Large Eddy Simulation of Scalar Mixing in a Coaxial Confined Jet

The highly turbulent flow occurring inside gas-turbine combustors requires accurate simulation of scalar mixing if CFD methods are to be used with confidence in design. This has motivated the present paper, which describes the implementation of a passive scalar transport equation into an LES code, including assessment/testing of alternative discretisation schemes to avoid over/undershoots and excessive smoothing. Both second order accurate TVD and higher order accurate DRP schemes are assessed. The best performance is displayed by a DRP method, but this is only true on fine meshes; it produces similar (or larger) errors to a TVD scheme on coarser meshes, and the TVD approach has been retained for LES applications. The unsteady scalar mixing performance of the LES code is validated against published DNS data for a slightly heated channel flow. Excellent agreement between the current LES predictions and DNS data is obtained, for both velocity and scalar statistics. Finally, the developed methodology is applied to scalar transport in a confined co-axial jet mixing flow, for which experimental data are available. Agreement with statistically averaged fields for both velocity and scalar, is demonstrated to be very good, and a considerable improvement over the standard eddy viscosity RANS approach. Illustrations are presented of predicted time-resolved information e.g. time histories, and scalar pdf predictions. The LES results are shown, even using a simple Smagorinsky SGS model, to predict (correctly) lower values of the turbulent Prandtl number in the free shear regions of the flow, compared to higher values in the wall-affected regions. The ability to predict turbulent Prandtl number variations (rather than input these as in combustor RANS CFD models) is an important and promising feature of the LES approach for combustor flow simulation since it is known to be important in determining combustor exit temperature traverse.     

Large-Eddy Simulation of a Turbulent Hydrogen Diffusion Flame

In this work a large-eddy simulation (LES) of a turbulent hydrogen jet diffusion flame is presented. The numerical method handles fluctuations of density in space and in time, but assumes density to be independent of pressure (incompressibility). The chemical composition of the fluid is described by solving the filtered transport equation for mixture fraction f. Density, viscosity and temperature are evaluated assuming chemical equilibrium. To account for sub-grid fluctuations of f, its sub-grid distribution is presumed to have the shape of a β-function. The results of the simulation are discussed extensively. The influence of inlet boundary conditions is addressed and radial profiles at different axial positions are shown for a complete set of one-point statistical data. Agreement of numerical results and experimental data is very good. Furthermore, a comparison of Reynolds- and Favre-averages is done and energy spectra at different locations in the flame are discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Temporal stability of a particle-laden jet

The temporal instability of a particle-laden jet was investigated numerically which took into consideration the parametric effects of jet parameter, B, jet Reynolds number, Re_j, particle mass loading, Z and Stokes number, St. The linear stability theory was used to derive the instability equations of a viscous particle-laden jet flow. The single-phase instability of a top-hat jet was then calculated and compared with the available analytical theories. The numerical results agree well with the analytical results for both the axisymmetric (n = 0) and first azimuthal (n = 1) modes. The results show that the first azimuthal mode disturbance is usually more unstable than that of the axisymmetric mode. But the axisymmetric mode disturbance can be more unstable when Z is high enough (i.e., Z ? 0.1). The higher B and Re_j are, the more unstable the particle-laden jet will be. The existence of particles enhances the flow stability. With the increasing of Z, the jet flow will grow more stable. The inviscid single-phase jet is the most unstable. The wave amplification, c_i first decreases with the increasing of St and then increases afterwards. There exist certain values of St, at which the jet is the most stable.     

