On the $${ L}^{ p}$$Lp norm of the torsion function

Bounds are obtained for the \(L^p\) norm of the torsion function \(v_{\varOmega }\), i.e. the solution of \(-\varDelta v=1,\, v\in H_0^1(\varOmega ),\) in terms of the Lebesgue measure of \(\varOmega \) and the principal eigenvalue \(\lambda _1(\varOmega )\) of the Dirichlet Laplacian acting in \(L^2(\varOmega )\). We show that these bounds are sharp for \(1\le p\le 2\).

     

On the Fourier coefficients of certain Hilbert modular forms

We prove that given any \(\epsilon >0\), a non-zero adelic Hilbert cusp form \({\mathbf {f}}\) of weight \(k=(k_1,k_2,\ldots ,k_n)\in ({\mathbb {Z}}_+)^n\) and square-free level \(\mathfrak {n}\) with Fourier coefficients \(C_{{\mathbf {f}}}(\mathfrak {m})\), there exists a square-free integral ideal \(\mathfrak {m}\) with \(N(\mathfrak {m})\ll k_0^{3n+\epsilon }N(\mathfrak {n})^{\frac{6n^2+1}{2}+\epsilon }\) such that \(C_{{\mathbf {f}}}(\mathfrak {m})\ne 0\). The implied constant depends on \(\epsilon , F\).

     

Density lower bound estimate for local minimizer of free interface problem with volume constraint

We prove a density lower bound for some functionals involving bulk and interfacial energies. The bulk energies are convex functions with p-power growth not subjected to any further structure conditions. The interface \(\partial E\) is the boundary of a set \(E\subset \Omega \) such that \(|E|=d\) is prescribed. Then we get \(\mathcal {H}^{n-1}((\partial E{\setminus }\partial E^*)\cup \Omega )=0\).

     

The Defect of a Cauchy Type Problem for Linear Equations with Several Riemann–Liouville Derivatives

We consider the existence and uniqueness of solutions to initial value problems for general linear nonhomogeneous equations with several Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives in Banach spaces. Considering the equation solved for the highest fractional derivative \( D^{\alpha}_{t} \), we introduce the concept of the defect \( m^{*} \) of a Cauchy type problem which determines the number of the zero initial conditions \( D^{\alpha-m+k}_{t}z(0)=0 \), \( k=0,1,\dots,m^{*}-1 \), necessary for the existence of the finite limits \( D^{\alpha-m+k}_{t}z(t) \) as \( t\to 0+ \) for all \( k=0,1,\dots,m-1 \). We show that the defect \( m^{*} \) is uniquely determined by the set of orders of the Riemann–Liouville fractional derivatives in the equation. Also we prove the unique solvability of the incomplete Cauchy problem \( D^{\alpha-m+k}_{t}z(0)=z_{k} \), \( k=m^{*},m^{*}+1,\dots,m-1 \), for the equation with bounded operator coefficients solved for the highest Riemann–Liouville derivative. The obtained result allowed us to investigate initial problems for a linear nonhomogeneous equation with a degenerate operator at the highest fractional derivative, provided that the operator at the second highest order derivative is 0-bounded with respect to this operator, while the cases are distinguished that the fractional part of the order of the second derivative coincides or does not coincide with the fractional part of the order of the highest derivative. The results for equations in Banach spaces are used for the study of initial boundary value problems for a class of equations with several Riemann–Liouville time derivatives and polynomials in a selfadjoint elliptic differential operator of spatial variables.

     

Inequalities for sine sums with more variables

A result of Vietoris states that if the real numbers \(a_1,\ldots ,a_n\) satisfy

$$\begin{aligned} \text{(*) } \qquad a_1\ge \frac{a_2}{2} \ge \cdots \ge \frac{a_n}{n}>0 \quad \text{ and } \quad a_{2k-1}\ge a_{2k} \quad (1\le k\le n/2), \end{aligned}$$

then, for \(x_1,\ldots ,x_m>0\) with \(x_1+\cdots +x_m <\pi \),

$$\begin{aligned} \begin{aligned} \text{(**) } \qquad \sum _{k=1}^n a_k \frac{\sin (k x_1) \cdots \sin (k x_m)}{k^m}>0. \end{aligned} \end{aligned}$$

We prove that \((**)\) (with “\(\ge \)” instead of “>”) holds under weaker conditions. It suffices to assume, instead of \((*)\), that

$$\begin{aligned} \sum _{k=1}^N a_k \frac{\sin (kt)}{k}>0 \quad (N=1,\ldots ,n; \, 0<t<\pi ), \end{aligned}$$

and, moreover, \((**)\) is valid for a larger region, namely, \(x_1,\ldots ,x_m\in (0,\pi )\).

