色氨酸及其肽对cis-syn型1，3-二甲基胸腺嘧啶二聚体的光敏化裂解作用

通过荧光猝灭实验和测定二聚体裂解程度的辐照实验，研究色氨酸（Trp）及 其二肽色氨酰苯丙氨酸（Trp-Phe）对cis-syn型1，3-二甲基胸腺嘧啶二聚体（ DMTD）的光敏化裂解作用。结果表明，色氨酸及其二肽在较强光（λ > 290 nm） 辐照下，主要通过双光子电离生成的光合电子（e_(aq)~-）导致二聚体裂解，其次 ，通过激发单重态与二聚体间的电子转移导致二聚体裂解。另外一导致二聚体裂解 的可能途径：色氨酸残基激发三重态与二聚体间的电子转移光敏化二聚体裂解。     

基于新型HRP底物白藜芦醇和Ag/SiO_2纳米粒子的酶联荧光免疫传感体系

以一种纯天然产物——白藜芦醇(resveratrol,RST)作为辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)荧光底物运用于酶联荧光免疫传感体系.RST对HRP,H2O2的荧光响应性能优于传统HRP荧光底物,诸如对羟苯丙酸、AmplexRed和佳味醇.RST本身只有极弱的荧光,在HRP催化下可被H2O2氧化成二聚体产物,该二聚体在315nm的激发光下能发射波长为462nm的强荧光,并且反应体系的荧光强度增加值与HRP量在一定浓度范围内成线性相关.根据此关系和竞争型免疫定量原理,以日本血吸虫抗体(SjAb)为模型分析对象,建立了基于新HRP荧光底物的酶联荧光传感分析新方法.运用制备的传感装置测定SjAb的线性范围为1.5×10-6～7.3×10-4g/L,检出限为1.5×10-6g/L,测定浓度为5×10-6g/LSjAb的相对标准偏差为4.7%(n=10).RST的二聚体产物水溶性很低,通过该装置可将酶反应产物沉积在具Ag/SiO2纳米粒子的传感界面上,利用纳米Ag/SiO2对产物吸附富集作用,不仅解决了传统方法不便于测定低水溶性的产物的问题,而且提高了分析灵敏性.     

SARS 3CL蛋白酶同源二聚化与底物结合互为别构调控因素

研究了严重急性呼吸系统综合症(SARS)冠状病毒3C-Like蛋白酶(3CLpro)在存在底物或抑制剂时的二聚体形成情况. 通过测定酶活性随酶浓度的变化, 拟合出在底物存在下酶二聚体的解离常数约为0.94 μmol·L-1, 小于纯蛋白酶的二聚体解离常数(14.0 μmol·L-1), 表明底物对二聚体的形成具有增强作用. 选用与底物具有类似结合方式的靛红类抑制剂N-萘甲基靛红-5-甲酰胺(5f), 利用超速离心沉降速率方法定量测定了SARS 3CL蛋白酶单体和二聚体在不同浓度5f时的含量, 发现5f同样具有诱导二聚体形成的能力. 在3 μmol·L-1蛋白酶浓度下测定得到诱导二聚的EC50 值(半数有效浓度)约为1 μmol·L-1, 说明二聚体中只有一个单体与抑制剂结合. 研究结果表明, 随着底物浓度的升高, SARS 3CL蛋白酶会形成更多的二聚体, 而二聚体含量的提高又反过来提高酶的活性, 这种双向别构调控机制有可能是病毒用来调控多聚蛋白水解速率和组装时机的一种方法.     

4-羟基苯乙烯基吡啶为辣根过氧化物酶底物的酶荧光免疫传感体系测定布氏杆菌抗体

合成了一种新型辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)荧光底物-4-羟基苯乙基吡啶(pHSP),并首次将它运用于酶联荧光免疫传感体系.对pHSP化学性质的研究证实,pHSP在空气中较稳定,对HRP,H2O2的荧光响应性能优于传统HRP荧光底物,如对羟苯乙酸、Amplex Red和佳昧醇等.在pH 5.8的Britton-Robinson缓冲溶液中,pHSP本身只有极弱的荧光,在HRP-IgG催化下可被H2O2氧化成二聚体产物,该二聚体在300 nm的激发光下能发射波长为437 nm的强荧光,并且反应体系的荧光增加与HRP量在一定浓度范围内成线性相关.根据此原理,建立了兔布氏杆菌抗体的酶联荧光传感分析新方法.运用制备的传感装置测定兔布氏杆菌抗体的线性范围为6.3×10-11～1×10-8mol·L-1,抗体检出限为6.3×10-11mol·L-1,相对标准偏差为4.1%(n=11).pHSP的二聚体产物水溶性很低,利用设计的装置较好地解决了传统测定溶液体系方法灵敏度不高的问题.     

