Field Performance Prediction Method Based On Contrast Metric Of Target Sub Regions

The field performance prediction of infrared imaging system is an important subject in infrared imaging field. In this paper, a novel method for predicting TA (target acquisition) performance is proposed, which combines the TOD (triangle orientation discrimination) threshold curve with an improved contrast metric based on the temperature in target sub regions. Specifically, the target is first subdivided into some sub regions with different target/background differential temperatures according to its thermal structure distribution. The number of equivalent triangle patterns across each sub region is calculated utilizing its effective size, the apparent temperature difference line, and the TOD curve. Further, the total number of equivalent triangle patterns over the integral target is achieved. Combining the TOD criteria, the target acquisition ranges for different discrimination (detection, recognition, and identification) levels are obtained by solving a set of equations. Comparisons with the preliminary experimental results show that this new TA approach can provide reasonable prediction of field performance. Foundation Item: The project supported by National Natural Science Foundation of China (No: 60477038).     

红外热像仪参数的双黑体测量装置

对红外热像仪参数双黑体测量装置的工作原理进行了介绍。装置采用双黑体及反射型靶标为温差辐射源，可实现黑体温度温差准直辐射的定期校准和红外热像仪参数测量量值的溯源，也可实现红外热像仪参数的可控性，以及对它进行稳定的、可复现的精确测量。推导出利用红外热像仪参数双黑体测量装置测量信号传递函数SiTF数学模型，分析了红外热像仪参数测量装置的客观因素——仪器常数，针对仪器常数对SiTF测量的影响进行了试验。试验结果表明，仪器常数对红外热像仪SiTF参数测量精度影响较大，并同时影响时域与空域NETD及3D噪声的准确测量。     

TOD Performance Theoretical Model for Staring Thermal Imagers

The TOD (triangle orientation discrimination threshold) metric, as a promising sensor performance measure, is suitable for all types of thermal imaging systems and corresponds to the field performance very well. Since this method was proposed, a great progress has been made in some aspects, such as experimental validation, field performance, and TOD sensor performance model. However, what is still missing is a TOD curve prediction model similar to MRTD (minimum resolvable temperature difference) equation. Here, an equation-based TOD performance model was first developed focusing on staring thermal imagers. Specifically, spatial distribution of the triangle standard test pattern is described quantitatively. Resolution transfer characteristic of the staring infrared imagers is modeled with linear system theory, and system noise is characterized with the introduction of three-dimensional noise model. The modulation effect of overall subsystem of staring thermal imager on the non-periodic triangle standard pattern is analyzed. The matched filter idea is adopted to characterize quantitatively the spatial integration of the eye to signal and various noise components over the triangle pattern area, and the perceived signal-to-noise ratio of the staring thermal imager is derived. Then, the TOD performance theoretical model is established. Comparing with experimental results, this theoretical model gives reasonable prediction of the TOD performance curve of staring thermal imagers. Although more tests and modifications are required, these preliminary results suggest that this model can be developed into a model that predicts the TOD for all kinds of sensors.     

扫描型红外成像系统仿真及TOD曲线预测方法研究

针对实际三角形方向鉴别（TOD）阈值温差测试的数据量大、时间长,以及测试结果常具有不稳定和不确定性等问题,提出一种扫描型红外成像系统效应仿真。建立了红外成像系统性能预测仿真平台,并对靶标效应图进行人眼判定。根据人眼判定结果对神经网络进行了训练。由基于BP神经网络的TOD阈值温差预测方法判定仿真样条的方向,统计正确的判定概率,实现TOD曲线的预测。实验结果表明：该方法预测的TOD曲线与实际测量的TOD曲线具有很好的一致性。     

基于红外光谱的含氧化皮热态锻件温度检测方法

针对大型热态锻件在锻造过程中表面有较厚的氧化皮包裹,导致测温数据存在较大的误差,提出了一种基于红外光谱的测温方法,能有效的消除氧化皮层对测温的影响。该方法通过接收锻件氧化皮表面辐射的红外光谱直接测量氧化皮表面的温度和发射率,然后利用热交换公式推导求出被氧化皮覆盖的热态锻件真实温度。为了更好的抑制接收的红外光谱中各种干扰光谱的透过,提出了三级干涉滤光系统,并利用光谱仿真获得一组最优间隙参数值,提高了测温精度。实验结果表明,该测温方法能够准确测出覆盖有氧化皮高温锻件表面的温度,满足测温精度要求,验证了该测温方法的可行性。     