     

The Berry–Esseen bounds of the weighted estimator in a nonparametric regression model

Consider the following nonparametric model: \(Y_{ni}=g(x_{ni})+ \varepsilon _{ni},1\le i\le n,\) where \(x_{ni}\in {\mathbb {A}}\) are the nonrandom design points and \({\mathbb {A}}\) is a compact set of \({\mathbb {R}}^{m}\) for some \(m\ge 1\), \(g(\cdot )\) is a real valued function defined on \({\mathbb {A}}\), and \(\varepsilon _{n1},\ldots ,\varepsilon _{nn}\) are \(\rho ^{-}\)-mixing random errors with zero mean and finite variance. We obtain the Berry–Esseen bounds of the weighted estimator of \(g(\cdot )\). The rate can achieve nearly \(O(n^{-1/4})\) when the moment condition is appropriate. Moreover, we carry out some simulations to verify the validity of our results.

     

Topological Properties of the Set of Functions Generated by Neural Networks of Fixed Size

We analyze the topological properties of the set of functions that can be implemented by neural networks of a fixed size. Surprisingly, this set has many undesirable properties. It is highly non-convex, except possibly for a few exotic activation functions. Moreover, the set is not closed with respect to \(L^p\)-norms, \(0< p < \infty \), for all practically used activation functions, and also not closed with respect to the \(L^\infty \)-norm for all practically used activation functions except for the ReLU and the parametric ReLU. Finally, the function that maps a family of weights to the function computed by the associated network is not inverse stable for every practically used activation function. In other words, if \(f_1, f_2\) are two functions realized by neural networks and if \(f_1, f_2\) are close in the sense that \(\Vert f_1 - f_2\Vert _{L^\infty } \le \varepsilon \) for \(\varepsilon > 0\), it is, regardless of the size of \(\varepsilon \), usually not possible to find weights \(w_1, w_2\) close together such that each \(f_i\) is realized by a neural network with weights \(w_i\). Overall, our findings identify potential causes for issues in the training procedure of deep learning such as no guaranteed convergence, explosion of parameters, and slow convergence.

     

On the Hawkes Graphs of Finite Groups

We study the properties and applications of the directed graph, introduced by Hawkes in 1968, of a finite group \( G \). The vertex set of \( \Gamma_{H}(G) \) coincides with \( \pi(G) \) and \( (p,q) \) is an edge if and only if \( q\in\pi(G/O_{p^{\prime},p}(G)) \). In the language of properties of this graph we obtain commutation conditions for all \( p \)-elements with all \( r \)-elements of \( G \), where \( p \) and \( r \) are distinct primes. We estimate the nilpotence length of a solvable finite group in terms of subgraphs of its Hawkes graph. Given an integer \( n>1 \), we find conditions for reconstructing the Hawkes graph of a finite group \( G \) from the Hawkes graphs of its \( n \) pairwise nonconjugate maximal subgroups. Using these results, we obtain some new tests for the membership of a solvable finite group in the well-known saturated formations.

     

Frames and Finite-Rank Integral Representations of Positive Operator-Valued Measures

Discrete and continuous frames can be considered as positive operator-valued measures (POVMs) that have integral representations using rank-one operators. However, not every POVM has an integral representation. One goal of this paper is to examine the POVMs that have finite-rank integral representations. More precisely, we present a necessary and sufficient condition under which a positive operator-valued measure \(F: \varOmega \to B(H)\) has an integral representation of the form

$$ F(E) =\sum_{k=1}^{m} \int _{E} G_{k}(\omega )\otimes G_{k}(\omega )\, d \mu (\omega ) $$

for some weakly measurable maps \(G_{k}\ (1\leq k\leq m) \) from a measurable space \(\varOmega \) to a Hilbert space ℋ and some positive measure \(\mu \) on \(\varOmega \). Similar characterizations are also obtained for projection-valued measures. As special consequences of our characterization we settle negatively a problem of Ehler and Okoudjou about probability frame representations of probability POVMs, and prove that an integral representable probability POVM can be dilated to a integral representable projection-valued measure if and only if the corresponding measure is purely atomic.