以亚甲基链桥联的手性联萘酚香豆素衍生物的合成与性质

香豆素类衍生物作为一类重要的香料和有机荧光发色体,以及作为一类具有抗病毒、抗肿瘤等生物活性的化合物,一直被人们所重视.香豆素及其衍生物在溶液中的光二聚反应已经被人们广泛研究[1],已经知道,香豆素类衍生物在波长大于300 nm的光激发下,能发生光环合反应,生成[2+2]的二聚体,这种光二聚体在波长小于300 nm的光激发下又能裂解.     

以葛根素为辣根过氧化物酶底物的新体系及其分析应用

以一种天然活性成分葛根素(Puerarin)为辣根过氧化物酶(HRP)底物建立了葛根素-辣根过氧化物酶-过氧化氢反应新体系. 在反应体系中 HRP 催化H₂O₂ 氧化葛根素(弱荧光)形成二聚体产物(强荧光), 该产物在315 nm 的激发光下能发射波长为478 nm的强荧光, 并且反应体系荧光强度增加与HRP量在一定浓度范围内呈线性相关. 根据此关系和竞争型免疫定量原理, 以兔布氏杆菌抗体为分析对象建立了基于葛根素的酶联荧光免疫传感分析新方法. 对葛根素性质的研究结果证实, 葛根素在空气中稳定、对温度稳定, 对H₂O₂＋HRP 敏感性优于传统底物如对羟基苯乙酸、Amplex Red和高香草酸. 优化了酶联荧光免疫传感分析方法的实验条件如HRP-BrAb 用量、温度等. 运用新体系测定了兔血清样品的布氏杆菌抗体, 该方法线性范围为1.3～120 ng/mL, 检测限为1.3 ng/mL (3σ), 相对标准偏差为3.8%.     

4-羟基苯乙烯基吡啶为HRP底物的酶荧光免疫传感体系测定布氏杆菌抗体

本文合成了一种新型辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）荧光底物—4-羟基苯乙基吡啶（pHSP）,并首次将它运用于酶联荧光免疫传感体系。对pHSP化学性质的研究证实,pHSP在空气中较稳定,对HRP、H2O2的荧光响应性能优于传统HRP荧光底物如对羟苯乙酸、Amplex Red和佳味醇等。pHSP本身只有极弱的荧光,在HRP催化下可被 H2O2氧化成二聚体产物,该二聚体在300 nm的激发光下能发射波长为437 nm的强荧光,并且反应体系的荧光增加与HRP量在一定浓度范围内成线形相关。根据此原理,建立了兔布氏杆菌抗体的酶联荧光传感分析新方法。运用制备的传感装置测定兔布氏杆菌抗体的线形范围为110-5 1.6 10-3 g/L,抗体检出限为110-5 g/L,相对标准偏差为4.1%（n=11）。 pHSP的二聚体产物水溶性很低,利用设计的装置较好地解决了传统测定溶液体系方法灵敏度打折的问题。     

双链DNA裂解-纳米金共振散射光谱探针检测痕量UO2^2＋

在pH 5.5的2-（N-吗啉）-乙磺酸缓冲液中,底物DNA和酶DNA杂交形成双链DNA（dsDNA）.当加入UO 2＋后,dsDNA中的底物DNA链被裂解,释放的裂解链DNA吸附在金纳米粒子（GN）表面,未吸附裂解链DNA的GN在NaCl存在下发生聚集,在610 nm处有一最强的共振散射峰.随着UO 2＋的浓度增大,...     

