Position magnifying sensor

This paper describes the application of multiple beam shearing interferometry to a position magnifying sensor. A multiple beam shearing interferometer (MBSI) with a shear plate wedged in the vertical direction produces sharp multiple beam fringes. When the lateral displacement of a point source (which gives rise to the input beam of the MBSI) or its image occurs in the horizontal direction, these fringes move vertically in a magnified manner. This characteristic was used in a position magnifying sensor to detect the displacement of a point image. The advantages of the sensor include a large displacement magnification (more than a hundred times) and a large working distance.     

Slot-waveguide biochemical sensor

We report an experimental demonstration of an integrated biochemical sensor based on a slot-waveguide microring resonator. The microresonator is fabricated on a Si3N4-SiO2 platform and operates at a wavelength of 1.3 microm. The transmission spectrum of the sensor is measured with different ambient refractive indices ranging from n=1.33 to 1.42. A linear shift of the resonant wavelength with increasing ambient refractive index of 212 nm/refractive index units (RIU) is observed. The sensor detects a minimal refractive index variation of 2x10(-4) RIU.     

Mid-infrared fiber-coupled QCL-QEPAS sensor

An innovative spectroscopic system based on an external cavity quantum cascade laser (EC-QCL) coupled with a mid-infrared (mid-IR) fiber and quartz enhanced photoacoustic spectroscopy (QEPAS) is described. SF₆ has been selected as a target gas in demonstration of the system for trace gas sensing. Single mode laser delivery through the prongs of the quartz tuning fork has been obtained employing a hollow waveguide fiber with inner silver–silver iodine (Ag–AgI) coatings and internal core diameter of 300 μm. A detailed design and realization of the QCL fiber coupling and output collimator system allowed almost practically all (99.4 %) of the laser beam to be transmitted through the spectrophone module. The achieved sensitivity of the system is 50 parts per trillion in 1 s, corresponding to a record for QEPAS normalized noise-equivalent absorption of 2.7 × 10^?10 W cm^?1 Hz^?1/2.     

Fiber-Bragg-grating-assisted surface plasmon-polariton sensor

A theoretical scheme for a new surface plasmon-polariton (SPP) fiber sensor with a fiber Bragg grating imprinted into the fiber core for SPP excitation is presented for the first time to our knowledge. In our scheme the energy in the fiber core mode can be transferred to a SPP with high efficiency by means of a properly designed short-period fiber Bragg grating (SPG). Developed for the cylindrical (fiber) geometry, our scheme without loss of generality can be applied to a planar geometry. Our simulations are based on the coupled-mode method and are performed at telecommunications wavelengths.     

Holographic chemical vapor sensor

A holographic interferometer senses vapor-induced optical path length changes in polymer or other chemically sensitive films. The interferometer is inherently sensitive to changes in chemical vapor content, self-compensates for drifts, and accommodates a large array of sensor elements. A sniff-locked-loop synchronous detection method takes advantage of the interferometer's rapid response to achieve vapor concentration sensitivity in the parts-per-billion (ppb, parts in 10(9)) range. We demonstrate, for example, 40 ppb sensitivity to ethyl alcohol using poly(N-vinyl pyrrolidone) with a measurement time of 5 s.     

Reference-free Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensor

The traditional Shack-Hartmann wavefront sensing (SHWS) system measures the wavefront slope by calculating the centroid shift between the sample and a reference piece, and then the wavefront is reconstructed by a suitable iterative reconstruction method. Because of the necessity of a reference, many issues are brought up, which limit the system in most applications. This Letter proposes a reference-free wavefront sensing (RFWS) methodology, and an RFWS system is built up where wavefront slope changes are measured by introducing a lateral disturbance to the sampling aperture. By using Southwell reconstruction two times to process the measured data, the form of the wavefront at the sampling plane can be well reconstructed. A theoretical simulation platform of RFWS is established, and various surface forms are investigated. Practical measurements with two measurement systems-SHWS and our RFWS-are conducted, analyzed, and compared. All the simulation and measurement results prove and demonstrate the correctness and effectiveness of the method.     

用压力传感器和温度传感器测量绝对零度

介绍用贮气球体与压力传感器和温度传感器配合,在定容条件下测量气体的压强与温度,采用外推法估算理想气体可以达到的最低温度,即绝对零度的摄氏温度值,替代原先用玻璃管测体积和水银温度计测温度.使用这种绝对零度实验装置,可以更明显地观察分析热力学现象,并使测得的绝对零度值较为精确.     

