Hall-Effekt und spezifischer elektrischer Widerstand flüssiger Übergangsmetalle

The Hall-coefficient and the electrical resistivity of liquid transition metals and their alloys with mono- and polyvalent simple metals have been measured with a sensitiveac current-ac magnetic field method. The transport properties of liquid transition metals are quite different from the well known behavior of liquid simple metals. The pure liquid metals La, Ce, Pr, Nd and U and also a great number of alloys of transition metals with simple metals show a positive sign of the Hall-coefficient. For alloys of transition metals with polyvalent simple metals we observed negative temperature coefficients of the electrical resistivity over large concentration ranges. This behavior can be understood by a modified form of the Faber-Ziman formula for the electrical resistivity of liquid metals.     

城市垃圾与煤混烧的灰渣中重金属的特性分析

在0.15MWt循环流化床燃烧试验台上进行了城市垃圾与煤混烧试验,对焚烧后的灰渣中重金属的特性进行了研究。研究结果显示,重金属在焚烧产物中通常以不同的化合物形态存在,改变垃圾与煤混烧时的燃烧工况条件,可以改变重金属的化合物形态,从而改变重金属在灰渣中的分布;灰渣中重金属的浸出毒性低于危险废物浸出毒性鉴别标准中的限定值。     

Atomic simulation of the vacancies in BCC metals with MAEAM

The formation energy of the mono-vacancy and both the formation energy and binding energy of the di-and tri-vacancy in BCC alkali metals and transition metals have been calculated by using the modified analytical embedded-atom method (MAEAM). The formation energy of each type of configuration of the vacancies in the alkali metals is much lower than that in the transition metals. From minimum of the formation energy or maximum of the binding energy, the favorable configuration of the di-vacancy and tri-vacancy respectively is the first-nearest-neighbor (FN) or second-nearest-neighbor (SN) di-vacancy and the [112] tri-vacancy constructed by two first-and one second-nearest-neighbor vacancies. It is indicated that there is a concentration tendency for vacancies in BCC metals.     

应用ICP-MS检测转Bt基因玉米中重金属含量

随着转基因食品的推广应用,人们越来越关心其食用安全性。以转基因玉米及其亲本为实验材料,借助于ICP-MS对转基因玉米及其亲本中重金属进行了测定。结果显示,外源基因的整合导致了转基因玉米重金属(Ni,Cu,Cd,As,Cr,Zn和Hg)含量显著低于亲本对照,两对转基因抗虫玉米及其亲本对比结果相似;但是有的重金属(V,Co,Pb)含量与对照相比变化没有明显规律。这些结果说明转Bt基因玉米籽粒中重金属含量会受到Bt基因的影响,但是影响的方向和机理上不清楚,所以转基因技术如果控制不严可能会对玉米的食用安全性产生不良影响,转基因植物的推广应用应当严格审查。具体发生上述变化的原因尚需要进一步研究。     

应用ICP-MS测定两种氮肥中重金属含量

肥料中的重金属可以通过作物直接进入人类食物链对人体产生危害,研究肥料中重金属含量对于农产品安全溯源意义重大。选用北京市场上销售的硫酸铵(NH₄)₂SO₄和尿素CO(NH₂)₂两种氮素肥料作为实验材料,分析了其中的10种有害重金属元素含量。(NH₄)₂SO₄中重金属含量分别是：Al 1 345.13 ng·g-1,Ti 35 120 μg·g-1,Cr 2 539.27, Ni 287.26, Cu 674.05, Zn 270.79, As 42.54, Cd 22.13, Hg 27.20和Pb 123.87 ng·g-1;CO(NH₂)₂中的含量分别是71.59 ng·g-1,5 360 μg·g-1,1 167.71, 188.60, 7.46, 64.45, 10.55, 0.00, 0.09和3.71 ng·g-1。上述结果表明：CO(NH₂)₂氮肥中有害金属含量非常低,尤其是Cd, Hg和Pb含量在10 ng·g-1以下,只有Cr的含量超过1.00 μg·g-1;与CO(NH₂)₂ 相比,(NH₄)₂SO₄中重金属含量虽然符合相关标准,但大部分重金属含量都是CO(NH₂)₂的几十倍,如果长期使用会对土壤环境和农产品安全造成一定影响。所以在施用氮肥时应当尽量选用CO(NH₂)₂。(NH₄)₂SO₄和CO(NH₂)₂中重金属含量差别可能与两种肥料的生产原料和工艺有关。     

Changes in work function due to charge transfer in chemisorbed layers

In a simple tight-binding model well suited to transition and noble metals, we calculate the work function change due to adsorption of alkali metals. A decrease is found to be caused by ionic bonds formed on the surface through charge transfer between the two metals. The local density of states and the number of electrons in the substrate and the chcmisorbed layer are evaluated for various alkali metals and coverages. The method is applicable in both the high and low coverage limits in contrast to existing theories.     

