液氧炸药

(一)什么是液氧炸药以多孔的可燃性的物质为吸收剂,以液态氧(或含15—30％液态氮)来饱和而成的混合炸药称为液氧炸药。液氧炸药可以说是一种古老而又年青的工业用混合炸药。说它古老,是因为远在1899年就曾大量的使用它来打通意大利和瑞士之间的新普隆隧道;说它年青,是因为直到现在为止,人们还没有完全掌握它,有许多重大的问题尚侍进一步研究解决。     

气相色谱-质谱法对乳化炸药及其残留物中特征组分的分析

随着环保工程的需要和炸药工业的发展,过去民爆行业常用的铵梯炸药按照国家规定已不允许生产、贮存和使用,取而代之的是一些不含TNT的硝铵炸药.其中,乳化炸药是目前民爆行业中使用最广泛的一种不含TNT的硝铵炸药.     

苯并三呋咱氧化物与其塑料粘结炸药安定性的比较

二次大战后,由于塑料和橡胶制品具有优良的机械力学性能,易于生产加工和成型,被人们用来装填炸药,将炸药的爆炸性能与高分子的优良机械性能结合起来,从而产生了塑料粘结炸药(PBX)[1].塑料粘结炸药始于美国,具有优异的机械强度和爆炸性能,优良的化学安定性和操作安全性,以及良好的耐热性等诸多优点.     

螯合剂在炸药机械加工防锈切削液中的应用

为了满足不同的装药需求,军用炸药件常被加工成不同的形状。为了保证安全,炸药机械加工必须使用切削液。目前国内外市场尚没有炸药机械加工专用切削液产品出现,相关研究报道也较少。炸药机械加工切削液在与炸药相容的同时,还应具有良好的防锈性能,保证机床和刀具不被锈蚀。碱性     

绿色三氨基三硝基苯的热安定性研究

三氨基三硝基苯（ＴＡＴＢ）是目前使用的钝感高能炸药。该炸药在受光照射后，将发生颜色的变化，从黄色、绿色十黑色。由于ＴＡＴＢ的广泛应用，这种变化在钝感高能炸药研究、使用、储存等过程中，对它的热安定性能以及与接触材料的相容性影响越来越引起人们的重视。我们曾利用现代表面分析手段对ＴＡＴＢ变色的原因以及变色后产生绿色ＴＡＴＢ的分子结构进行了研究［‘］，经研究表明：ＴＡＴＢ颜色变化的主要原因是ＴＡＴＢ表面分子受光照后，吸收能量变为激发态分于，促使电子跃迁，形成游离基。Ｄａｖｉｄ、Ｆｉｓｉｃｈ等［‘叭在研究…     

"最小键级原理"的从头算证实--苯和苯胺类硝基衍生物

感度是爆炸物对外界刺激的敏感程度,是火药、炸药和起爆药的基本属性.在外界撞击作用下炸药发生爆炸的难易程度即该炸药的撞击感度.感度通常依靠实测,从理论上加以判别是人们追求的目标,故研究炸药感度与结构的关系一直是该领域的热点.     

工业炸药的配方原则及其在各国的应用

(一)工业炸药的配方原则工业炸药一般是指用于工业爆破的混合炸药而言,它广泛的用来开矿;至于开山筑路,开水渠,修水库等也是不可缺少的。它可以代替成千上万人的劳动,把人们从繁重的体力劳动中,工作艰苦危险的情况下解放出来。既提高了生产率缩短了工期,又降低了成本。因此,随着国民经济不断的发展,爆破技术不断的提高,世界各国对工业炸药的应用范围不断扩大,消耗量则不断增加。例如,英国仅安全炸药的消耗量就由1935年的8,100吨增加到1952年的20,510吨;而美     

粉状硝铵炸药示踪检测研究

用X射线荧光能谱法检测了含十二烷基苯磺酸铈（CDBS）和硬脂酸铈（CSA）的硝铵（AN）炸药（ANE）。根据含CDBS和CSA的AN炸药的典型X射线荧光能谱,提出了用稀土（XT）的Kd峰的逃逸峰作为检测AN炸药的特征峰,其值为6．11keV。考察了该逃选峰的信号强度（Is）与炸药中XT含量（x％）、探测距离（L）、探测时间（t）、炸药量（m）的关系,并列出相应的关系式,认为在XT含量不低于0．2％,检测时间不少于5s,AN炸药量不少于50g的情况下,该检测技术适合检测AN炸药。     

