氮掺杂泡沫碳电催化剂的制备及氧还原性能

利用水解乙烯基咪唑翁硝酸盐([Hvim]NO3)作为发泡剂和一次氮源,在碳化过程中实现材料自发泡.创造性地引入二次氮源三聚氰胺(C3H6N6),通过调控一次、二次氮源比例和碳化温度,制备得到氮掺杂泡沫碳材料(HxMy-T,其中x∶y为一次和二次氮源的质量比,T对应不同的碳化温度).该方法提升了催化剂的氮掺杂含量,构建了...     

氮掺杂泡沫碳电催化剂的制备及氧还原性能

利用水解乙烯基咪唑鎓硝酸盐（[Hvim]NO₃）作为发泡剂和一次氮源,在碳化过程中实现材料自发泡。创造性地引入二次氮源三聚氰胺（C₃H₆N₆）,通过调控一次、二次氮源比例和碳化温度,制备得到氮掺杂泡沫碳材料（HxMy-T,其中x：y为一次和二次氮源的质量比,T对应不同的碳化温度）。该方法提升了催化剂的氮掺杂含量,构建了更多有利于氧还原反应（ORR）的活性氮位点。电镜结果显示,催化剂H1M1-1000呈现出典型的泡沫碳孔洞结构和丰富的层状褶皱结构;X射线光电子能谱测试结果表明,该样品具有较高的活性氮含量（原子分数6.77%）,吡啶氮和石墨氮的原子分数分别高达22.23%和55.59%;电化学测试结果表明,该样品在碱性环境中的半波电位为0.834 V（vs RHE）,与商业Pt/C相当,且具有优于商业Pt/C的抗甲醇性能和稳定性。     

微波溶剂热法制备掺氮石墨烯用于碱性氧还原反应

采用微波处理氧化石墨烯(GO)与乙二醇(EG)、乙二胺(ED)混合液的方法制备氮掺杂石墨烯(NG),使用旋转圆盘电极对NG催化氧还原在碱性溶液中反应进行研究,并考察了不同微波辐射时间、ED与EG之比对反应性能的影响。采用X射线衍射仪(XRD)、透射电子显微镜(TEM)、拉曼光谱(Raman)和傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)研究了NG催化剂的结构与性质。相比于未掺氮的石墨烯样品,NG表现出更正的起始电位和接近四电子的转移过程。NG中掺杂氮原子的键合方式通过XPS进行表征,结果表明起始电位的高低取决于石墨氮含量。此外,所有表征结果表明总氮含量与氧还原反应性能没有直接关系。     

微波溶剂热法制备掺氮石墨烯用于碱性氧还原反应

采用微波处理氧化石墨烯（GO）与乙二醇（EG）、乙二胺（ED）混合液的方法制备氮掺杂石墨烯（NG）,使用旋转圆盘电极对NG催化氧还原在碱性溶液中反应进行研究,并考察了不同微波辐射时间、ED与EG之比对反应性能的影响。采用X射线衍射仪（XRD）、透射电子显微镜（TEM）、拉曼光谱（Raman）和傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）研究了NG催化剂的结构与性质。相比于未掺氮的石墨烯样品,NG表现出更正的起始电位和接近四电子的转移过程。NG中掺杂氮原子的键合方式通过XPS进行表征,结果表明起始电位的高低取决于石墨氮含量。此外,所有表征结果表明总氮含量与氧还原反应性能没有直接关系。     

钴/氮掺杂碳催化剂及其氧还原催化机理研究

以尿素做氮源、醋酸钴做金属源,用湿法合并高温热处理法合成了钴/氮共掺杂碳的非贵金属氧还原催化剂Co-N/C-T. 采用循环伏安（CV）法和线性扫描法（LSV）探究了氮源和金属源用量以及热处理温度对氧还原反应电催化活性的影响,活性最好的催化剂Co_0.13-N_0.3/C-800的峰电位达到0.829 V（vs.RHE）,接近商用Pt/C的活性,但比商用Pt/C有更好的耐甲醇性和稳定性. 同时,采用SEM,TEM,BET,XRD和XPS方法表征了催化剂结构和组分特征,并提出催化剂可能的电催化活性氧还原反应机理.     