     

Extended Relativistic Toda Lattice,L-Orthogonal Polynomials and Associated Lax Pair

When a measure \(\varPsi(x)\) on the real line is subjected to the modification \(d\varPsi^{(t)}(x) = e^{-tx} d \varPsi(x)\), then the coefficients of the recurrence relation of the orthogonal polynomials in \(x\) with respect to the measure \(\varPsi^{(t)}(x)\) are known to satisfy the so-called Toda lattice formulas as functions of \(t\). In this paper we consider a modification of the form \(e^{-t(\mathfrak{p}x+ \mathfrak{q}/x)}\) of measures or, more generally, of moment functionals, associated with orthogonal L-polynomials and show that the coefficients of the recurrence relation of these L-orthogonal polynomials satisfy what we call an extended relativistic Toda lattice. Most importantly, we also establish the so called Lax pair representation associated with this extended relativistic Toda lattice. These results also cover the (ordinary) relativistic Toda lattice formulations considered in the literature by assuming either \(\mathfrak{p}=0\) or \(\mathfrak{q}=0\). However, as far as Lax pair representation is concern, no complete Lax pair representations were established before for the respective relativistic Toda lattice formulations. Some explicit examples of extended relativistic Toda lattice and Langmuir lattice are also presented. As further results, the lattice formulas that follow from the three term recurrence relations associated with kernel polynomials on the unit circle are also established.

     

On the 2-rainbow independent domination numbers of some graphs

By suitably adjusting the tropical algebra technique we compute the rainbow independent domination numbers of several infinite families of graphs including Cartesian products \(C_n \Box P_m\) and \(C_n \Box C_m\) for all n and \(m\le 5\), and generalized Petersen graphs P(n, 2) for \(n \ge 3\).

     

Defining Relations for the Carpet Subgroups of Chevalley Groups over Fields

The carpet subgroups admitting a Bruhat decomposition and different from Chevalley groups are exhausted by the groups lying between the Chevalley groups of type \( B_{l} \), \( C_{l} \), \( F_{4} \), or \( G_{2} \) over various imperfect fields of exceptional characteristic 2 or 3, the larger of which is an algebraic extension of the smaller field. Moreover, as regards the types \( B_{l} \) and \( C_{l} \), these subgroups are parametrized by the pairs of additive subgroups one of which may fail to be a field and, for the type \( B_{2} \), even both additive subgroups may fail to be fields. In this paper for the carpet subgroups admitting a Bruhat decomposition we present the relations similar to those well known for Chevalley groups over fields.

     

Orlicz spaces with a o–O type structure

We study non reflexive Orlicz spaces \(L^\varPsi \) and their Morse subspace \(M^\varPsi \), i.e. the closure of \(L^\infty \) in \(M^\varPsi \) to determine when \((M^\varPsi ,L^\varPsi )\) can be described as having an o–O type structure with respect to an equivalent norm on \(L^\varPsi \). Examples of classes of Young functions for which the answer is affirmative are provided, but also examples are given to show that this is not possible for all non-reflexive Orlicz spaces. An equivalent expression of the distance in \(L^\varPsi \) to \(M^\varPsi \), induced by the new norm, is also provided.

     

On the Coincidence of the Classes of Finite Groups $ E_{\pi_{x}} $ and $ D_{\pi_{x}} $

Let \( \pi_{x} \) be the set of primes greater than \( x \). We prove that for all \( x\in{??} \) the classes of finite groups \( D_{\pi_{x}} \) and \( E_{\pi_{x}} \) coincide; i.e., a finite group \( G \) possesses a \( \pi_{x} \)-Hall subgroup if and only if \( G \) satisfies the complete analog of the Sylow Theorems for a \( \pi_{x} \)-subgroup.