吉林某弹药销毁场土壤炸药污染调查及其赋存状态研究

研究吉林某军事弹药销毁场土壤炸药污染程度以及炸药在土壤中的赋存状态,为炸药和重金属污染土壤修复提供针对性策略。采集了某弹药销毁厂焚烧销毁区表层土壤样品,分析了其理化性质和常见重金属元素含量,测试了土壤全样和不同颗粒度土壤样品中炸药污染物的含量,并结合热重-傅里叶变换红外光谱(TGA-FTIR) 对炸药污染土壤样品热力学行为的表征,探讨了炸药污染物的赋存状态,炸药和重金属组合污染特征等。土壤中含有高浓度的TNT、DNT、ADNT、RDX等炸药污染物及其降解产物,并表现出土壤细颗粒富集趋势,其中土壤全样中TNT总浓度达到了1.66×104 mg·kg-1,远远高于EPA推荐的土壤TNT指导限值,RDX超过了以土壤环境为目标的指导限值;销毁活动还造成了土壤中Pb、Cu、Zn重金属浓度的升高,分别为400 mg·kg-1,318 mg·kg-1,1030 mg·kg-1。土壤中受到重金属和有机质等因素的影响,土壤中经过长期老化的炸药污染物的热解行为明显不同于自由态的炸药分子,热解温度升高、过程延长。在销毁区炸药污染土壤的修复中,应加强炸药污染物与重金属相互作用的研究,并在修复治理实践中采取协同修复的策略。     

过氧化丙酮类炸药的检测方法研究进展

恐怖袭击是当今世界安全的重大隐患之一,过氧化物炸药因其难以被常规手段检测的特点常被不法分子使用,其中过氧化丙酮类炸药是恐怖分子常用的爆炸物质.本文主要简述了近20年来关于过氧化丙酮类炸药的不同检测方法,主要包括传统检测技术如荧光检测技术和质谱、色谱、拉曼光谱等波谱技术以及基于电化学法、化学比色法、物理传感器和生物免疫的...     

Quantitative determination of nitroglycerin in human plasma by capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection

A sensitive method for the selective determination of nitroglycerin at concentrations down to 50 pg/ml in human plasma is described. After the addition to plasma of a known amount of butane-1,2,4-triol trinitrate as internal standard, both compounds are extracted into hexane. Nitroglycerin is then quantitated by capillary gas chromatography with electron-capture detection.     

Femtogram level quantitative determination of nitroglycerin and metabolites in human plasma by GC-MS negative ion chemical ionization,single ion monitoring

Recent developments in the use of negative ion detection in GC-MS have indicated the potential for highly sensitive analyses for certain compounds. This paper describes the application of the techniques to the assay of Nitroglycerin and its metabolites yielding sensitivity to two femtograms. Because of the low levels of nitroglycerin in biological media such sensitivity is highly desirable if not essential for meaningful measurements. In addition to sensitivity the method is shown to yield extremely good selectivity contributing further to the credibility of quantitative results.     

A systematic tandem mass spectrometric study of anion attachment for improved detection and acidity evaluation of nitrogen‐rich energetic compounds

The development of rapid, efficient, and reliable detection methods for the characterization of energetic compounds is of high importance to security forces concerned with terrorist threats. With a mass spectrometric approach, characteristic ions can be produced by attaching anions to analyte molecules in the negative ion mode of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI‐MS). Under optimized conditions, formed anionic adducts can be detected with higher sensitivities as compared with the deprotonated molecules. Fundamental aspects pertaining to the formation of anionic adducts of 1,3,5,7‐tetranitro‐1,3,5,7‐tetrazocane (HMX), 1,3,5‐trinitro‐1,3,5‐triazinane (RDX), pentaerythritol tetranitrate (PETN), nitroglycerin (NG), and 1,3,5‐trinitroso‐1,3,5‐triazinane energetic (R‐salt) compounds using various anions have been systematically studied by ESI‐MS and ESI tandem mass spectrometry (collision‐induced dissociation) experiments. Bracketing method results show that the gas‐phase acidities of PETN, RDX, and HMX fall between those of HF and acetic acid. Moreover, PETN and RDX are each less acidic than HMX in the gas phase. Nitroglycerin was found to be the most acidic among the nitrogen‐rich explosives studied. The ensemble of bracketing results allows the construction of the following ranking of gas‐phase acidities: PETN (1530‐1458 kJ/mol) > RDX (approximately 1458 kJ/mol) > HMX (approximately 1433 kJ/mol) > nitroglycerin (1427‐1327.8 kJ/mol).     