Experimental and Computational Insights into Carbon Dioxide Fixation by RZnOH Species

Organozinc hydroxides, RZnOH, possessing the proton‐reactive alkylzinc group and the CO₂‐reactive Zn?OH group, represent an intriguing group of organometallic precursors for the synthesis of novel zinc carbonates. Comprehensive experimental and computational investigations on 1) solution and solid‐state behavior of tBuZnOH ( 1 ) species in the presence of Lewis bases, namely, THF and 4‐methylpyridine; 2) step‐by‐step sequence of the reaction between 1 and CO₂; and 3) the effect of a donor ligand and/or an excess of tBu₂Zn as an external proton acceptor on the reaction course are reported. DFT calculations for the insertion of carbon dioxide into the dinuclear alkylzinc hydroxide 1 ₂ are fully consistent with ¹H NMR spectroscopy studies and indicate that this process is a multistep reaction, in which the insertion of CO₂ seems to be the rate‐determining step. Moreover, DFT studies show that the mechanism of the rearrangement between key intermediates, that is, the primary alkylzinc bicarbonate with a proximal position of hydrogen and the secondary alkylzinc bicarbonate with a distal position of hydrogen, most likely proceeds through internal rotation of the dinuclear bicarbonate.     

Low‐Pt Loaded on a Vanadium Nitride/Graphitic Carbon Composite as an Efficient Electrocatalyst for the Oxygen Reduction Reaction

The high cost of platinum electrocatalysts for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) has hindered the commercialization of fuel cells. An effective support can reduce the usage of Pt and improve the reactivity of Pt through synergistic effects. Herein, the vanadium nitride/graphitic carbon (VN/GC) nanocomposites, which act as an enhanced carrier of Pt nanoparticles (NPs) towards ORR, have been synthesized for the first time. In the synthesis, the VN/GC composite could be obtained by introducing VO₃^? and [Fe(CN)₆]^4? ions into the polyacrylic weak‐acid anion‐exchanged resin (PWAR) through an in‐situ anion‐exchanged route, followed by carbonization and a subsequent nitridation process. After loading only 10 % Pt NPs, the resulting Pt‐VN/GC catalyst demonstrates a more positive onset potential (1.01 V), higher mass activity (137.2 mA mg^?1), and better cyclic stability (99 % electrochemical active surface area (ECSA) retention after 2000 cycles) towards ORR than the commercial 20 % Pt/C. Importantly, the Pt‐VN/GC catalyst mainly exhibits a 4 e^?‐transfer mechanism and a low yield of peroxide species, suggesting its potential application as a low‐cost and highly efficient ORR catalyst in fuel cells.     

ZIF-67/石墨烯复合物衍生的氮掺杂碳限域Co纳米颗粒用于高效电催化氧还原

燃料电池阴极氧还原(ORR)催化剂目前主要以商业Pt/C为主, 其高成本和稀缺性极大地限制了燃料电池的广泛应用. 为了替代Pt/C催化剂, 廉价高效的非贵金属催化剂目前受到了广泛的研究和关注. 利用氧化石墨烯(GO)为诱导模板, 借助表面丰富的含氧官能团, 实现了Co基金属有机框架材料(MOF) (ZIF-67)在GO表面的原位生长, 构筑了ZIF-67/GO层状复合材料. 热解过程中, 石墨烯的存在有效抑制了Co纳米颗粒的团聚, 并且很好地维持了原始的层状结构. 最终获得的Co@N-C/rGO复合催化剂材料实现了活性位的高度分散, 并且具有丰富的孔结构和优异的导电性能. 在电化学性能测试中Co@N-C/rGO表现出优异的ORR性能, 其起始电位为0.96 V, 半波电位0.83 V, 远优于ZIF-67直接热解得到的Co@N-C材料, 且性能与商业Pt/C催化剂相当. 此外, Co@N-C/rGO复合催化剂还表现出良好的催化稳定性和甲醇耐受性, 显示出该材料作为燃料电池氧还原催化剂的重要潜力.     