基于EPICS的颗粒传热实验测控系统应用研究

颗粒传热实验测控系统是为颗粒换热平台设计的测控系统。该系统基于分布式系统EPICS架构设计,通过对NI硬件平台、红外热像仪设备以及Oracle数据库进行集成,实现了颗粒换热平台实验的在线采集、监测、控制与实时存储。由于红外热像仪具有灵敏度高、测温范围广、非接触测温等优点,因此在该测控系统中用于测量颗粒在换热器出口处的温度。本文使用SDK将其集成到EPICS系统中,利用红外图像更加直观地呈现出颗粒的实时温度分布,并提取红外图像中的数据,与热电偶的测量数据对比,进一步检测利用红外热像仪作为一种颗粒实时温度测量设备的可行性。实验结果表明,集成后的红外热像仪操作软件能够实时提取并存储红外图像中的温度数值,并且采用EPICS架构设计、开发的颗粒传热实验测控系统完全可以满足颗粒换热平台的数据采集与存储需求。     

On the proposal of quantitative temperature measurement by using three-color technique combined with several infrared sensors having different detection wavelength bands

We developed the previous infrared sensing technique, the two-color technique, to establish further a more general technique to measure the temperature quantitatively under near-ambient conditions. The quantitative temperature measurement, three-color technique, was newly proposed by combining three kinds of infrared radiometers having different detection wavelength bands. The measurement can also be done by adding three infrared filters to one infrared radiometer. The radiometers have a selective detection wavelength band of several μm in width which is in the range of 2–13 μm. The method was confirmed using numerical simulation to allow a parametric study of how the result varies for different values of emissivity corresponding to the respective infrared radiometers. An experimental investigation was also performed to evaluate the measurement error and the adaptability of the technique. As this technique has a feature that can perform quantitative temperature measurement for objective surfaces at each picture element without presuming any emissivity, reflectivity and ambient conditions, there is a possibility that the technique will be useful for various medical or engineering disciplines.     

Research on application of polynomial fitting technique in rotary kiln infrared temperature measurement system

Aiming at the linear temperature compensation algorithm’s disadvantage of temperature measurement error in rotary kiln infrared scanning temperature measurement process, this paper proposes a precise nonlinear cubic polynomial fitting temperature compensation algorithm. The proposed algorithm compensates the temperature values of scanning points on rotary kiln surface by following steps: Calculating temperature difference between the real temperature value of rotary kiln and temperature value measured by infrared scanning temperature measurement system; Fitting the temperature difference data with cubic polynomial; Using the obtained function to compensate temperature. Experimental result shows that compared with the usual linear temperature compensation algorithm, the accuracy of proposed algorithm has raised about 2.25 times when cubic polynomial is used.     

用于三角方向鉴别测量的客观判别模型

为减小人为因素对三角方向鉴别测量的影响,有效提高测量效率,研究了以机器视觉系统替代观察者进行三角方向鉴别测量的途径,建立了一种专门针对三角方向鉴别测量的客观判别模型。该模型以人眼视觉系统对信号的处理过程以及人眼视觉系统的主要效应为基础,利用方向通道滤波器实现图像信号分解,通过计算视觉特征矢量相关度,实现三角形靶标方向的判别。结合凝视型成像系统虚拟样机提供的三角形靶标,进行了客观判别模型与观察者的判别性能对比实验,并给出三组不同靶标尺寸下的对比实验结果。实验结果表明,客观判别模型很好地预测了观察者的判别性能。     

一种被动式单波长实时测温系统的优化设计

基于Kirchhoff定律,利用一面反射镜,设计了一种可同时测量发射率及温度的单波长实时测温系统.从系统的测温灵敏度、相对测温灵敏度、探测器的温度分辨力及系统的测温标准差与波长的关系出发,并结合大气对红外辐射的透射特性,优化了系统的工作波长; 从系统的抗反射辐射能力与波长带宽的关系出发,并结合探测器的最小可探测光功率要求,优化了系统的波长带宽.实验结果表明,当λ=0.80 μm、Δλ=20 nm时,在测温范围600~2 500℃内,系统的测温不确定度优于0.3%.     

