添加稀土对镉污染土壤上青椒生长与镉吸收分布的影响

分别以青椒为供试蔬菜、以Cd为供试重金属,采用盆栽试验探索相同规格根际调控基质块中添加不同剂量的碳酸轻稀土对青椒生长、Cd吸收和在器官分配的影响,为今后复合根际修复技术的开展提供理论和实践依据。结果表明:当稀土剂量为40 mg·kg-1时,与不添加稀土的对照相比,极大地促进了青椒苗株高和干重的增加,它们分别提高了21.52%和11.11%。在土壤中含量为5.19 mg·kg-1的Cd胁迫下,保留基质块处理比冲掉块(裸栽)处理的植株地上部干重、生物量、果干重均显著增加,而对根系却没有明显的促进作用。不管基质块中添加不添加稀土,此浓度的Cd胁迫显著抑制了植株根系生长。但适当的稀土添加能够在基质块缓解Cd对青椒毒害的基础上使青椒的生理状况得到进一步改善,而对植株产果没有显著的促进作用。结果还表明:任何剂量的稀土添加对根系Cd含量没有显著降低作用。而当稀土剂量为10 mg·kg-1时,虽然显著促进了茎、叶中Cd的含量,但也显著降低了果实中Cd的含量。由于果实是食用器官,这些结果支撑了稀土添加到基质块作为根际调控方法具有应用价值的重要依据。本试验为以后系统开展复合根际重金属调控研究奠定了基础。     

镧对镉离子胁迫下黑曲霉抗氧化酶活性变化的影响

分别应用含有120μmol·L-1 La3+,50μmol·L-1 Cd2+,100μmol·L-1 Cd2+,50μmol·L-1 Cd2++120μmol·L-1 La3+,100μmol·L-1Cd2++120μmol·L-1 La3+的培养基培养黑曲霉,3 d后测定黑曲霉菌球的生物量及其胞内超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化物酶(POD)和谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶(GST)活性及脂质过氧化产物(MDA)的变化。结果表明,50和100μmol.L-1Cd2+降低了黑曲霉生物量和五种抗氧化酶活性,并诱导了MDA产物的升高。与Cd2+单一处理比较,50μmol·L-1 Cd2++120μmol·L-1 La3+和100μmol·L-1 Cd2++120μmol·L-1 La3+处理组均不同程度上诱导了五种抗氧化酶活性的升高,并降低了MDA的积累水平。其中,120μmol·L-1 La3+对50μmol·L-1 Cd2+氧化胁迫的缓解效应明显高于100μmol·L-1 Cd2+。因此,La对黑曲霉中低剂量Cd胁迫的缓解效应比较显著,而对高剂量Cd的拮抗效应不明显。     

镧对镉胁迫下豌豆幼苗根部细胞内离子平衡及膜质子泵的影响

以水培豌豆(PisumsativumL)幼苗为材料,研究了La3+对Cd2+胁迫下豌豆幼苗生长、叶部与根部细胞对Cd2+的吸收、根部细胞内无机离子平衡体系及膜H+-ATPase,H+-PPase活性的影响。结果表明:Cd2+胁迫下喷施适宜浓度的La3+(0.50mg·L-1)可使豌豆幼苗相对生物量、苗长、叶绿素含量以及光合速率受到的毒害明显缓解,有效减少叶部与根部细胞对Cd2+的吸收,显著减轻了Cd2+胁迫导致的离子平衡系统的紊乱,明显缓解Cd2+对质膜及液泡膜H+-ATPase,H+-PPase活性的抑制作用。10mg·L-1Cd2+胁迫下La3+的保护效应比30mg·L-1Cd2+胁迫下更为显著。样品中La3+的测定和分析结果还表明,外源La3+处理后,La3+主要结合于细胞膜外,进入原生质体的仅占很小部分,但30mg·L-1Cd2+处理样品中La3+进入细胞的量则明显多于10mg·L-1Cd2+处理的样品。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定内墙合成树脂乳液涂料墙面中铅、镉、铬和砷的含量

用手持式能量色散型X射线荧光光谱仪直接快速测定内墙合成树脂乳液涂料墙面中铅、镉、铬、砷等4种有害元素的含量,用外标法定量。以模拟样品为基体制作上述4种元素的工作曲线,4种元素的质量分数在120 mg·kg-1范围内与其荧光强度呈线性关系。实样测定结果表明:上述4种元素含量大于10mg·kg-1时,本方法的结果与电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱法的测定结果相符。     

