推导出这种频域-时域相移映射模式成立的限制条件。对相移直接映射过程进行了数值模拟和分析, 结果显示, 该方法可以得到具有瞬态特性的时域相移, 具有单束测量的能力; 在微扰和带宽一定的条件下, 增加探测脉冲的啁啾量, 可以减小频域-时域相移映射过程中产生的误差。     

On the phase-shifts due to the interaction of a large and a small solitary wave

The phase-shift of the large solitary wave (on the surface of water) is obtained to leading order as ? → 0, where ? is the non-dimensional amplitude of the small solitary wave. The other phase-shift is deduced from a conserved density of the full governing equations, assuming that such a two-wave interaction exists. The phase-shifts are matched (for two small waves) to both the KdV theory (overtaking collision) and the Boussinesq case (head-on collision).     

Theoretical study of electric conductance through nanostructures in terms of the phase-shift

A simple expression of the electric conductance through a nanostructure connected to two electrodes is obtained by using the phase-shift analysis. The Green function theory applicable to the nonequilibrium system is employed to formulate the electric conductance. The 0 bias limit, i.e., the linear response approximation is taken. The relation between Green functions and phase-shifts is obtained by extending the method applied to the single impurity problem in the metal. It is shown that a channel does not contribute to the conductance if its phase-shift is an integer multiple of π. Also shown is the importance of the effect due to multiple orbitals in nanostructures. Some concrete examples leading to simpler forms are given.     

Phase-shift analysis of electric conductance through nanostructure bridges

We present our theoretical studies of electric conductance through nanostructure bridges. A simple expression of the electric conductance is obtained by using the phase-shift analysis. The phase-shifts are given by solving the characteristic equation obtained by extending the method applied to the single impurity problem in the metal. It is shown that the importance of the effect due to multiple orbitals in nanostructures. The conductance of the chain consisting atoms with sp_z character such as Al is given.     

Temperature dependence of upper critical fields for clean superconductors of the second kind

TheD ₁₃ pion-nucleon scattering phase-shifts are calculated using the Khuri representation suitably modified in order to exhibit explicitly the isolated nucleon pole in theu-channel. The results of the calculation are compared with the phase-shift analysis ofRoper.     

Spectrum envelope analysis for interleaved sampled gratings with phase-shift

An analytical method is proposed for calculating reflection-spectrum envelope of interleaved sampled gratings with phase-shifts. Effects of parameters on reflection-spectrum envelope of the grating are discussed, such as two grating segment lengths, phase-shift and interleaved length. The unique optimal interleaved length can be obtained to provide the broadest flat-top reflection-spectrum envelope without ripples. Accuracy of the analytical expression is verified due to the calculated results in good agreement with the reflection spectra obtained by the piecewise uniform transform matrix method.     

Five-step phase-shifting algorithms with unknown values of phase shift

The presented work offers new algorithms for phase evaluation in interferometric measurements. Several phase-shifting algorithms with an arbitrary but constant phase-shift between captured intensity frames are proposed. These phase calculation algorithms need to measure five frames of the intensity of the interference field. The algorithms are similarly derived as so called Carré algorithm. The phase evaluation process then does not depend on the linear phase shift errors. Furthermore, the detailed analysis of the algorithms with respect to most important factors, which affect interferometric measurements, is carried out. It is also studied the dependency of the evaluation algorithms on the phase shift values, and the proposed phase calculation algorithms are compared with respect to the resulting phase errors. The influence of most important factors in the measurement and evaluation process was simulated as systematic and random errors using a proposed mathematical model.     

级联长周期光纤光栅的光谱特性研究

级联长周期光纤光栅的透射谱具有干涉峰的振幅大、谱型丰富等优点。利用传输矩阵法分析了级联及相移长周期光栅的光谱特性,研究了级联光栅间距、位置和相移对光栅谱的影响,并对级联及相移长周期光栅谱进行了比较。结果表明:两者光谱特性在光栅间距长度与光栅周期之比较小或级联位置靠近光栅两端时具有较强的一致性。对相移长周期光栅而言,当引入多个相移时,两个主阻带间的通带宽度随着引入的相移个数的增多而逐渐变宽。     

啁啾脉冲频域相移的模拟与实验研究

在超快光学瞬态相移的测量中,结合线性啁啾脉冲与频谱干涉技术,可以获得啁啾脉冲相移随频谱的变化规律。光脉冲经过光栅色散和透镜聚焦后,不同的频率成分以空间上的不同坐标展开。当两束脉冲频谱同时在空间上展开时,相同的频谱成分会产生干涉。基于傅里叶变换频谱干涉技术,从频谱干涉图中提取相移,并对其进行了数值模拟和实验研究。结果表明,通过对不同类型频域相移进行重构所得到的结果反映出了相移随脉冲频谱变化的特性。实验结果表明了这种重构算法是有效的,与模拟结果具有较好的一致性。     

