液固两相圆柱绕流尾迹内颗粒扩散分布的离散涡数值研究

基于离散涡方法求得的非定常水流场和颗粒的Lagrange运动方程,数值模拟了稀疏液固两相圆柱绕流尾迹内颗粒的扩散分布．获得了流动的涡谱与3种不同St数颗粒（St=0.25,1.0,40）在流场中的分布．通过引入扩散函数来定量表示颗粒在流场中的纵向扩散强度,并计算得到了不同St数颗粒的扩散函数随时间的变化．数值结果揭示出了液固两相圆柱绕流尾迹中的颗粒扩散分布与颗粒的St数和尾涡结构密切相关:1) 中小St数(St=0.25～4.0)颗粒在运动过程中不能进入涡核区,而在旋涡结构的外沿聚集,且颗粒的St数愈大,其越远离涡核区域;2） 在圆柱绕流尾迹区域内,中小St数(St=0.25～4.0)颗粒的纵向扩散强度随其St数的增大而减小．     

基于高阶空间精度格式和嵌套网格对旋翼尾迹捕捉的改进

发展了一种基于高阶迎风格式和嵌套网格捕捉直升机悬停旋翼涡尾迹的方法．无粘通量采用Roe Reimann求解器,使用改进的5阶加权基本无振荡(WENO)格式对交界面左右状态进行高阶插值,并与MUSCL插值进行比较．为便于捕捉尾迹和实施周期性边界条件,计算采用结构嵌套网格,其中高质量的旋翼网格完全嵌套于背景网格中．当解达到近似收敛后在桨尖涡分布区域对背景网格进行加密,如此经过3次得到优化的背景网格．考虑到WENO格式插值的特点,提出了搜索3层洞边界和人工外边界的方法以便插值的直接进行．用该方法对一跨音速和一亚音速悬停旋翼粘性流场进行了数值计算．数值结果表明:所发展方法对涡尾迹具有很高的捕捉能力;与MUSCL格式相比,WENO格式具有较低的数值耗散．     

大型水平轴风力机叶片气动弹性计算

给出了一种考虑几何非线性的大型风力机静、 动气动弹性一体化计算方法．采用涡尾迹方法进行风力机气动载荷计算．建立风力机风轮的三维壳模型．沿周向平均风力机叶片载荷并加载到结构模型进行非线性静气动弹性分析．基于动力学小扰动假设, 在静平衡构型下进行动力学线性化, 计算风轮固有振动特性．继而结合非定常涡尾迹方法计算风力机动气动弹性响应．计算了NH 1500叶片考虑几何非线性的静气动弹性位移和动气动弹性响应．结果表明,大型风力机叶片几何非线性较为明显地减小静气动弹性位移,同时降低动气动弹性的响应幅值．大型风力机气动弹性响应计算需要考虑几何非线性     

基于相场方法的铁基合金高温氧化与生长应力分析

高温氧化性能是评价热防护材料的一项重要指标,然而由于氧化过程是一个含微结构演化的复杂过程,其定量计算分析一直是研究的难点．基于材料热力学理论,建立了能够考虑微结构演化的相场方法来模拟材料的高温氧化,从而解决了抗氧化性能与氧化生长应力定量计算分析的问题．采用所建立的相场方法,对Fe-Cr-Al-Y合金的高温扩散过程、氧化性能和生长应力演化进行了计算,数值计算结果与文献中的实验结果吻合良好,计算结果还揭示了最大生长应力和外界环境氧浓度之间的线性关系．所发展的相场方法为研究复杂环境下的高温氧化提供了一种有力的计算分析手段．     

螺旋型旋风分离器两相流场的数值模拟

对螺旋型旋风分离器进行了两相流场的三维数值模拟．气体流场通过求解三维N-S方程得到,湍流模型采用了雷诺应力模型．计算结果表明,旋风分离器内部的流场分为两部分:螺旋通道内比较稳定的流场和筒体中心区域的复合涡结构流场．对颗粒运动轨迹的计算表明,颗粒在入口处的初始位置对颗粒分离有比较显著的影响．同时得到了不同入口速度下颗粒的分级效率曲线,并给出了气体流量对旋风分离器性能的影响,结果显示:气体流量的增加会提高分离效率,但同时导致压力损失的急剧增加．     

梢涡流场中气泡轨迹及形态数值模拟

针对气泡在舰船尾迹涡流场运动特性,根据其是否为尾涡所捕获,将数值模拟过程分为两个阶段:准球状运动阶段和非球状运动阶段．分别应用单向耦合质点粒子追踪法（PTM）和边界元法（BEM）模拟这两个阶段,将第1阶段结束的物理量作为第2阶段的初始条件,从而完成整个数值模拟过程．在已有数值研究结果和实验数据基础上,探讨空化发生条件,追踪尾迹空泡运动轨迹,模拟尾迹气泡的运动、变形、溃灭等,以及被尾涡捕获后的撕裂等运动特性,旨在为优化设计尾流场提供参考．     

颗粒的有限尺寸对颗粒在均匀各向同性湍流中扩散的影响

本文指出固体颗粒对流体湍流运动的响应有不同的机理,颗粒受大涡的粘性拖动,但受小涡的随机碰撞.基于这种原理,本文计算了有限尺寸的固体颗粒在均匀各向同性湍流中的扩散.结果显示存在着二种相互抵消的效应:颗粒的惯性使颗粒长期扩散系数上升,而颗粒尺寸使颗粒的长期扩散系数下降.     