接触电极的功函数对基于碳纳米管构建的场效应管的影响

基于碳纳米管构建的场效应管在纳电子器件中占有重要的位置, 如何获得p型和n型的电子输运性能是人们所关注的. 本文分别采用高功函数的Pt金属和低功函数的Al金属作为源漏电极, 获得了p型输运性质和n型输运性质的基于碳纳米管构建的场效应管. 能带结构的分析证明了接触电极的功函数在这种场效应管的输运机理中扮演了重要的角色, 可以仅仅通过改变接触电极的材料, 实现p型场效应管和n型场效应管之间的转换, 这是经典的金属与半导体接触的理论无法解释的. 关键词： 碳纳米管 场效应管 肖特基势垒 功函数     

Anomalous antiferromagnetic structures in metals

The many-sublattice antiferromagnetic NNSS and NNNSSS structures may be stable in metals with isotropic indirect exchange provided it is strongly non-Heisenbergian (e.g. metals with a quasi-one-dimensional electron energy spectrum). This makes it possible to explain other anomalies of metals of the CeSb type by the non-Heisenberg exchange. Under certain conditions it may cause the canted two-sublattice structure to be most energetically favoured in isotropic metals of the GdMg type.     

固体废弃物的酸碱度与浸提剂pH值的相关性研究

本文对固体废弃物的酸碱度与浸提剂pH值的相关性进行了初步的研究。研究结果表明：不同酸碱度的固体废弃物在不同pH值的浸提剂浸提下，金属元素的溶出量大为不同。酸性固体废弃物在pH值较低（pH=2-4)的浸提剂浸提时，金属元素的溶出量较大，在pH=4-8时，其重金属元素的溶出量趋于恒值，中性固体废弃物浸提剂的pH值对其金属元素的溶出量变化不大。碱性固体废弃物不受浸提剂pH值的影响，金属元素几乎没有溶出。另外，固体废弃物中，金属元素以不同化合物形态的存在也直接影响到浸提率。提出了固体废弃物的任意堆放和填埋，会在酸雨的冲淋浸泡下，对环境造成极大的危害，并根据当地降水的pH值制定出相应的地方监测标准。     

Magneto-volume effect and invar phenomena in ferromagnetic metals

The magneto-volume effect is discussed in terms of the recent unified theory of ferromagnetic metals based on general spin fluctuations. Explanations are given for the large negative thermal expansion observed in weakly ferromagnetic metals and for the invar effect in some f.c.c. alloys. Large thermal expansion in nearly ferromagnetic metals is also pointed out.     

HR-ICP-MS研究黄河三个连续区域段表层沉积物中重金属污染的空间分布和季节变化

采用高分辨电感耦合等离子体质谱(HR-ICP-MS) 和地积累指数法(I_geo) 对黄河甘肃、宁夏和内蒙古自治区连续三段表层沉积物中重金属(Cr,Pb,Cd,Cu,Zn 和 Ni)的空间分布和季节性波动(丰水期、枯水期和平水期) 以及污染状况进行系统研究分析,研究结果表明：内蒙古段三个季节中沉积物重金属含量都高于甘肃和宁夏段,同时,除Cd外,丰水期所有点的沉积物重金属含量都高于枯水期和平水期,而枯水期和平水期的重金属含量相近。I_geo结果显示丰、枯水期的Cd,Cu和Cr元素的I_geo值在内蒙古段最高,而在甘肃段最低;所有重金属的I_geo值在丰水期高于枯水期,除Cd外,都在平水期降低,而ICd_geo在平水期各采样点明显上升;丰水期的甘肃段、枯水期的甘肃和宁夏段以及平水期的所有采样点中的Pb,Zn和Ni的I_geo值都小于0,表明这些元素在这些点几乎无污染。就研究区域而言,内蒙古段的重金属含量以及生态风险最高,Cr,Cd和Cu是最具有潜在风险的三个元素;就研究季节而言,丰水期的重金属含量和潜在风险高于枯水期和平水期,可能是跟丰水期沉积物的pH和总有机碳(TOC)含量较高有关。相关性分析(CCA)用来探究重金属与pH/TOC间的关系以及重金属的潜在来源。CCA的结果表明Pb,Cu,Zn和Ni互相相关,并且这四种元素容易受到周围环境pH和TOC的影响,除此之外,Cr,Cd以及TOC 三者相关,且这两种元素受到人类活动影响较严重。该研究工作可为研究区域表层沉积物重金属在不同季节的环境行为提供有效的信息,同时,研究重金属、pH和TOC之间的相关性可有效揭示重金属的潜在来源。     