基于热解ZIF-8的氮掺杂碳电化学氧还原合成过氧化氢催化剂

氧气的两电子还原反应(2e-ORR)是绿色、安全的H₂O₂合成路线. 本工作以Zn²⁺和2-甲基咪唑合成的沸石型咪唑酸框架-8 (ZIF-8)为前驱体, 通过高温热解炭化, 利用ZIF-8中的锌在高温下的可挥发性, 制备了非金属氮掺杂石墨化多孔碳材料(p-ZIF), 系统考察了ZIF-8热解炭化温度(900、950和1000 ℃)对催化剂结构和2e-ORR催化性能的影响. p-ZIF不仅保留了ZIF-8规整的菱形十二面体形貌, 而且氮含量高, 拥有高的比表面积和多级孔结构. 在酸性条件下的2e-ORR反应中, 三个p-ZIF催化剂均显示了较低的过电位和较低的Tafel斜率, 而且稳定性良好. 其中在H₂O₂选择性最高的p-ZIF-950催化剂上, 过电位为86 mV, H₂O₂选择性最高可达89.2%. 在6 h恒电位反应中, p-ZIF-950催化剂能够以87 mmol•g_cat^-1•h^-1的恒定速率产生H₂O₂. 根据多种表征结果, 推测p-ZIF催化剂的孔径尺寸和石墨N含量是影响其2e-ORR催化性能的主要因素.     

Phosphorus‐Doped Graphitic Carbon Nitrides Grown In Situ on Carbon‐Fiber Paper: Flexible and Reversible Oxygen Electrodes

Flexible non‐metal oxygen electrodes fabricated from phosphorus‐doped graphitic carbon nitride nano‐flowers directly grown on carbon‐fiber paper exhibit high activity and stability in reversibly catalyzing oxygen reduction and evolution reactions, which is a result of N, P dual action, enhanced mass/charge transfer, and high active surface area. The performance is comparable to that of the state‐of‐the‐art transition‐metal, noble‐metal, and non‐metal catalysts. Remarkably, the flexible nature of these oxygen electrodes allows their use in folded and rolled‐up forms, and directly as cathodes in Zn–air batteries, featuring low charge/discharge overpotential and long lifetime.     

FeNi Alloy Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Carbon Shells Supported on N-Doped Graphene-Like Carbon as Efficient and Stable Bifunctional Oxygen Electrocatalysts

The development of cost-effective and durable oxygen electrocatalysts remains highly critical but challenging for energy conversion and storage devices. Herein, a novel FeNi alloy nanoparticle core encapsulated in carbon shells supported on a N-enriched graphene-like carbon matrix (denoted as FeNi@C/NG) was constructed by facile pyrolyzing the mixture of metal salts, glucose, and dicyandiamide. The in situ pyrolysis of dicyandiamide in the presence of glucose plays a significant effect on the fabrication of the porous FeNi@C/NG with a high content of doped N and large specific surface area. The optimized FeNi@C/NG catalyst displays not only a superior catalytic performance for the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR, with an onset potential of 1.0 V and half-wave potential of 0.84 V) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER, the potential at 10 mA cm⁻² is 1.66 V) simultaneously in alkaline, but also outstanding long-term cycling durability. The excellent bifunctional ORR/OER electrocatalytic performance is ascribed to the synergism of the carbon shell and FeNi alloy core together with the high-content of nitrogen doped on the large specific surface area graphene-like carbon.     