Wavelength-interrogated optical sensor for biochemical applications

A novel miniature integrated-optical sensor for versatile multichannel applications is described. Wavelength-modulation techniques using laser diodes (vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers) are used to interrogate multiple-waveguide sensing regions on a single integrated-optical chip for accurate measurement of effective refractive-index changes at a high data rate. With the experimental miniature sensor system, a resolution of DN(PP) = 10(-7) (short term, peak to peak) of the effective refractive index was demonstrated. In terms of surface-mass coverage, this resolution corresponds to D?(PP) = 130 fg/mm(2).     

Broad-band wavelength-interrogated waveguide sensor

A wavelength-interrogated waveguide sensor system with a large wavelength range (≈60 nm) is presented. Dynamic measurements of changes in the refractive index of up to 0.33 refractive index units are demonstrated, without the need for mechanical adjustments during measurements. Furthermore, simultaneous detection of the in-coupling of both TE and TM polarization components is realized, which, for example, could be used for online monitoring of both thickness and refractive index of thin adlayers. PACS 42.79; 07.60     

海水温度测量传感器链

本文对海水温度探测器进行研究，研制了一种新型的海水温测量传感器链，用以测量浅海中水层薄，温度变化剧烈的不同深度动态变化，能实时显示现场温度，声速剖面，为海洋环境数值预报和灾害性海况遥测提供监视技术，水温环境数据也能用于声呐作用距离预报，拖线列阵布放深度选择，潜艇航行安全保障。     

Fiber-optic vibration sensor system

A vibration measuring system based on a matched-fiber Bragg grating (FBG) is demonstrated, and the cross sensitivity of the temperature and strain was reduced by packaging the matched-sensing and interrogation FBG in the same shell, theory, system structure, and experimental results are presented. The experimental results demonstrated that the system has a good response to the 8–80 Hz vibration signal; it responds well to an acceleration of as low as 0.05 m/s², the system was deployed in a coalmine, and good experimental result were received. Because the system has the advantage of intrinsic safety and an easy multiplex, it has good prospects in the mining and petrochemical industry.     

Mixed potential type hydrogen sensor

The principle of potentiometric hydrogen sensors based on protonic conductors is reviewed. The origin of the potentiometric response in inert gas (Nernst potential) and in air (mixed potential) is discussed. It is shown that the nature of the sensing electrode as well as the morphology influence the mixed potential response. The properties of the solid-state internal reference electrode are also examined and discussed. A H⁺ reversible electrode based on quinhydrone is described. Then, an example of solid-state potentiometric hydrogen sensor is presented. The device incorporates a protonic polymer electrolyte based on polybenzimidazole, a Pt gas diffusion electrode or a Pt grid as sensing electrode and a reference electrode based on Ag-AgCl. The sensing characteristics in nitrogen and dry air are reported. Paper presented at the 9th EuroConference on Ionics, Ixia, Rhodes, Greece, Sept. 15 – 21, 2002.     

Fiber-optic sensor for liquid level measurement

A novel (to the best of our knowledge) liquid level sensor based on multimode interference (MMI) effects is proposed and demonstrated. By using a multimode fiber (MMF) without cladding, known as no-core fiber, liquids around the MMF modify the self-imaging properties of the MMI device and the liquid level can be detected. We show that the sensor exhibits a highly linear response with the sensing range and multiplexed operations easily controlled by just modifying the length of the no-core fiber. At the same time, we can measure the refractive index of the liquid based on the maximum peak wavelength shift. We can also use the sensor for continuous and discrete liquid level sensing applications, thus providing a liquid level sensor that is inexpensive with a very simple fabrication process.     