最小可分辨气体浓度的等效测试评价方法

最小可分辨气体浓度(MRGC)是最新提出的一种客观评价气体泄漏红外成像检测系统的性能参数, 但MRGC测试系统较为复杂. 本文首先推导建立了MRGC的数学模型, 然后在比较MRGC与常规热成像系统的最小可分辨温差(MRTD)性能参数模型原理以及测试方法的基础上, 依据最小可分辨辐射响应差相等的条件, 提出了一种气体泄漏红外成像检测系统的MRGC等效测试评价方法, 并对乙烯气体进行了MRGC的直接测量与等效测试结果的比较. 结果表明两者具有较好的一致性, 是一种可行的普适测试方法. 由于等效测试法只需常规MRTD 测试结果及气体红外光谱数据库, 方法简单可靠, 具有推广应用价值, 对气体泄漏红外成像检测系统的研发和应用具有重要的意义.     

冰片的近红外光谱法检测

红外光谱技术能够反映样品的综合信息 ,易于在线应用 ,所以若将该技术应用于中成药生产的在线质量监控 ,可以提高中成药的质量控制标准 ,加快中药现代化的进程。冰片作为常用的中药 ,是多种中成药的有效成分之一。文章对冰片在近红外区域的光谱特性进行了实验研究。通过测量 ,得到了冰片在近红外的特征吸收波段。在建模实验中通过建立偏最小二乘法 (PLS)校正模型得到了理想的实验结果 ,2 5个样品冰片含量的预测值和标称值间有良好的线性关系 ,预测标准偏差为 0 2 8mg·mL-1 。实验结果表明红外光谱技术可以用于中成药有效成分的检测和中成药质量控制的研究     

基于光谱角时序不变性的红外目标识别

为了识别空间目标与气球诱饵,提出了基于光谱角时序不变性的红外目标识别方法。通过分析证实了空间目标与气球诱饵在温度时变特性上存在差异。为了反映目标测量功率温度时变本质,消除传感器与目标距离以及等效投影面积的时变耦合对测量功率的影响,提出了利用时序光谱角作为光谱向量的时序变化量度。该量度能够刻画光谱曲线的时序变化,反演物体温度时变特性,可以作为温度时变特性不同的目标和诱饵之间聚类识别的有效判据。仿真结果表明：该方法能够有效识别空间目标与气球诱饵;通过融合时序光谱特征,为空间目标识别提供了一种新的机制。     

飞秒激光短脉冲测量系统中三阶色散效应的数值分析

本文在光脉冲近似为双曲正割函数下,运用有限傅里叶变换法(FFT)对飞秒脉冲二次谐波自相关测量系统中主要由倍频晶体引起的三阶色散效应进行了数值计算和分析。指出当光脉冲的半高宽(FWHM)接近或小于10fs时,脉冲才有明显的展宽效应,脉冲的展宽倍数与晶体的长度成递增关系,脉冲的前沿也出现了弛豫振荡结构的畸变现象,计算同时给出能基本消除三阶色散的展宽效应的倍频晶体的最大厚度,讨论了三阶色散对光脉冲频谱的影响。     

目标表面发射率对红外热像仪测温精度的影响

介绍了红外热像仪测温原理,分析了影响红外热像仪测温精度的因素,计算了不同表面发射率下红外热像仪的测温误差曲线。理论分析表明,目标表面发射率越高,红外热像仪测温精度越高。实验改变表面发射率的设置,计算了不同表面发射率对应的总辐射亮度,得到TP8型长波红外热像仪能够精确测温时,目标表面发射率必须大于0.5的结果。最后,对表面发射率分别为0.96、0.93和0.3的3种材料进行实际测温,结果表明,材料表面发射率较高时,红外热像仪具有较好的测温精度。     

基于邻近集计算的光谱相似性测度方法研究

在近红外光谱数据相似性测度时,由于光谱数据高维、非线性、重叠等特点,会出现测度距离失效、数据信息处理困难等难题。针对传统相似性测度方法在高维空间出现的不适应性,提出了基于邻近集计算的光谱相似性测度方法。首先,采用邻域保持投影neighborhood preserving projections(NPP)算法对原始光谱数据进行降维处理,该降维方法可以很好的保留原始光谱数据非线性结构信息和数据点的邻域信息。然后,在光谱数据降维后的低维空间中,采用改进的邻近集计算方法,实现对近红外光谱数据的相似性测度。实验结果表明,基于邻近集计算的光谱相似性测度方法,有效的实现了光谱数据的相似性测度,在烟叶风格判定和品质分析方面有较好的应用前景,同时也为高维光谱数据相似性测度提供了一个良好的解决方法。     