Enhanced Oxygen Reduction Reactions in Fuel Cells on H‐Decorated and B‐Substituted Graphene

In the light of recent experimental research on the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) with carbon materials doped with foreign atoms, we study the performance of graphene with different defects on this catalytic reaction. In addition to the reported N‐graphene, it is found that H‐decorated and B‐substituted graphene can also spontaneously promote this chemical reaction. The local high spin density plays the key role, facilitating the adsorption of oxygen and OOH, which is the start of ORR. The source of the high spin density for all of the doped graphene is attributed to unpaired single π electrons. Meanwhile, the newly formed C? H covalent bond introduces a higher barrier to the p electron flow, leading to more localized and higher spin density for H‐decorated graphene. At the same time, larger structural distortion should be avoided, which could impair the induced spin density, such as for P‐substituted graphene.     

负载酞菁铁的氮掺杂中空碳球的电催化氧还原性能（英文）

开发低成本、高性能的氧还原反应（ORR）催化剂是当前的研究热点.虽然酞菁铁（FePc）在几十年前就被证明能高效地电催化氧还原反应,但由于其电子传导性和稳定性较差,无法取代商用的Pt/C催化剂.氮掺杂碳材料不仅化学性质稳定、电子传导性好,还有一定的氧还原催化活性.本文首先制备了聚苯乙烯@聚多巴胺球前驱体,经过高温碳化后制得了氮掺杂中空碳球,进而负载酞菁铁后制备了负载酞菁铁的氮掺杂中空碳球复合材料（FePc-NHCS）.通过调整煅烧温度和酞菁铁的负载量,可进一步调控FePc-NHCS的多孔结构、石墨化程度、氮掺杂的种类与含量及酞菁铁的负载状态.优化后的FePc-NHCS在碱性电解质中显示出优异的ORR催化活性,其半波电位和稳定性均高于商用Pt/C催化剂.研究结果表明,掺杂与复合是增强单项催化组分活性的有效途径.此外,通过调控催化剂的结构和组分也能有效地优化催化剂的氧化还原性能.     

Different Bonding Defects on Dual-Metal Single-Atom Electrocatalyst CoZnN6(OH) for Oxygen Reduction Reaction

Since dual-metal single-atom catalyst (CoZnN/C) has been experimentally synthesized by atomically arching CoZn on N-doped carbon nanofibers and exhibited potential electrocatalysis activity towards oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), we perform first-principles calculations to identify the highly active sites at different defects by comparing the four-step ORR processes on the constructed four CoZnN₆ models on graphene. The corresponding N-edge effect, dopant effect, and C-edge ring-closing effect are evaluated with the ORR evolution on different bonding environments, including pristine CoZnN₆(OH), nanoribbon (NR) along zigzag direction, substitution of carbon/oxygen (C/O substitution), and C-edge ring-closing configurations. OH-ligand is shown to significantly improve the ORR activities for all the considered structures. Especially, C-substituted CoZnN₆(OH), NR-CoZnN₅O(OH) and CoZnN₆(OH) with C-edge-effect exhibit obviously reduced overpotentials (η_lim=0.28, 0.48 and 0.41 V) of rate-determining steps among all the considered nine candidates. By plotting the relationship between the limiting potentials (U_lim) and free energies of intermediate *OH (ΔG_OH*), two prior catalysts of pristine-CoZnN₅C(OH) and defect-CoZnN₆CH(OH) are located near the top of the volcano curve with higher U_lim=0.95 and 0.82 V than Pt(111) (U_lim=0.80 V), implying that C-substitution could facilitate ORR performance in pristine- and defect-CoZnN₆(OH) bonding situation.     

氮化钨-钨/掺氮有序介孔碳复合材料的制备及其氧还原性能

采用软模板法制备了氮化钨-钨/掺氮有序介孔碳复合材料(WN-W/NOMC),作为一种高比表面积且价格低廉的阴极氧还原反应催化剂。通过适量添加尿素来改变复合材料中的氮含量,在掺氮量为7%(w/w)时,实验发现材料能够保持完整有序介孔结构,测试其比表面积高达835 m~2·g~(-1),透射电子显微镜(TEM)测试结果显示其催化颗粒均匀地分散在氮掺杂有序介孔碳载体上。在O_2饱和的0.1 mol·L~(-1 )KOH溶液中测试了材料的氧还原催化性能(ORR),显示其起始电位为0.87 V(vs RHE),极限电流密度为4.49 mA·cm~(-2),氧还原反应的转移电子数为3.4,接近于20%(w/w)商业Pt/C的3.8,说明该材料表现出近似4电子的氧还原反应途径。研究结果表明,WN-W/NOMC的催化性能虽然稍弱于商业铂碳(0.99 V,5.1 mA·cm~(-2)),但其具有远超铂碳的循环稳定性和耐甲醇毒化能力。     