自然超空泡与尾喷流相互作用的数值模拟

认识带尾喷流和自然超空泡的水下高速航行体流体动力特性并发展其预报与控制方法仍是水动力学领域极具挑战性的课题．本研究采用CFD方法对尾喷流和自然超空泡之间的相互作用进行了数值研究．针对发动机欠膨胀超音速喷流,采用现有实验结果验证了基于两方程湍流模型的二维轴对称流动数值模型的可靠性．尾喷流在空气和蒸汽环境中流动的数值计算结果表明,由于蒸汽环境中背压较低,欠膨胀尾喷流无法及时形成压缩波,使得蒸汽环境中尾喷流的过膨胀区和气相扩散区的体积比空气中大;尾喷流很难形成规则的激波格栅,波系结构相对简单．针对携尾喷流的平头航行体超空泡流状态的数值模拟结果表明,尾喷流注入超空泡后迅速充满航行体周围的空腔区域;尾喷流与超空泡尾迹区域形成的回射流相互作用最终导致超空泡断裂,断裂过程中伴随着燃气泡的下泄现象;受空泡壁面约束,尾喷流难以在狭窄的超空泡空腔内完全膨胀,尾喷流的激波波系结构有显著的变化：在喷嘴附近受到压缩,在远离喷嘴区域受到超空泡水汽掺混的破坏;空泡内压强基本维持在饱和蒸汽压附近,没有显著增加．     

Influence of Axisymmetric Assumptions on Large Eddy Simulations of a Confined Jet and a Swirl Flow

Axisymmetric geometries can be found in many practical flow applications. In the attempt to predict these flows numerically, RANS flow solvers can decrease the computational efforts dramatically by taking this axisymmetry into account and by computing only a pie-segment of the flow. However, the extension of the concept of axisymmetric flows to LES computations is not straightforward, since the boundary conditions on the axis of symmetry are altering the instantaneous flow field. In this study, the influence of the introduction of an axis of symmetry to LES computations is assessed by computations of a flow with and without swirl over an axisymmetric expansion. The LES computations are performed on a full three-dimensional and a 90° segment of the geometry. The results are compared and the influence of the axis put into relation with the gain in computational costs.     

Flow instability of nanofuilds in jet

The flow instability of nanofluids in a jet is studied numerically under various shape factors of the velocity profile, Reynolds numbers, nanoparticle mass loadings,Knudsen numbers, and Stokes numbers. The numerical results are compared with the available theoretical results for validation. The results show that the presence of nanoparticles enhances the flow stability, and there exists a critical particle mass loading beyond which the flow is stable. As the shape factor of the velocity profile and the Reynolds number increase, the flow becomes more unstable. However, the flow becomes more stable with the increase of the particle mass loading. The wavenumber corresponding to the maximum of wave amplification becomes large with the increase of the shape factor of the velocity profile, and with the decrease of the particle mass loading and the Reynolds number. The variations of wave amplification with the Stokes number and the Knudsen number are not monotonic increasing or decreasing, and there exists a critical Stokes number and a Knudsen number with which the flow is relatively stable and most unstable,respectively, when other parameters remain unchanged. The perturbation with the first azimuthal mode makes the flow unstable more easily than that with the axisymmetric azimuthal mode. The wavenumbers corresponding to the maximum of wave amplification are more concentrated for the perturbation with the axisymmetric azimuthal mode.     

Performances of LES and RANS Models for Simulation of Complex Flows in a Coaxial Jet Mixer

Flow and mixing processes in a classical coaxial jet mixer have been investigated numerically. Calculations have been performed using three Large Eddy Simulation models and three unsteady RANS models. The time averaged mixture fraction and axial velocity, their rms values and energy spectra are compared with LIF and LDA measurements for both j- and r-modes of the jet mixer flow. A special attention is paid to the ability of different models to reproduce unsteady effects. The analysis demonstrates the superiority of the LES method with the dynamic mixed SGS model (DMM) with respect to other RANS and LES models.     

半封闭狭缝湍流冲击射流的数值模拟

将Yakhot和Orszag提出的RNGk-ε模型推广应用于半封闭狭缝冲击射流场的数值模拟，以评价该模型对这种复杂湍流的预测能力。将计算得到的流场平均速度分布、湍流强度分布和流函数分布与标准k—ε模型的预测结果以及相应的实验数据进行了比较，结果表明：RNGk—ε模型的预测结果总体上要好于标准k—ε模型，但与实验值相比，所有预测结果都还存在不同程度的误差，尤其是近壁区和滞止点较远下游处的湍流强度分布。说明RNG模型虽然已在某些湍流的预测中取得了一定的成功，但要定量准确地预测冲击射流场，还必须针对其流动特征对模型加以改进。     

Modeling droplet dispersion and interphase turbulent kinetic energy transfer using a new dual-timescale Langevin model