南方紫花苜蓿植株中微量元素含量分析

采用原子吸收分光光度法对12个苜蓿品种植株的地上部分Fe、Zn和Mn等3种微量元素含量进行了测定分析。结果表明,紫花苜蓿地上部全株中人体所需Fe、Mn和Zn等微量元素含量丰富,Fe质量分数为211.35~300.19μg/g;Zn质量分数为42.80~57.65μg/g;Mn质量分数为55.31~91.19μg/g。并且,不同品种植株中微量元素含量由高到低顺序均为Fe、Mn、Zn。     

“浙八味”药材中重金属铅、镉、铜含量分析

为对"浙八味"药材质量控制和安全用药提供可靠的依据,采用灰化法处理样品,火焰原子吸收分光光度法测定了其铅、镉、铜含量。结果表明,8种药材中的铅含量为0.828 1~1.747 3 mg.kg-1,镉含量为0.116 9~0.295 0mg.kg-1,铜含量为2.519 5~8.286 4 mg.kg-1。8种药材均检出一定量的有害重金属,但含量较低,未超出国家限量标准,符合《药用植物及制剂进出口绿色行业标准》的有关规定。     

半干旱区菜地土壤与蔬菜中铁、锰含量及健康风险评估——以甘肃省榆中县为例

在甘肃省榆中县蔬菜基地,选择30个点位采集4种蔬菜(120株)及相应的土样,在对重金属Fe、Mn含量分析测试的基础上,开展蔬菜重金属富集能力分析及健康风险评估。结果表明,研究区土壤中Fe、Mn平均质量分数分别为25 424.55和419.83 mg·kg-1,蔬菜中Fe、Mn平均质量分数分别为7.69和2.31 mg·kg-1鲜质量。蔬菜中Fe、Mn平均富集系数分别为3.02×10-4和5.66×10-3,两者相差一个数量级。Fe、Mn在4种蔬菜中的富集系数不同,在芹菜中富集系数最大。Fe、Mn在同一蔬菜中的富集系数亦差别很大,其富集系数的由大到小顺序为Mn,Fe。榆中县居民膳食Fe、Mn每天摄入量分别为11.55 mg和3.47 mg。因此,榆中县居民通过膳食摄入Fe、Mn明显不足,需要通过其他途径补充Fe、Mn。     

电子电气产品中多溴联苯和多溴二苯醚的高效液相色谱/串联质谱法测定

样品经超声提取后,用液相色谱-串联质谱法分析,采用同位素质量数定性,外标法定量。本法对五溴联苯(5-PBB)、八溴联苯(8-PBB)、十溴联苯(10-PBB)、五溴二苯醚(5-PBDE)、八溴二苯醚(8-PBDE)、十溴二苯醚(10-PBDE)定量限为50 mg.kg-1;对以上六种多溴联苯、多溴二苯醚分别添加50 mg.kg-1、100 mg.kg-1、150 mg.kg-1并进行10次测定的回收率为85.5%～107%;精密度为1.10%～6.60%;采用标准品加入法对塑料、橡胶的空白样品分别添加5-PBB、8-PBB、10-PBB、5-PBDE、8-PBDE、10-PBDE各0 mg.kg-15、0 mg.kg-1、100 mg.kg-1、150 mg.kg-1、200 mg.kg-1,并进行测定,得到线性相关系数在0.9963～0.9995。     

微波消解-火焰原子吸收法测定垃圾焚烧飞灰中的金属含量

采用NHO3＋HF＋H2O2体系微波消解垃圾焚烧飞灰,火焰原子吸收光谱法测定金属Cu,Fe,Pb,Ni,Mn,Cr和Cd的含量。结果表明,飞灰中Cu质量分数为0．8927mg／g,Pb质量分数为1．8490mg／g,Ni质量分数为0．1523mg／g,Mn质量分数为1．1033mg/g,Fe质量分数为86．4517mg／g,Cr质量分数为0．3667mg／g,Cd质量分数为0．0581mg／g。铁的检测限为3．9041mg／L,其它元素均小于1mg／L,加标回收率在98．0％-108．0％之间。RSD〈4．0％。该法简便快速,具有较好的准确度和精密度,测定结果为处理垃圾焚烧所产生的飞灰提供了理论依据。     