浅水横流中异重冲击射流的大尺度涡结构

采用RNG湍流模型对浅水横流中异重冲击射流的大尺度涡结构进行了详细的数值研究．分析了冲击区滞止点上游壁面涡结构和近区Scarf涡结构的尺度、形成机理和演化特征．计算得到了上游壁面涡的特征尺度,结果表明上游壁面涡具有高度的三维性,其特征尺度依赖于流速比和环境水深．近区Sarf涡结构对横流冲击射流的横向浓度分布具有重要的影响．当流速比相对较小时,在底层壁射流与环境横流的横向边界附近出现明显的高浓度聚集现象,计算结果表明Scarf涡结构对这一高浓度聚集区的形成起主导作用．     

摆动水翼的推力与流场结构数值研究

在一定的Reynolds数范围内,水生动物和微型仿生机械通常采用摆动的方式获得推力,这种摆动可以用行进波来表示,行进波的波长则描述了摆动生物的柔性．该文用浸入边界方法模拟了低Reynolds数情况下,水翼NACA-65-010在水中摆动时的流场．结果表明,水翼摆动产生推力的大小与行进波波长密切相关,随着波长的增大,推力系数减小,推进效率则在一定的波长值达到最大;推力的产生与两种流场结构有关:即反Krmn涡街和涡对,摆动水翼后缘尾迹中形成反Krmn涡街时产生的推力要大于尾迹中形成涡对产生时的推力．     

三维矩形槽道中颗粒沉降的数值模拟

采用三维格子Boltzmann方法对矩形通道中的颗粒沉降进行了模拟研究．单颗粒沉降的模拟结果表明,颗粒最终的稳定沉降位置沿槽道中心线,不受颗粒初始位置和直径的影响．颗粒和壁面之间的两体相互效应可以用无因次沉降速度定量描述,无因次沉降速度的模拟结果和实验结果定量上吻合一致．模拟分析了双颗粒沉降的DKT（drafting, kissing and tumbling）过程,探讨了颗粒直径比以及壁面效应对DKT过程的影响．模拟发现当颗粒直径相同时,双颗粒的沉降过程为周期性的DKT过程,从而形成双螺旋形式的沉降轨迹,此螺旋沉降轨迹的频率和振幅受颗粒初始位置影响．从模拟结果中还得到颗粒群的最终稳定构型,并进行了构型对比分析．最后对包含49个颗粒的颗粒群沉降行为进行了模拟,说明多体相互作用在对称性的情况下可以简化．     

Numerical study of vortex eccentricity in a gas cyclone

This paper presents a numerical study of the vortex eccentricity in a gas cyclone and its effect on the performance of the cyclone. The gas flow in the cyclone was modeled as an unsteady flow by the Navier–Stokes equations with the Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) as the turbulence model. The particles were modelled by the Lagrangian particle tracking (LPT) approach in an unsteady gas flow. Gas cyclones with the same dimensions and total flow rates but different numbers of inlets were simulated with the inlet velocity varying from 12 to 20 m/s. The vortex eccentricities in different cases were analyzed in terms of radial deviation and angular deviation. In addition, the frequency of the precessing vortex core (PVC) was analyzed by the fast Fourier transform (FFT). The results show that the vortex center in the single inlet cyclone has a great eccentricity and its precession center is also different from the geometric center, which reduces the particle collection efficiency. The increase in the symmetry of the inlet causes only a very small increase in the pressure drop in the simulated cases, but it can significantly reduce the vortex eccentricity, particularly by eliminating the eccentricity of the PVC center. The improvement of the vortex eccentricity can generally increase the collection efficiency for particles greater than 2.0 µm. The increase of the collection efficiency is mainly because the symmetrical vortex can restrain the short-circuiting flow of particles. The results can improve the understanding of the vortex flow in gas cyclones which may guide the optimization of gas cyclones.     