Target heating during ion implantation and related problems

We have undertaken a general analysis of wafer heating during implantation and first, we present general considerations of this problem with respect to amorphization doses extracted from Morehead and Crowder theory. Then, radiative properties of silicon wafers are measured: a law of variation of the emissivity with temperature is given; a comparison is made with values found in the literature. Dependence with experimental conditions (heat reflector, conductive losses) is also studied. Three methods for temperature measurement are used: temperature coefficient of a small resistor vacuum deposited on a face, thermocouple measurement and infrared detection. We compare the three kinds of results which are in good agreement and we make some comments about the temperature measurements using infrared detection.     

Determination of Interior Surface Temperature Using Luminance Measurement of Thermochromic Liquid Crystals

This paper presents a new method to measure interior surface temperature distributions. An image-resolved luminance measurement camera is used to capture light transmitted through thermochromic liquid crystals (TLC). These crystals change their optical properties with temperature. The experiments clearly show a unique relationship between temperature and the luminance value of the TLC. A calibration function is detected to transform the measured luminance distribution into corresponding temperatures. The developed method is applied to a model of an automotive headlamp. The data are compared with results obtained by using standard techniques such as infrared camera and thermocouple measurement. By that, a reasonable accuracy of the developed method of about ± 0.7°C can be determined. Knowing the temperature on both inner and outer surfaces, the heat transfer can be evaluated.     

可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱测量真空环境下气体温度的理论与实验研究

真空环境不仅会导致热电偶等温度传感器表面材料解吸,而且其传热机理也与常压不同,因此采用常压下校准和溯源的温度传感器测量真空环境下气体温度存在诸多不确定性问题,为此,本文利用可调谐二极管激光吸收光谱技术(TDLAS)测量真空环境下气体温度,探索TDLAS温度测量技术在真空环境下的应用前景,在模拟热真空实验过程中,首先将真空气室浸没于恒温槽中,然后利用TDLAS测量真空气室中气体温度,同时利用一等标准铂电阻测量恒温槽的温度,试验结果表明:TDLAS和一等标准铂电阻测量得到的气体温度和恒温槽温度具有高度的一致性,两者之间的误差在恒温槽温度稳定时不超过±0.2℃。     

塑料挥发物长光程FTIR测量方法

塑料产品除了在自然环境中可降解为微塑料污染环境之外,还会产生挥发性有机物,同样对环境造成巨大的污染和危害,因此对塑料挥发物的测量就显得尤为重要。目前传统挥发物的测量方法,如环境质谱法和色谱法等,存在测量过程复杂,成本高,无法实时测量等缺点,因而需要一种快速有效的针对塑料挥发物的测量方法。采用傅里叶变换红外光谱仪（Fourier transform infrared spectrometer,FTIR Spectrometer）结合怀特池对塑料挥发物进行测量,但是由于抽取式傅里叶变换红外光谱仪本身灵敏度有限,很难实现微量的塑料挥发物的测量,所以针对这一问题,尝试通过长光程气体池提高常规傅里叶变换红外光谱仪的灵敏度从而实现不同种类塑料挥发物的测量。选取了5种塑料产品,分别是低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）,高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）,聚乙烯（PE）,聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）,聚丙烯（PP）,利用光程长为20 m的怀特池结合傅里叶变换红外光谱仪实现了其中一些挥发物的光谱特征观测,实验观察到所有种类的塑料在2个光谱波数段具有明显的光谱特征,分别为800~850和1 050~1 150 cm-1。除聚对苯二甲酸乙二醇酯（PET）外,其余4种塑料挥发物在2 800~3 000 cm-1还存在明显的光谱吸收波段。进一步又研究了不同温度条件下塑料产生的挥发物,通过分析不同温度条件下的塑料产生的挥发物的红外光谱,发现除低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）在两种温度条件下光谱差异较大外,其他种类的塑料挥发物红外光谱差异较小。该研究提出了一种新型的基于长光程FTIR的塑料挥发物的测量方法,证实了其在塑料挥发物测量方面的有效性,这种方法具有测量成本低,可连续观测,实时在线等优点,为实现连续在线的塑料挥发物排放通量监测奠定了基础。