气相色谱-质谱法测定涂料中的六溴环十二烷

提出了用气相色谱-质谱法测定涂料中六溴环十二烷含量的方法。样品用二氯甲烷-丙酮(1+1)混合溶剂超声提取,提取液经硅胶固相萃取小柱净化、平行蒸发定量浓缩后,用DB-5MS毛细管柱进行分离,全扫描模式和选择离子监测模式测定。六溴环十二烷的质量浓度在1～50mg·L-1范围内与其峰面积呈线性关系,测定下限(10S/N)为10 mg·kg-1。添加5,20,50mg·L-1 3个浓度水平进行加标回收试验,回收率在82.0%～106%之间,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=8)在2.8%～5.3%之间。     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

Synthesis of phenolic components of Grains of Paradise

Two vanilloids, (5E)-8-(4-hydroxy-3-methoxyphenyl)oct-5-en-4-one (1) and 4-[3-hydroxydecyl]-2-methoxyphenol (2), isolated from the dried seeds of Grains of Paradise (Aframomum melegueta), were synthesized; the latter compound was made as the S-enantiomer and the material derived from the seeds was found to be a 1:1.7 mixture of the R and S isomers. The synthetic route used should allow the preparation of analogs having extended alkyl chains and consequently different lipophilicity, and 3, a homolog of 2, was also prepared.     

Summary of development of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films

In this review, the research of the author in the field of colloidal systems is summarized. The factors influencing colloidal stability are systematized and analyzed. Examples are presented to illustrate the practical utilization of the theory of stability of colloids and thin films.This review was prepared on the basis of the works of the author, which were awarded the State Premium for 1991 in the field of science and technology, chemistry section.Institute of Physical Chemistry, Russian Academy of Sciences, 117915 Moscow. Translated from Izvestiya Akademii Nauk, Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 8, pp. 1708–1717, August, 1992.     

Study of hydration of two cements of different strengths

Main hydration products of two cement pastes, i.e. CSH-gel, portlandite (P) (and specific surface S) were studied by static heating, and by SEM, TEM and XRD, as a function of cement strength (C-33 and C-43) hydration time (th) and subsequent hydration in water vapour.Total change in mass on hydration and air drying, M_o, increased with strength of cement paste and with hydration time. Content of water escaping at 110 to 220°C, defined as water bound with low energy, mainly interlayer and hydrate water, was independent on cement strength but its content increased with (th). Content of chemically bound (zeolitic) water in CSH-gel, escaping at 220-400°C, was slightly dependent on strength and increased with (th). It was possibly derived from the dehydroxylation of CSH-gel and AFm phase. Portlandite water, escaping at 400-500°C, was independent on cement strength and was higher on longer hydration. Large P crystals were formed in the weaker cement paste C-33. Smaller crystals were formed in C-43 but they increased with (th). Carbonate formated on contact with air (calcite, vaterite and aragonite), decomposed in cement at 600-700^oC. It was high in pastes C-33(1 month) and C-43(1 month), i.e. 5.7 and 3.3%, respectively; it was less than 1% after 6 hydration months (low sensitivity to carbonation) in agreement with the XRD study showing carbonates in the air dry paste (1month), and its absence on prolonged hydration (6 months) and on acetone treatment. Water vapour treatment of (6 months) pastes or wetting-drying increased this sensitivity.Nanosized P-crystals, detected by TEM, could contribute to the cement strength; carbonate was observed on the rims of gel clusters.This revised version was published online in November 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

氯氧化镁生成热的研究

用氧化镁氯化镁水溶液制备了8水合氯氧化镁[nMg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O], 并测定了其在盐酸中的溶解热, 实验结果表明, 氯氧化镁溶解热与n值呈线性关系, 根据溶解热求出5Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O和3Mg(OH)2·MgCl2·8H2O的生成热分别为-7727.1和5888.1kJ·mol^1^-。     

Thermodynamics of the formation of oxosulfides of rare-earth elements

The enthalpies of solution of several oxosulfides of rare-earth elements and the high-temperature enthalpies of oxosulfides and oxosulfates of lanthanum and yttrium were measured using solution calorimetry and high-temperature microcalorimetry techniques. Standard enthalpies of formation and some thermodynamic properties of oxosulfides and oxosulfates were calculated. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 2 pp. 294–297, February, 1997.     

探究“铁的锈蚀条件”实验创新设计

设计了铁的锈蚀实验,说明了铁钉的处理方法,增加了温度、酸、碱的影响条件,实现了铁跟蒸馏水及空气中氧气快速反应而生锈,使实验在5 min左右就能够得到准确的结果。