基于新型HRP底物白藜芦醇和Ag／SiO2纳米粒子的酶联荧光免疫传感体系

以一种纯天然产物——白藜芦醇（resveratrol,RST）作为辣根过氧化物酶（HRP）荧光底物运用于酶联荧光免疫传感体系．RST对HRP,H2O2的荧光响应性能优于传统HRP荧光底物,诸如对羟苯丙酸、Amplex Red和佳味醇．RST本身只有极弱的荧光,在HRP催化下可被H2O2氧化成二聚体产物,该二聚体在315nm的激发光下能发射波长为462nm的强荧光,并且反应体系的荧光强度增加值与HRP量在一定浓度范围内成线性相关．根据此关系和竞争型免疫定量原理,以日本血吸虫抗体（SjAb）为模型分析对象,建立了基于新HRP荧光底物的酶联荧光传感分析新方法．运用制备的传感装置测定SjAb的线性范围为1．5×10^-6～7．3×10^-4g／L,检出限为1．5×10^-6g／L,测定浓度为5×10^-6g／L SjAb的相对标准偏差为4．7％（n=10）．RST的二聚体产物水溶性很低,通过该装置可将酶反应产物沉积在具Ag／SiO2纳米粒子的传感界面上,利用纳米Ag／SiO2对产物吸附富集作用,不仅解决了传统方法不便于测定低水溶性的产物的问题,而且提高了分析灵敏性．     

DNA光复活作用机理的研究进展*

"环丁烷型嘧啶二聚体(Pyr< > Pyr) 是太阳光中紫外线造成DNA 损伤的主要光化学产物。DNA 光复活酶(或称光解酶) 能够利用可见光裂解二聚体的环丁烷环而修复DNA。本文对DNA 光复活过程中的光解酶对Pyr< > Pyr 的识别和光催化Pyr< > Pyr 裂解反应进行了综述, 介绍了DNA 光解酶的结构、DNA 的主要UV 光化学产物。较详尽地评述了国际上在光解酶催化二聚体裂解的途径以及模型研究方面的最新进展, 并预测了该领域的发展前景。     

PHOTOSENSITIZATION OF PYRIMIDINE DIMER SPLITTING BY A COVALENTLY BOUND INDOLE

Abstract— Photosensitized pyrimidine dimer splitting characterizes the enzymatic process of DNA repair by the DNA photolyases. Possible pathways for the enzymatic reaction include photoinduced electron transfer to or from the dimer. To study the mechanistic photochemistry of splitting by a sensitizer representative of excited state electron donors, a compound in which an indole is covalently linked to a pyrimidine dimer has been synthesized. This compound allowed the quantitative measurement of the quantum efficiency of dimer splitting to be made without uncertainties resulting from lack of extensive preassociation of the unlinked dimer and sensitizer free in solution. Irradiation of the compound with light at wavelengths absorbed only by the indolyl group (approximately 280 nm) resulted in splitting of the attached dimer. The quantum yield of splitting of the linked system dissolved in N₂0-saturated aqueous solution was found to be 0.04 ± 0.01. The fluorescence typical of indoles was almost totally quenched by the attached dimer. A splitting mechanism in which an electron is efficiently transferred intramolecularly from photoexcited indole to ground state dimer has been formulated. The surprisingly low quantum yield of splitting has been attributed to inefficient splitting of the resulting dimer radical anion. Insights gained from this study have important mechanistic implications for the analogous reaction effected by the DNA photolyases.     

Dynamics and mechanism of DNA repair in a biomimetic system: flavin-thymine dimer adduct

To mimic photolyase for efficient repair of UV-damaged DNA, numerous biomimetic systems have been synthesized, but all show low repair efficiency. The molecular mechanism of this low-efficiency process is still poorly understood. Here we report our direct mapping of the repair processes of a flavin-thymine dimer adduct with femtosecond resolution. We followed the entire dynamic evolution and observed direct electron transfer (ET) from the excited flavin to the thymine dimer in 79 ps. We further observed two competitive pathways, productive dimer ring splitting within 435 ps and futile back-ET in 95 ps. Our observations reveal that the underlying mechanism for the low repair quantum yield of flavin-thymine dimer adducts is the short-lived excited flavin moiety and the fast dynamics of futile back-ET without repair.     