Radiation damage in bcc metals studied by TDPAC

The time-differential perturbed angular correlation (TDPAC) method is an excellent tool for the study of radiation damage in metals and it has been applied successfully to many fcc metals. Recently, some investigations have been performed with bcc metals, where it is more difficult to obtain reliable results because the open lattice easily absorbs many impurities. After a short general introduction to the field, the power of the TDPAC method is demonstrated by showing in detail recent results obtained by our group in Bonn for the bcc metal tungsten. Finally, the present situation for all non-ferromagnetic bcc metals is summarized.     

Pressure effect on the melting point of alkali metals

The mean-square displacement of alkali metals is studied theoretically using our local Heine-Abarenkov-type model potential in the perturbational scheme. The temperature-dependent mean-square displacement of alkali metals decreases as function of the compressed volume. Lindemann's criterion for melting x_m, which is defined as the ratio of two times the root-mean-square displacement to the nearest-neighbour distance, is found to be nearly constant for five alkali metals. The volume effect on the melting temperature of alkali metals is studied by keeping x_m constant. The obtained melting curve increases as function of the compressed volume and are qualitatively in good agreement with the observed tendency for alkali metals.     

应用ICP-MS测定苹果中重金属的分布

食品安全已经成为现阶段国际国内重要的社会问题,特别是重金属、农药和兽药残留。以市场销售的红富士苹果为实验材料,借助于ICP-MS对苹果中重金属在果皮和果肉的分布进行了测定。结果显示,同一个果实中重金属(Cr,Sb,Cd,Pb,Sn,Zn,Cu,Co,Ni和Tl)含量主要集中于果皮,果肉中重金属含量显著低于果皮。这些结果说明重金属被植物吸收以后,容易在果皮积累,果肉中含量较少。在目前环境污染严重的背景下,食用水果时应当注意削皮,尽量减少重金属危害。重金属在苹果果实中分配规律的机理需要进一步研究。     

Quenching of tryptophan fluorescence of bovine serum albumin under the effect of ions of heavy metals

The interaction of heavy metals with bovine serum albumin (BSA) has been studied using data of quenching of intrinsic fluorescence of the protein by the ions of the heavy metals. Under the assumption of static quenching with formation of nonfluorescent complexes of fluorophores of BSA with heavy metals, conclusions have been drawn on the peculiarities of binding of the heavy metals to the protein. The values of the Stern-Volmer constants of association and those of the constants of BSA binding to the heavy metals decrease in the order Cu(II) > Pb(II) > Cd(II). It has been experimentally found that the copper ions have greater capacity to bind to the protein with the formation of the nonfluorescent complexes, which results in a significant decrease in the fluorescence intensity of the protein.     

ICP-AES同时测定固体废物浸出液中钡、铍、镉、铬、铜、镍、铅和锌

采用醋酸缓冲溶液对固体废物样品进行浸提,经硝酸-盐酸消解后,ICP-AES测定消解液中的钡,铍,镉,铬,铜,镍,铅和锌。本方法具有检出限低、再现性好、分析效率高等优点,适用于固体废物浸出毒性的测定。     

铝、铜、铅压力熔化曲线的研究

 本文应用Vinet等人提出的温度T时的普适状态方程（UEOS），结合Guina等人提出的金属熔化模型，给出了计算金属的压力熔化曲线的方法，并就典型金属Al、Cu、Pb进行了实际计算，计算结果与实验符合较好。     

Theory for superconductivity in amorphous transition metals

A theory is presented for superconductivity in amorphous transition metals. It is shown that in contrast to simple metals for transition metals the changes in the phonon spectrum, in the electronic density of states and in the electronic matrix elements which result from strong lattice disorder can enhance as well as decreaseT _c. The numerical results for the superconducting transition temperatureT _c of amorphous 4d-and 5d-transition metals agree well with the experimental results.