Novel pentafluorophenyl hypervalent iodine reagents

The novel C₆F₅I(OH)OTs has been synthesized and shown to undergo ligand exchange with C₆H₅I, iodonium ylide formation with dimedone and iodonium salt formation with anisole.     

Solvent-free reactions with hypervalent iodine reagents

[reaction: see text] We describe solvent-free reactions for the synthesis of hypervalent iodine reagents and their use in solid-state reactions. Improved yields and higher purities of the products are observed.     

Enantioselective organocatalytic epoxidation using hypervalent iodine reagents

A rare example of a hypervalent iodine reagent participating in a 1,4-heteroconjugate addition reaction is reported for the organocatalytic, asymmetric epoxidation of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes using imidazolidinone catalyst 1. Development of an ‘internal syringe pump’ effect via the slow release of iodosobenzene from an iminoiodinane source provides high levels of reaction efficiency and enantiomeric control in the asymmetric epoxidation of electron-deficient olefins. ¹⁵N NMR studies were conducted to elucidate the reaction pathways that lead to catalyst depletion in the presence of prototypical oxidants. These NMR studies also provided the mechanistic foundation for the application of iminoiodinanes as an internal slow release oxidant to circumvent these catalyst depletion pathways.     

2-Iodoxybenzenesulfamides: new pseudobenziodoxole-based hypervalent iodine reagents

Amides of 2-iodoxybenzenesulfonic acid were prepared by the dioxirane oxidation of the corresponding 2-iodobenzenesulfamides and isolated as stable, microcrystalline products. These new representatives of the pseudocyclic hypervalent iodine compounds can selectively oxidize benzylic alcohols to aldehydes.     

Highly stereoselective metal-free oxyaminations using chiral hypervalent iodine reagents

The ring and I: Hypervalent iodine compounds avoid the issues of toxicity or complicated ligands of many transition-metal-based systems. A highly enantioselective oxyamination of alkenes with N-sulfonyl ureas employing chiral, lactic acid-based hypervalent iodine reagents gives a facile synthesis of enantiomerically pure 2-arylproline derivatives for the first time.     

Synthetic application of water-soluble hypervalent iodine reagents in aqueous media

Along with the vigorous development of hypervalent iodine chemistry, water-soluble hypervalent iodine reagents have received considerable attentions in recent years. In order to obtain water-soluble hypervalent iodine reagents, two strategies have been employed including introduction of hydrophilic functional groups onto the phenyl ring and formation of complex of iodosylbenzene with crown ether. And, it is observed that four kinds of hypervalent iodine reagents exhibit more or less solubility in water including hypervalent iodine reagents containing hydrophilic ligands, diaryliodonium salts, oligomeric iodosylbenzene sulfate, and iodylbenzene and its derivatives. In this review, we summarize these water-soluble hypervalent iodine reagents and their broad synthetic applications in aqueous media.     

Electrophilic trifluoromethylation of arenes and N-heteroarenes using hypervalent iodine reagents

The reaction of hypervalent iodine trifluoromethylating reagents with a variety of arenes and N-heteroarenes gives access to the corresponding trifluoromethylated compounds. In comparative studies, 1-trifluoromethyl-1,3-dihydro-3,3-dimethyl-1,2-benziodoxole (2) proved to be the superior to 1-trifluoromethyl-1,2-benziodoxol-3-(¹H)-one (1) for the direct aromatic trifluoromethylation. Depending on the individual substrates, additives such as zinc bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide or tris(trimethylsilyl)silyl chloride proved helpful in promoting the reactions. In the case of nitrogen heterocycles a pronounced tendency for the incorporation of the trifluoromethyl group at the position adjacent to nitrogen was observed.     

Mechanistic aspects of alkene oxidation using chiral hypervalent iodine reagents

Recent progress in the area of hypervalent iodine-induced enantioselective oxidation is reviewed with emphasis from a mechanistic point of view. Chiral lactate and lactamide sidechains in hypervalent iodine reagents induce herical chirality around the iodine reaction site, which provides a chiral environment suitable for enantioselective transformations. The stereochemical outcomes of alkene oxidation are also compiled and used for systematically understanding the reaction mechanism of oxidative double bond difunctionalization.     

Synthesis and reactivity of carbazole-containing hypervalent iodine(III) reagents

A range of bench-stable carbazole-containing hypervalent iodine(Ⅲ) reagents were synthesized by I-N bond formation in good yields.This kind of benziodoxolone reagents was used for a C-N coupling reaction to introduce a carbazole group to aromatic heterocycle compounds.     

Novel lactonization with phenonium ion participation induced by hypervalent iodine reagents

[reaction: see text] A novel lactonization of 4-aryl-4-pentenoic acids is described using aryl-lambda(3)-iodanes as reagents for this transformation. The hypervalent iodine species acts as a hypernucleofuge, generating intermediate phenonium ions, which react to aryl-migrated lactones.     

Straightforward syntheses of hypervalent iodine(III) reagents mediated by Selectfluor

Use of Selectfluor allows hypervalent iodine(III) species such as aryl iodine(III) difluoride, diacetate, and di(trifluoroacetate) and Koser's salt to be easily prepared. Aryl iodine(III) difluoride and diacetate can be synthesized from the corresponding arene and elemental iodine in one-pot procedures. [reaction: see text]     

Regiospecific oxidation of polycyclic aromatic phenols to quinones by hypervalent iodine reagents

The hypervalent iodine reagents o-iodoxybenzoic acid (IBX) and bis(trifluoro-acetoxy)iodobenzene (BTI) are shown to be general reagents for regio-controlled oxidation of polycyclic aromatic phenols (PAPs) to specific isomers (ortho, para, or remote) of polycyclic aromatic quinones (PAQs). The oxidations of a series of PAPs with IBX take place under mild conditions to furnish the corresponding ortho-PAQs. In contrast, oxidations of the same series of PAPs with BTI exhibit variable regiospecificity, affording para-PAQs where structurally feasible and ortho-PAQs or remote PAQ isomers in other cases. The structures of the specific PAQ isomers formed are predictable on the basis of the inherent regioselectivities of the hypervalent iodine reagents in combination with the structural requirements of the phenol precursors. IBX and BTI are recommended as the preferred reagents for regio-controlled oxidation of PAPs to PAQs.     

Metal-free oxidative amide formation with N-hydroxysuccinimide and hypervalent iodine reagents

An oxidative amide formation using N-hydroxysuccinimide and hypervalent iodine reagents was developed. The method enables a wide range of aldehydes and amines to be coupled under mild reaction conditions providing amide in good to excellent yield. The radical species in the reaction mixture was observed for the first time using ESR measurement, and along with other mechanistic investigations, a plausible mechanism of the reaction was proposed.     

Reactions of hypervalent iodine reagents with palladium: mechanisms and applications in organic synthesis

The unique reactivity of hypervalent iodine reagents with Pd0 and PdII complexes has been exploited for a variety of synthetically useful organic transformations. For example, IIII reagents have been used in place of aryl halides for diverse Pd-catalyzed C-C and C-heteroatom bond-forming cross-coupling reactions. In addition, these reagents have found application in Pd-catalyzed oxidation reactions, including the oxidative functionalization of C-H bonds and the 1,2-aminooxygenation of olefinic substrates. This review discusses both the synthetic utility and the interesting mechanistic features of these transformations.