Do Photolyases Need To Provide Considerable Activation Energy for the Splitting of Cyclobutane Pyrimidine Dimer Radical Anions?

cis-syn Cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers, major UV-induced DNA lesions, are efficiently repaired by DNA photolyases. The key step of the repair reaction is a light-driven electron transfer from the FADH(-) cofactor to the dimer; the resulting radical anion splits spontaneously. Whether the splitting reaction requires considerable activation energy is still under dispute. Recent reports show that the splitting reaction of a dimer radical anion has a significant activation barrier (0.45 eV), and so photolyases have to provide considerable energy. However, these results contradict observations that cis-syn dimer radical anions split into monomers at -196 degrees C, and that the full process of DNA photoreactivation was fast (1.5-2 ns). To investigate the activation energies of dimer radical anions, three model compounds 1-3 were prepared. These include a covalently linked cyclobutane thymine dimer and a tryptophan residue (1) or a flavin unit (3), and the covalently linked uracil dimer and tryptophan (2). Their properties of photosensitised splitting of the dimer units by tryptophan or flavin unit were investigated over a large temperature range, -196 to 70 degrees C. The activation energies were obtained from the temperature dependency of splitting reactions for 1 and 2, 1.9 kJ mol(-1) and 0.9 kJ mol(-1) for the thymine and uracil dimer radical anions, respectively. These values are much lower than that obtained for E. coli photolyase (0.45 eV), and are surmountable at -196 degrees C. The activation energies provide support for previous observations that repair efficiencies for uracil dimers are higher than thymine dimers, both in enzymatic and model systems. The mechanisms of highly efficient enzymatic DNA repair are discussed.     

A comparative repair study of thymine- and uracil-photodimers with model compounds and a photolyase repair enzyme

Cyclobutane uridine and thymidine dimers with cis-syn-structure are DNA lesions, which are efficiently repaired in many species by DNA photolyases. The essential step of the repair reaction is a light driven electron transfer from a reduced FAD cofactor (FADH ) to the dimer lesion, which splits spontaneously into the monomers. Repair studies with UV-light damaged DNA revealed significant rate differences for the various dimer lesions. In particular the effect of the almost eclipsed positioned methyl groups at the thymidine cyclobutane dimer moiety on the splitting rates is unknown. In order to investigate the cleavage vulnerability of thymine and uracil cyclobutane photodimers outside the protein environment, two model compounds, containing a thymine or a uracil dimer and a covalently connected flavin, were prepared and comparatively investigated. Cleavage investigations under internal competition conditions revealed, in contrast to all previous findings, faster repair of the sterically less encumbered uracil dimer. Stereoelectronic effects are offered as a possible explanation. Ab initio calculations and X-ray crystal structure data reveal a different cyclobutane ring pucker of the uracil dimer, which leads to a better overlap of the pi*-C(4)-O(4)-orbital with the sigma*-C(5)-C(5')-orbital. Enzymatic studies with a DNA photolyase (A. nidulans) and oligonucleotides, which contain either a uridine or a thymidine dimer analogue, showed comparable repair efficiencies for both dimer lesions. Under internal competition conditions significantly faster repair of uridine dimers is observed.     

ROLE OF COMPLEX FORMATION IN THE PHOTOSENSITIZED DEGRADATION OF DNA INDUCED BY N'-FORMYLKYNURENINE

Abstract— N'-Formylkynurenine derivatives efficiently bind to DNA or polynucleotides. Homopolynucleotides and DNA display marked differences in the binding process. Association constants are derived which indicate that the oxidized indole ring is more strongly bound to DNA than the unoxidized one. Irradiation of such complexes with wavelengths greater than 320 nm induces pyrimidine dimer formation as well as DNA chain breaks. Complex formation is shown to play an important role in these photosensitized reactions.
The photodynamic action of N'-formylkynurenine on DNA constituents is negligible at neutral pH but guanine and xanthine derivatives are sensitizable at higher pH. Thymine dimer splitting can occur in aggregated frozen aqueous solutions of N'-formylkynurenine and thymine dimer but this photosensitized splitting is negligible in liquid solutions at room temperature.     