Dispersion of spray droplets and the modulation of turbulence in the ambient gas by the dispersing droplets are two coupled phenomena that are closely linked to the evolution of global spray characteristics, such as the spreading rate of the spray and the spray cone angle. Direct numerical simulations (DNS) of turbulent gas flows laden with sub-Kolmogorov size particles, in the absence of gravity, report that dispersion statistics and turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) evolve on different timescales. Furthermore, each timescale behaves differently with Stokes number, a non-dimensional flow parameter (defined in this context as the ratio of the particle response time to the Kolmogorov timescale of turbulence) that characterizes how quickly a particle responds to turbulent fluctuations in the carrier or gas phase. A new dual-timescale Langevin model (DLM) composed of two coupled Langevin equations for the fluctuating velocities, one for each phase, is proposed. This model possesses a unique feature that the implied TKE and velocity autocorrelation in each phase evolve on different timescales. Consequently, this model has the capability of simultaneously predicting the disparate Stokes number trends in the evolution of dispersion statistics, such as velocity autocorrelations, and TKE in each phase. Predictions of dispersion statistics and TKE from the new model show good agreement with published DNS of non-evaporating and evaporating droplet-laden turbulent flow.     

Numerical Simulation of a Supersonic Flow with Transverse Injection of Jets

A plane supersonic flow with symmetric perpendicular injection of jets through slots in the walls is numerically simulated with the use of Navier–Stokes equations. The effect of the jet pressure ratio and Mach number on the flow structure is considered. The angle of inclination of the shock wave and the separationregion length are found as functions of the jet pressure ratio. The influence of the jet pressure ratio on the increase in the lift force arising owing to interaction of the flow with the injected jet is found.     

Large Eddy Simulation of a Planar Jet Flow with Nanoparticle Coagulation

Coagulation and growth of nanoparticles subject to large coherent structures in a planar jet has been explored by using large eddy simulation. The particle field is obtained by employing a moment method to approximate the nanoparticle general dynamic equation. An incompressible fluid containing particles of 1 nm in diameter is projected into a particle-free ambient. The results show that the coherent structures dominate the evolution of the nanoparticle number intensity diameter and polydispersity distributions as the jet develops. In addition, the coherent structures act to increase the diffusion of particles, and the vortex rolling-up makes the particles distributing more irregularly while the vortex pairing causes particle distributions to become uniform. As the jet travels downstream, the time-averaged particle number concentration becomes lower in the jet core and higher in the outskirts, whereas the time-averaged particle mass over the entire flow field maintains unaltered, and the time-averaged particle diameter and geometric standard deviations grow and reach their maximum on the interface of the jet region and the ambient.The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (10372090) and the Doctoral Program of Higher Education of China (20030335001).The English text was polished by Yunming Chen.     

Jet impingement onto a tapered hole: Influence of jet velocity and hole wall velocities on heat transfer and skin friction

Jet impingement onto a hole with elevated wall temperature can be associated with the high‐temperature thermal drilling, where the gas jet is used for shielding the hole wall from the high‐temperature oxidation reactions as observed in the case of laser drilling. In laser processing, the molten flow from the hole wall occurs; and in the model study, the hole wall velocity resembling the molten flow should be accounted for. In the present study, gas jet impingement onto tapered hole with elevated temperature is considered and the heat transfer rates as well as skin friction at the hole wall surface are predicted. The velocity of molten flow from the hole wall determined from the previous study is adopted in the simulations and the effect of hole wall velocity on the heat transfer rates and skin friction is also examined. It is found that the Nusselt number and skin friction at the hole wall in the regions of hole inlet and exit attain high values. The influence of hole wall velocity on the Nusselt number and skin friction is found not to be very significant. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

电场作用下导电射流稳定性的理论与实验研究

建立导电射流在径向电场作用下的线性稳定性粘性模型,通过正则模方法,推导了轴对称和非轴对称模态下的色散关系,通过计算求得增长率随波数及电欧拉数的变化,并在理论上预测了最有可能波长.选用酒精和酒精甘油混合物作实验液体,观察了径向电场对射流不稳定性行为的影响规律,并测量射流表面波的波长.实验结果和理论结果在定性方面取得了较好的一致.但通过与实验比较,理论预测的最有可能波长在非轴对称模态出现较大偏差,普遍比实验结果小.而且,实验表明,最大增长率并不是判断主导模态的好标准,因为在非轴对称的最大增长率小于轴对称的最大增长率情况下,实验显示非轴对称模态要比轴对称模态明显了.因此,对于非轴对称的不稳定机理,需要进一步研究.对轴对称模态,理论给出了较好的预测.     