Numerical simulation of the interaction between vortex ring and bubble plume

In present paper a three-dimensional Vortex-In-Cell method with two-way coupling effect was developed to study the bubble plume entrainment by a vortex ring. In this method the continuous flow was calculated by the three-dimensional Vortex-In-Cell method and the bubbles are tracked through bubble motion equation. Two-way coupling effect between continuous flow and dispersed bubbles is considered by introducing a vorticity source term, which is induced by the change of void fraction gradient in each computational cell. After validated by the comparison between experimental measurements and simulation results for the motion of vortex rings and the rising velocity of bubble plume, present method is implemented to simulate the interaction between an evolving vortex ring and a rising bubble plume. It was found that there is little effect of the bubble entrainment to the total circulation of vortex ring while the effect of bubble entrainment to the vortex ring structure is quite obvious. The bubble entrainment by the vortex ring not only changed the vorticity distribution in the vortex structure, but also displaced the positions of the vortex cores. The vorticity in the lower vortex core of the vortex ring decreases more than that in the upper vortex core of the vortex ring while the vortex core in the upper part of the vortex ring is displaced to the center of vortex ring by the entrained bubbles. Smaller bubbles are easier to be entrained by the large scale vortex structure and the transportation distance is in inverse proportion to bubble diameter.     

Turbulent particle dispersion in an electrostatic precipitator

The behaviour of charged particles in turbulent gas flow in electrostatic precipitators (ESPs) is crucial information to optimise precipitator efficiency. This paper describes a strongly coupled calculation procedure for the rigorous computation of particle dynamics during ESP taking into account the statistical particle size distribution. The turbulent gas flow and the particle motion under electrostatic forces are calculated by using the commercial computational fluid dynamics (CFD) package FLUENT linked to a finite volume solver for the electric field and ion charge. Particle charge is determined from both local electrical conditions and the cell residence time which the particle has experienced through its path. Particle charge density and the particle velocity are averaged in a control volume to use Lagrangian information of the particle motion in calculating the gas and electric fields. The turbulent particulate transport and the effects of particulate space charge on the electrical current flow are investigated. The calculated results for poly-dispersed particles are compared with those for mono-dispersed particles, and significant differences are demonstrated.     

Limit Theorems for Supercritical Branching Random Fields

An infinite particle system in R^d is considered where the initial distribution is POISSON ian and each initial particle gives rise to a supercritical age-dependent branching process with the particles moving randomly in space. Our approach differs from the usual: instead of the point measures determined by the locations of the particles at each time, we take the particles at a “final time” and observe the past histories of their ancestry lines. A law of large numbers and a central limit theorem are proved under a space-time scaling representing high density of particles and small mean particle lifetime. The fluctuation limit is a generalized GAUSS -MARKOV process with continuous trajectories and satisfies a deterministic evolution equation with generalized random initial condition. A more precise form of the central limit theorem is obtained in the case of particles performing BROWN ian motion and having exponentially distributed lifetime.     

Weak Dual Pairs and Jetlet Methods for Ideal Incompressible Fluid Models in $$n \ge 2$$ Dimensions

We review the role of dual pairs in mechanics and use them to derive particle-like solutions to regularized incompressible fluid systems. In our case we have a dual pair resulting from the action of diffeomorphisms on point particles (essentially by moving the points). We then augment our dual pair by considering the action of diffeomorphisms on Taylor series, also known as jets. The augmented weak dual pairs induce a hierarchy of particle-like solutions and conservation laws with particles carrying a copy of a jet group. We call these augmented particles jetlets. The jet groups serve as finite-dimensional models of the diffeomorphism group itself, and so the jetlet particles serve as a finite-dimensional model of the self-similarity exhibited by ideal incompressible fluids. The conservation law associated to jetlet solutions is shown to be a shadow of Kelvin’s circulation theorem. Finally, we study the dynamics of infinite time particle mergers. We prove that two merging particles at the zeroth level in the hierarchy yield dynamics which asymptotically approach that of a single particle in the first level in the hierarchy. This merging behavior is then verified numerically as well as the exchange of angular momentum which must occur during a near collision of two particles. The resulting particle-like solutions suggest a new class of meshless methods which work in dimensions \(n \ge 2\) and which exhibit a shadow of Kelvin’s circulation theorem. More broadly, this provides one of the first finite-dimensional models of self-similarity in ideal fluids.     

Modeling of local particle accumulation in disperse flows with kinematic singularities

The aim of the study is to model the formation of local particle accumulation zones near several typical kinematic singularities. The flows considered are: (i) a steady two–dimensional flow with localized vorticity of the Kelvin cat's eye type (vortex in a mixing layer), (ii) a steady axisymmetric flow formed by a vortex filament normal to a plane in viscous fluid (simple model of tornado), (iii) a neighbourhood of a zero acceleration point in two–dimensional unsteady (harmonic) flow. From parametric numerical calculations, we investigated the inertial mechanisms of forming local particle accumulation zones and found the threshold values of governing parameters separating qualitatively different particle velocity and density patterns. In particular, it is shown that the zero–acceleration point can either “attract” or “scatter” the particles. Zones of concentrated vorticity are typically devoid of particles. In the tornado–like flow, an axisymmetric “cup-shaped” particle accumulation region is formed. (© 2008 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)