THERMAL REQUIREMENTS OF PHOTOSENSITIZED PYRIMIDINE DIMER SPLITTING

Abstract— A cis, syn -pyrimidine dimer (derived from thymine and orotate) covalently linked to 5-methoxyindole has been studied as a mechanistic model of photosensitized pyrimidine dimer splitting. In this dimer-indole, photoinitiated electron transfer to the dimer causes splitting in a manner that parallels the mechanism by which the DNA photolyases are thought to act. Dissolved in EPA (diethyl ether-isopentane-ethyl alcohol, 5: 5: 1, by vol) at room temperature, the dimer-indole exhibited indole fluorescence quenching and underwent splitting upon irradiation at 300 nm. In an EPA glass at 77 K, however, no splitting was detectable. To distinguish the effects of temperature and immobilization, photolysis experiments were performed on PMM [poly(methyl methacrylate)] films containing dimer-indole. In PMM at room temperature, dimer-indole underwent splitting when irradiated at 300 nm, which indicated that immobilization per se was not responsible for the failure of dimer-indole to split at low temperature. Furthermore, no splitting was observed when dimer-indole was irradiated in PMM at 77 K. These results imply that a step following photoinitiated, intramolecular electron transfer from indole to dimer has an insurmountable activation barrier at 77 K. The mechanistic implications for the photolyases are considered.     

Pyrimidine dimer splitting in covalently linked dimer-arylamine systems.

Cyclobutadipyrimidines (pyrimidine dimers) undergo photosplitting which is sensitized by electron donors. We prepared a series of compounds in which a dimer is directly linked to an arylamine, which acts as sensitizer for dimer splitting. Two diastereomers of the dimer-arylamine exhibited very different splitting efficiencies. Also studied were N-methyl, ring methoxy, as well as deuterated derivatives of the sensitizer. These dimer-arylamines had an absorption band with lambda max approximately 300 nm. In each case intramolecular photosensitization of dimer splitting was highly dependent on the solvent, ranging in one instance from phi spl = 0.02 in water to a high value of 0.31 in the least polar solvent mixture examined (1,4-dioxane: isopentane, 1:99). A mechanism is proposed which involves photoinduced electron transfer from arylamine to dimer and splitting of the dimer radical anion. The dependence of splitting on the solvent was rationalized on the basis of retardation of back electron transfer due to Marcus inverted behavior of the charge-separated species. Photolyases might achieve their high efficiency of dimer splitting in part by employing a hydrophobic active site to slow back electron transfer in a similar manner.     

DNA photoreactivating enzyme from human tissues

Photoreactivating enzyme activity has been quantitated in human fetal skin, kidney, lung, liver, brain and intestine, and in neonatal human foreskin. In all the tissues examined there were at least two activities: one nominally greater than 10,000 Da, and one nominally less than 10,000 Da. Both can photolyze pyrimidine dimers in DNA using only light of wavelengths greater than 320 nm, thus excluding tryptophan-mediated dimer splitting as an important mechanism for these activities. The activities are inactivated by digestion with trypsin or pronase, and decreased partially or totally by heating to 65 degrees C. The activities from all six tissues, as well as that from neonatal foreskin, act catalytically in dimer photolysis. The properties of macromolecular size, heat lability, protease sensitivity and catalytic pyrimidine dimer photolysis by a non-tryptophan-mediated mechanism correspond to those of a true photoreactivating enzyme.     

THE FATE OF PYRIMIDINE DIMERS IN THE DNA OF ULTRAVIOLET-IRRADIATED CHINESE HAMSTER CELLS

Abstract —As an aid to understanding the relationship between dimer repair and cellular recovery, we have studied dimer removal and replication of dimer-containing DNA in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells irradiated with ultraviolet light (254 nm). These investigations demonstrated that (1) dimers are not excised as polynucleotides of less than 500,000 mol. wt, (2) fractionation of the ultraviolet dose does not enhance dimer excision, (3) dimer-containing DNA is replicated in ultraviolet-irradiated CHO cells, and (4) the dimers are conserved in the replicated DNA. These findings support the proposed mechanism of bypass of photoproducts during DNA replication in mammalian cells.