     

$$L^2_f$$ L f 2 -harmonic 1-forms on smooth metric measure spaces with positive $$\lambda _1(\Delta _f)$$ λ 1 ( Δ f )

In this paper, we study vanishing and splitting results on a complete smooth metric measure space \((M^n,g,\mathrm {e}^{-f}\mathrm {d}v)\) with various negative m-Bakry-Émery Ricci curvature lower bounds in terms of the first eigenvalue \(\lambda _1(\Delta _f)\) of the weighted Laplacian \(\Delta _f\), i.e., \(\mathrm {Ric}_{m,n}\ge -a\lambda _1(\Delta _f)-b\) for \(0<a\le \dfrac{m}{m-1}, b\ge 0\). In particular, we consider three main cases for different a and b with or without conditions on \(\lambda _1(\Delta _f)\). These results are extensions of Dung and Vieira, and weighted generalizations of Li-Wang, Dung-Sung, and Vieira.

     

Multilinear Marcinkiewicz-Zygmund Inequalities

We extend to the multilinear setting classical inequalities of Marcinkiewicz and Zygmund on \(\ell ^r\)-valued extensions of linear operators. We show that for certain \(1 \le p, q_1, \dots , q_m, r \le \infty \), there is a constant \(C\ge 0\) such that for every bounded multilinear operator \(T:L^{q_1}(\mu _1) \times \cdots \times L^{q_m}(\mu _m) \rightarrow L^p(\nu )\) and functions \(\{f_{k_1}^1\}_{k_1=1}^{n_1} \subset L^{q_1}(\mu _1), \dots , \{f_{k_m}^m\}_{k_m=1}^{n_m} \subset L^{q_m}(\mu _m)\), the following inequality holds

$$\begin{aligned} \left\| \left( \sum _{k_1, \dots , k_m} |T(f_{k_1}^1, \dots , f_{k_m}^m)|^r\right) ^{1/r} \right\| _{L^p(\nu )} \le C \Vert T\Vert \prod _{i=1}^m \left\| \left( \sum _{k_i=1}^{n_i} |f_{k_i}^i|^r\right) ^{1/r} \right\| _{L^{q_i}(\mu _i)}. \end{aligned}$$ (1)

In some cases we also calculate the best constant \(C\ge 0\) satisfying the previous inequality. We apply these results to obtain weighted vector-valued inequalities for multilinear Calderón-Zygmund operators.

     

Existence of Continuous Eigenvalues for a Class of Parametric Problems Involving the $(p,2)$-Laplacian Operator

We discuss a parametric eigenvalue problem, where the differential operator is of \((p,2)\)-Laplacian type. We show that, when \(p\neq 2\), the spectrum of the operator is a half line, with the end point formulated in terms of the parameter and the principal eigenvalue of the Laplacian with zero Dirichlet boundary conditions. Two cases are considered corresponding to \(p>2\) and \(p<2\), and the methods that are applied are variational. In the former case, the direct method is applied, whereas in the latter case, the fibering method of Pohozaev is used. We will also discuss a priori bounds and regularity of the eigenfunctions. In particular, we will show that, when the eigenvalue tends towards the end point of the half line, the supremum norm of the corresponding eigenfunction tends to zero in the case of \(p>2\), and to infinity in the case of \(p < 2\).

     

Functional Matrix Multipliers for Parseval Gabor Multi-frame Generators

We consider the problem of characterizing the bounded linear operator multipliers on \(L^{2}(\mathbb{R})\) that map Gabor frame generators to Gabor frame generators. We prove that a functional matrix \(M(t)=[f_{ij}(t)]_{m \times m}\) (where \(f_{ij}\in L^{\infty}(\mathbb{R})\)) is a multiplier for Parseval Gabor multi-frame generators with parameters \(a, b >0\) if and only if \(M(t)\) is unitary and \(M^{*}(t)M(t+\frac{1}{b})= \lambda(t)I\) for some unimodular \(a\)-periodic function \(\lambda(t)\). As a special case (\(m =1\)) this recovers the characterization of functional multipliers for Parseval Gabor frames with single function generators.

     

On Categoricity Spectra for Locally Finite Graphs

Under study is the algorithmic complexity of isomorphisms between computable copies of locally finite graphs \( G \) (undirected graphs whose every vertex has finite degree). We obtain the following results: If \( G \) has only finitely many components then \( G \) is \( {\mathbf{d}} \)-computably categorical for every Turing degree \( {\mathbf{d}} \) from the class \( PA({\mathbf{0}}^{\prime}) \). If \( G \) has infinitely many components then \( G \) is \( {\mathbf{0}}^{\prime\prime} \)-computably categorical. We exhibit a series of examples showing that the obtained bounds are sharp.