数码相机图像传感器技术

介绍了数码相机中图像传感器的关键技术和相关的新技术。目前广泛被使用的图像传感器是CCD、SuperCCD和CMOSImageSensor(互补性氧化金属半导体图像传感器)。在分析和介绍图像传感器的结构、读出方式、彩色滤光阵列(CFA)等技术内容的基础上,对数码相机设计采用的图像传感器在关键技术指标进行了综合对比。     

高灵敏度光纤应变传感器

提出一种基于锥形光纤和光纤F-P腔组合结构的光纤应变传感器。该传感器包含单模光纤拉锥形成的锥区和石英毛细管构建的F-P腔2个应变敏感区域。理论分析了光波在该传感器中的传播过程,获得了该传感器的光强传输函数。由于锥形光纤中激发出的包层高阶模参与干涉,导致传感器干涉光谱具有调制特性。实验获得了该传感器的干涉光谱,通过分析谐振波长偏移或消光比变化对应变实现独立测量,在0~500 με的测量范围内,该传感器的应变灵敏度为14.6 pm/με。利用锥形光纤引发的模式干涉和F-P腔的双光束干涉效应共同作用形成受调制的干涉谱型进行应变传感,应变灵敏度高,同时具备2种独立的应变检测手段(谐振波长和消光比检测)。     

High-performance ZnO nanoflake moisture sensor

Humidity control is an important issue across variety of industries. In this study, a novel zinc oxide (ZnO) flake-based humidity sensor was fabricated and characterized. It was found that fast response sensor can be achieved by substituting conventional sputter ZnO thin films with nano-flakes. It is proposed that the enhancement in dynamic performance originate from the high surface area offered by the nanoflakes.     

基于声表面波的氢气传感器*

将钯基材料对氢气分子的特异选择性吸附能力与声表面波的快速响应特点相结合,可实现一种快速、高灵敏和低功耗的氢气检测与报警技术。传感器由双通道差分式振荡器与沉积在传感器件表面的声表面波传播路径上的钯基气敏薄膜组成。为提升传感器响应速度,该文探讨了采用钯镍合金薄膜与钯铜纳米线作为气敏材料的氢气传感器响应特性,通过对气敏材料制备方法及参数的优化,研制了两种沉积不同钯基气敏材料的氢气传感器件,并对其性能进行了评测。实验测试结果表明:钯铜纳米线气敏材料由于具有大体积表面积比和多孔结构,大幅提高了SAW氢气传感器响应速度,针对浓度为10%、4%以及0.5%的氢气响应时间可达～2s。     

Compact multireference wavefront sensor design

We present a compact optical design for a multireference Shack-Hartmann-based wavefront sensor (WFS) for multiconjugate adaptive optical systems. The key component of this WFS design is a field lenslet array that separates the exit pupil images in the sensing plane for all reference sources. An analytical method for WFS optical design is presented, and the optimal strategy for selecting optical components from a discrete set is outlined. The feasibility of the WFS design has been demonstrated for a prototype WFS system in a laboratory setup with five reference sources and two deformable mirrors representing a wavefront-distorting medium.     

Integrated waveguide sensor utilizing organic photodiodes

We present a novel optical sensor platform, combining monolithically integrated ring‐like sensor waveguides together with ring‐shaped thin‐film organic photodiodes (OPDs) on one substrate. The OPDs serve as integrated light detectors, simplifying the detection system by minimizing the number of required optical components. The waveguide structures, including a means of coupling light in and out of the waveguides, serve as sensing elements. The functionality of the concept is demonstrated by an integrated carbon dioxide sensor, utilizing absorbance as sensing principle. The integrated optical sensor platform is suitable for the parallel detection of multiple parameters in a single sensor chip using sensor arrays. (© 2011 WILEY‐VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)     

Vernier effect of cascaded dual microring sensor

Recently, gold nanorods (Au NRs) have attracted much attention because at a particular photoelectricity the gold nanorods present a characteristic which is different from other types of Au nanomaterials with various shapes. Accurate measurement of aspect ratios does provide very high value of optical property for Au NRs. Monte Carlo (MC) simulation is thought of as the most accurate tool to perform size measurement through extracting structure parameters from the simulated scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image which best matches the experimental one. In this article, a series of MC-simulated secondary electron (SE) images have been taken for Au NRs on a silicon substrate. However, it has already been observed that the two ends of Au NRs in the experimental SEM image is brighter than that of the middle part. It seriously affects the accuracy of size measurement for Au NRs. The purpose of this work is to understand the mechanism underlying this phenomenon through a series of systematical analysis. It was found that the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) which covers the Au NRs indeed can alter the contrast of Au NRs compared to that without CTAB covering. However, SEs emitting from CTAB are not the reason for the abnormal brightness at the two ends of NRs. This work reveals that the charging effect might be the leading cause for this phenomenon.