移相干涉测量术及其应用

为了对移相式数字干涉仪在光学元件测量中的应用有全面了解，介绍了移相干涉术的基本原理。结合激光数字波面干涉仪，阐述移相干涉术的四步重叠平均算法、压电晶体移相器(PZT)的结构、3 PZT的组合方法、移相器的标定误差和非线性误差的校正方法、波面相位解包的自适应种子算法、波面相位的评价指标等内容。结合移相数字波面干涉仪，叙述了移相干涉测量技术在普通光学元件、红外光学元件、大口径光学元件、非球面光学元件等测量中的应用并指出了应用过程中的注意事项。最后明确指出光干涉技术正沿着高相位分辨率、高空间分辨率、宽波段和瞬态高速测量的方向发展，并将会在瞬态波前测量、微机械的微结构动态分析等方面有着越来越广泛的应用。     

Detection of interaural phase shift between a subaudible and an audible tone

Can a shift in interaural phase between a subthreshold signal and an audible contralateral probe tone affect perception of the probe? To obtain an answer, an 800-Hz tone was presented to both ears. The tone was presented continuously to one ear (-25 to + 10 dB SL) and in a sequence of four bursts per trial to the other ear (+ 10 dB SL). Interaural phase was reversed for either the second or the fourth burst in a 2 AFC task. Interaural phase-shift detection threshold (65% correct) varied with the intensity of the continuous signal; across subjects, this threshold varied from -21 to + 1 dB SL. When a 300-or 500-Hz masking tone was added to the ear with the continuous signal, phase-shift detection accuracy depended primarily upon the sensation level of the signal rather than its sound pressure level. These findings demonstrate temporal encoding at signal levels well below hearing threshold.     

Phase-shift algorithm for white-light interferometry insensitive to linear errors in phase shift

White-light interference has changes in fringe contrast. When phase-shift techniques are applied to white-light interference, the phase-shift algorithm which can extract the phase accurately under the contrast changes is required. There is often another requirement that the phase shift between frames should not be restricted to π/2. Computer simulations show that the well-known algorithms have non-negligible errors under both requirements. To find an algorithm which will satisfy the requirements, I extract individual terms (I _j ∓ I _k ) in an algorithmic equation by considering symmetry of light intensity against phase, where I _j is light intensity just after the j-th phase shift. Using computer simulations, I search for appropriate coefficients by which the terms are multiplied in the equation, finally finding an algorithm which satisfies both the requirements with the phase shift used.     

Direct reconstruction of pp elastic scattering amplitudes and phase shift analyses at fixed energies from 1.80 to 2.70 GeV

The direct reconstruction of the pp elastic-scattering amplitudes and fixed-energy Saclay-Geneva phase shift analyses have been carried out at 1.80, 2.10, 2.40 and 2.70 GeV where complete sets of observables have recently been measured at SATURNE. They provide unique phase shift analysis solutions at 1.80, 2.10 and 2.40 GeV and two solutions at 2.70 GeV. Results of the direct amplitude reconstruction and the Saclay-Geneva phase shift analyses agree at all energies. Results are also compared to the Virginia Polytechnic Institute phase-shift predictions below 2.55 GeV and observed differences are discussed. Received: 16 April 1998 / Published online: 2 July 1998     

Relativistic and many-body effects in K, L, and M shell ionization energy for elements with and the determination of the 1s Lamb shift for heavy elements

We report on a calculation of K, L and M inner-shell ionization energy in atoms with atomic numbers in the range . Many-body effects are evaluated for all n =1, 2, and 3 hole states. Those include correlation and effects due to the auto-ionizing nature of the hole states (Auger shift). For high Z we add recent corrected nuclear polarization, and several second-order vacuum polarization corrections. K and L ionization energies are compared with experimental X-ray absorption edges measurements. Excellent agreement with rare gazes and metal vapor measurements is found. We also compare our calculations with X-ray transition energies for all K and L lines that involve K, L and M holes. Finally we use K X-ray lines to deduce an hydrogenlike 1 s Lamb shift for several heavy elements, with far better accuracy than has been obtained by direct measurements of hydrogenlike ions. Received: 25 February 1998 / Accepted: 31 March 1998     

Effect of photoconductivity and dielectric constant of the photorefractive materials on two-beam coupling gain and phase-shifts for a single unidirectional photorefractive ring resonator