Determination of Nitroglycerin and Its Degradation Products by Solid-Phase Extraction and LC–UV

The usual analytical method EPA 8330B cannot properly separate the four degradation products of nitroglycerin (mononitroglycerin, 2-mononitroglycerin, 1,2-dinitroglycerin and 1,3-dinitroglycerin). An analytical method for the determination of the degradation products of nitroglycerin in water using LC–MeOH was developed at 205 nm. The most suitable solid phase extraction cartridge was selected in order to reach the required detection level of these products in water. The combination of the extraction and LC analysis is sensitive and allows detection of nitroglycerin and its products at μg L^?1 level. The technique is straightforward and can help to understand the environmental fate of nitroglycerin.     

Insight into the combustion mechanism of nitroglycerin/nano-aluminum composite materials

Structural Chemistry - The ReaxFF-lg is used to simulate the thermal decomposition of the pure nitroglycerin (NG) and nitroglycerin/nano-Al (NG/Al) systems. The simulation results show that the...     

尺寸排阻色谱对增能火药中硝化甘油分布与迁移规律的研究

用尺寸排阻色谱的方法研究了高氮量单基火药吸收硝化甘油以后硝化甘油的分布规律及加速老化过程中硝化甘油的迁移规律。结果表明,硝化甘油在高氮量单基火药中分布服从高斯分布。老化过程中,这种分布向方差增大的高斯分布变化。给出了硝化甘油迁移的速度常数,这对于增能火药的贮存和使用具有重要作用。     

Evaporation of Plasticizer from NEPE Type Propellant

Using the method of dynamic thermogravimetry and differential scanning calorimetry in the heating rate range 0.46–10.0 deg^–1 min^–1, evaporation of the plasticizer from propellant samples of the NEPE type was investigated. The experiments were carried out in an open system in a flow of pure argon at atmospheric pressure. Nitroglycerin is the main mass fraction of the plasticizer. The activation energy E of the gross evaporation–diffusion process is determined by various methods. Heat of evaporation of the plasticizer ΔH_v is estimated. It is shown that in the early stage of evaporation the values of E and ΔH_v practically coincide. At a temperature of 298.15 K ΔH_v = 89 ± 4 kJ mol^–1, which is in satisfactory agreement with the literature data for heat of evaporation of pure nitroglycerin. With any way of preventing free removal of the plasticizer from the surface of the samples on the DSC thermograms successive exothermic peaks of the thermal decomposition of the plasticizer and the octogen are observed, which are not realized in the open system for the indicated heating rates at T < 190°C.     

Comparative study of the influence of nitrocel and nitroglycerin on thein vitro biosynthesis of protein

The influence of nitrocel and nitroglycerin on the protein-synthesizing activity of eukaryote nuclei has been studied. Nitrocel has a stronger action on protein synthesis than nitroglycerin.A. S. Sadykov Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan, Tashkent, fax (371) 162 70 71. Translated from Khimiya Prirodnykh Soedinenii, No. 2, pp. 235–237, March–April, 1998.     

Effect of pressures on decomposition reaction kinetics of double-base propellant catalyzed with cerium citrate

The decomposition reaction kinetics of the double-base (DB) propellant (No. TG0701) composed of the mixed ester of triethyleneglycol dinitrate (TEGDN) and nitroglycerin (NG) and nitrocellulose (NC) with cerium(III) citrate (CIT-Ce) as a combustion catalyst was investigated by high-pressure differential scanning calorimetry (PDSC) under flowing nitrogen gas conditions. The results show that pressure (2 MPa) can decrease the peak temperature and increase the decomposition heat, and also can change the mechanism function of the exothermal decomposition reaction of the DB gun propellant under 0.1 MPa; CIT-Ce can decrease the apparent activation energy of the DB gun propellant by about 35 kJ mol⁻¹ under low pressure, but it can not display the effect under high pressure; CIT-Ce can not change the decomposition reaction mechanism function under a pressure.     

纳米氧化钕的制备及其催化性能的研究

Nanometer-sized neodymium oxide has been synthesized by humid solid state reaction at room temperature， and characterized by scanning electron microscope， laser light scattering and X-ray diffraction. The effects of nanometer -sized neodymium oxide on catalyzing thermal decomposition reaction of hexogen (cyclotrimethylenetriamine， RDX) and absorbent powder (nitrocellulose absorbed nitroglycerin， NC/NG) have been investigated by DSC method. The mechanism of these catalytic reactions has also been proposed. The experimental results show that nanometer-sized neodymium oxide can catalyze the decomposition reaction of RDX and NC/NG effectively. The experimental results further suggest that nanometer-sized neodymium oxide is a potentially useful combustion catalyst of nitroamine propellant.