氮化钨-钨/掺氮有序介孔碳复合材料的制备及其氧还原性能

采用软模板法制备了氮化钨-钨/掺氮有序介孔碳复合材料（WN-W/NOMC）,作为一种高比表面积且价格低廉的阴极氧还原反应催化剂。通过适量添加尿素来改变复合材料中的氮含量,在掺氮量为7%（w/w）时,实验发现材料能够保持完整有序介孔结构,测试其比表面积高达835 m²·g^-1,透射电子显微镜（TEM）测试结果显示其催化颗粒均匀地分散在氮掺杂有序介孔碳载体上。在O₂饱和的0.1 mol·L^-1 KOH溶液中测试了材料的氧还原催化性能（ORR）,显示其起始电位为0.87 V（vs RHE）,极限电流密度为4.49 mA·cm^-2,氧还原反应的转移电子数为3.4,接近于20%（w/w）商业Pt/C的3.8,说明该材料表现出近似4电子的氧还原反应途径。研究结果表明,WN-W/NOMC的催化性能虽然稍弱于商业铂碳（0.99 V,5.1 mA·cm^-2）,但其具有远超铂碳的循环稳定性和耐甲醇毒化能力。     

Enhanced Four-Electron Selective Oxygen Reduction Reaction at Carbon-Nanotube-Supported Sulfonic-Acid-Functionalized Copper Phthalocyanine

In the present work, the oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) is explored in an acidic medium with two different catalytic supports (multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and nitrogen-doped multi-walled carbon nanotubes (NMWCNTs)) and two different catalysts (copper phthalocyanine (CuPc) and sulfonic acid functionalized CuPc (CuPc-SO₃⁻)). The composite, NMWCNTs-CuPc-SO₃⁻ exhibits high ORR activity (assessed based on the onset potential (0.57 V vs. reversible hydrogen electrode) and Tafel slope) in comparison to the other composites. Rotating ring disc electrode (RRDE) studies demonstrate a highly selective four-electron ORR (less than 2.5 % H₂O₂ formation) at the NMWCNTs-CuPc-SO₃⁻. The synergistic effect of the catalyst support (NMWCNTs) and sulfonic acid functionalization of the catalyst (in CuPc-SO₃⁻) increase the efficiency and selectivity of the ORR at the NMWCNTs-CuPc-SO₃⁻. The catalyst activity of NMWCNTs-CuPc-SO₃⁻ has been compared with many reported materials and found to be better than several catalysts. NMWCNTs-CuPc-SO₃⁻ shows high tolerance for methanol and very small deviation in the onset potential (10 mV) between the linear sweep voltammetry responses recorded before and after 3000 cyclic voltammetry cycles, demonstrating exceptional durability. The high durability is attributed to the stabilization of CuPc-SO₃⁻ by the additional coordination with nitrogen (Cu-N_x) present on the surface of NMWCNTs.     

钯基氧还原和乙醇氧化反应电催化剂:关于结构和机理研究的一些近期见解

质子交换膜燃料电池和直接乙醇燃料电池已成为可持续性清洁能源研究的一个聚焦点.在燃料电池中,氧还原反应和乙醇氧化反应是两个重要的反应,其相关高活性、高稳定性并且廉价的催化剂的研发仍然存在很多问题,极大地制约了燃料电池的大规模商业化应用.其中的挑战主要来自于对纳米催化剂结构和反应机理的有限认识.由于实验表征理论计算的结合,...