Photoconductive dependence of two-beam coupling between the pump beam and the signal beam in photorefractive materials have been analyzed in case of non-degenerate wave mixing under the undepleted pump approximation method. During the two-wave mixing in photorefractive materials, steady state amplification of the signal beam and oscillation characteristics of a single unidirectional ring resonator has been studied. The domination of the two-beam coupling gain over the combined absorption and resonator losses such as Fresnel reflections from the crystal and imperfect mirrors builds up unidirectional oscillation. The buildup of such an oscillation leads to a saturation of the gain, which can be explained in terms of the photorefractive phase-shift. The existence of this phase-shift between the photorefractive index grating and the illumination intensity pattern, which is of characteristic of the photorefractive effect, leads to an energy transfer between the two beams. For a single unidirectional ring resonators, the effects of photoconductivity of the materials, two-beam energy coupling coefficient, dielectric constant, crystal thickness, and material's absorption coefficient on amplification of the two-beam coupling gain and photorefractive phase-shifts of the signal beam have also been studied in detail. It has been found that amplification of the signal beam and phase-shift can be enhanced by taking the photorefractive crystal having higher photoconductivity and lower dielectric constant, which improves performance of the resonators.     

弱锚泊对液晶微波相位调制的影响

液晶对微波的调制取决于外加电压作用下液晶分子的取向, 而基板的锚泊对液晶取向有重要影响, 必然导致微波调制的变化. 本文研究了无手性掺杂的弱锚泊90°扭曲向列相液晶的微波调制特性. 基于液晶弹性理论和变分原理得到了液晶盒系统的平衡态方程和边界条件, 采用差分迭代方法数值模拟了不同锚定强度大小和不同预倾角下单位长度相移随电压的变化. 结果表明: 1)预倾角对微波相移的影响与施加电压有关. 当液晶盒施加电压为0.5–1.6 V之间时, 随预倾角增大, 单位长度微波相移及其与强锚泊0°预倾角90°扭曲液晶相移差均增大, 且相移差达到最大时的电压值也随倾角增大而减小; 1.6–3.0 V之间, 单位长度微波相移及相移差随预倾角增大而减小; 1.6 V附近及3.0 V之后, 相移基本没有变化. 2)表面锚定强度大小对微波相移的影响非常大. 随锚定强度减小, 单位长度微波相移及相移差均会增大, 微波相移的可调范围也增大, 且增加越来越明显. 此研究为液晶微波调制器件的设计提供了理论依据.     

Application of digital phase-shift shadow Moiré to micro deformation measurements of curved surfaces

The shortcomings of conventional shadow Moiré topography have in the past been improved by means of the phase-shift method which enhances the sensitivity and allows to process the fringe patterns automatically. This paper presents a digital implementation of the phase-shifting process, which requires only one image to be taken. The grating lines, projected onto the deformed object surface, are captured directly with a digital camera. Next the reference grating is superimposed numerically onto the projected grating lines. Then a number of phase-shifts are performed taking into account the non-linearities in the expression for the height-dependent intensity field. Experimental results prove that these non-linearities can considerably affect the micro deformation measurements of curved surfaces. The proposed method is very efficient and eliminates all causes of erroneous measurements due to the miscalibration of phase-stepping devices.     

基于光子晶体光纤的相位再生器的设计及优化

采用光子晶体光纤构成一个Sagnac环,在锁相本地振荡抽运源的驱动下,形成一个相位再生器,实现对差分相移键控调制信号的相位和幅度再生.理论推导了入射光信号经过相位再生器后的光场分布,讨论了不同入射信号光功率下,抽运光与信号光的相位差以及光子晶体光纤长度对信号功率增益的影响,给出了相位再生器的最优参数,数值模拟了信号再生前后的相位分布、强度分布及误码率,取得了很好的再生效果. 关键词： 光通信 相位再生 光子晶体 差分相移键控信号     

Polyspectral analysis and optimization of the frequency-domain differential phase-shift keying

Using the mathematical tool of high-order spectra (polyspectra), we consider the synthesis of optimal variants of high-order differential phase-shift keying in the frequency domain. The proposed approach allows all possible variants of the second-order differential phase-shift keying to be reduced to phase modulation of a special form of the fourth-order spectrum (trispectrum) — triphase modulation. The optimal triphase shift keying variants which have the best spectral efficiency and outperform the known variants of the second-order differential phase-shift keying in noise immunity are devised. It is shown that the noise immunity of proposed modulation is higher than that of the first-order differential phase-shift keying in the channels with simultaneous time and frequency offsets.