Assessment of Turbulence Models for Predicting the Interaction Region in a Wall Jet by Reference to LES Solution and Budgets

Highly-resolved LES and experimental data for a plane wall jet are used to study the characteristics of turbulence-closure proposals, mainly within the framework of second-moment-transport modelling. The study is motivated by the observed importance of diffusive Reynolds-stress transport in the interaction region between the outer shear layer and the near-wall layer of the wall jet, which gives the near-wall flow characteristics that are very different from those of a conventional boundary layer. Comparisons are presented for mean-flow quantities, second moments and budgets. Also included are a priori studies of approximations for the pressure-velocity interaction, pressure-fluctuation-driven transport and turbulent transport of the Reynolds stresses by triple correlations, the last observed to contribute significantly to the stress budgets. The study reveals major defects in the closure approximations for the pressure-velocity interaction terms, especially in the near-wall region. These defects result in a poor representation by the particular second-moment closures investigated of even the integral and mean-flow characteristics of the wall jet.     

间隔靶对射流侵彻影响的数值模拟和实验研究

对某聚能装药射流侵彻靶板的过程进行了数值模拟 ,得出其碰撞点附近应力分布与传统理论相符 ,侵彻深度与实验结果及工程计算结果基本相符 ;分别对该聚能装药侵彻连续靶和间隔靶的过程进行了数值模拟 ,数值模拟结果显示间隔靶的侵彻深度明显低于连续靶的侵彻深度 ,这说明侵彻开坑阶段的能耗侵深比远大于准定常阶段。为了验证间隔靶对射流侵彻的影响 ,用另一聚能装药分别对连续靶和间隔靶进行了侵彻实验 ,并排除了炸高的影响。实验结果也表明 ,间隔靶对射流侵彻的确存在着不利影响。还结合数值模拟及实验结果对传统的侵彻公式进行了修正。     

LES of Jets in Cross Flow and Its Application to a Gas Turbine Burner

LES computations of jets in cross flow (JICF) were performed. Experimental investigations reported in literature are reproduced with good agreement concerning the momentum field and the mixing of a passive scalar. The results validate the ability of the present LES approach to compute fuel injection of the type JICF. LES computations of fuel injection in an industrial gas turbine burner are presented. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

小口径轴对称收缩喷嘴射流冲击大平板噪声特性的实验研究

为研究小口径喷嘴冲击射流的噪声特性，测定了3mm口径的轴对称收缩喷嘴在各种压比情况下产生的亚音速和超音速射流冲击坚固大平板产生的噪声。发现噪声在空间呈近似四瓣分布，当喷嘴与平板距离减小时，噪声指向壁射流下游的瓣到增强，反之，噪声指向喷嘴上游的瓣得到增强。噪声随喷嘴距平板距离的增加呈增强的趋势，在距平板一定距离内有锯齿现象。噪声随喷嘴压比的增加而增强，相应于各种工况，存在一不同的压比值，此压比之前，噪声随压比的增大而迅速提高，但有起伏现象，在此压比之后，噪声平缓地随压比的增大而增强。     

The Art, Craft and Science of Modelling Jet Impact in a Collapsing Cavitation Bubble

One of the key characteristics of the asymmetric collapse of a cavitation bubble near a rigid boundary is the development of a high speed liquid jet that penetrates the interior of the bubble, impacting on the other side to yield a toroidal bubble. After the formation of the toroidal bubble, a vigorous splash may occur that can lead to pressures on the boundary an order of magnitude greater than the impact pressures associated with the jet. Qualitative agreement with available experimental data is found although, as the bubble approaches minimum volume, shock waves are also observed which further complicate our full understanding of the mechanisms for damage.