功、热概念新论介绍

功、热的定义在通常的教科书中已有定论。物理化学中主要考虑膨胀功的计算，在可逆过程中，有δw=pdv(1)w=∫v1^v2pdv(2)符号“δ”表示不是全微分。在可逆过程中p、w为体系的值，并可沿着体系变化途径给出积分。对于不可逆过程只有两个特殊情况可以计算功值。     

质量、热量传递过程中的Marangoni效应*

由质量、热量传递引发,表面张力梯度驱动的Marangoni效应不但对化学工程、材料工程和热能工程等领域里的一系列过程具有重要的影响,而且具有非线性耗散系统理论研究的一个具有实际意义的课题。对Marangoni效应的实验及理论研究有助于增进对微观传热、传质机理的理解,它的合理利用也可以提高某些过程的效率。迄今为止,对Marangoni效应的认识还不能满足理论研究和工程应用的要求。按期在各相关领域内对Marangoni的研究十分活跃,本文回顾了这些研究成果。     

自制简易恒温装置

自制简易恒温装置张国林，阚锦晴，刁国旺（扬州大学师范学院化学系２２５００２）本文介绍了两种自制的恒温水浴，其中所用适于热敏电阻和水银导电表控温的继电器可参考文献［６］和［７］组装。１．普通恒温水浴装置如图１所示，继电器（１）可选用现行物理化学实验教材...     

比色皿恒温夹套的新设计

在普通分光光度计的比色皿暗箱中,采用新设计的恒温夹套,使比色皿的外壁(除透光窗部分外)直接与恒温水接触,大大地提高了恒温效果.     

化工传递过程的类比教学法探讨

在讲授化工基础课程中的传递过程时,对动量传递、热量传递和质量传递的概念、定义、公式和定律等运用类比法教学,将传递过程知识有机地结合起来,既增强了学生的学习兴趣,使学生较轻松理解并掌握新知识,又培养了学生的类比思维能力。     

恒温消解测定食品中微量碘方法的改进研究

在原有催化动力学测碘方法的基础上，对样品的消化处理方法进行了改进，使消化时间由原来的平均２ｈ缩短至６０ｍｉｎ，测试费用降低了８０％，结果精密度与准确度未降低。     

理想气体四个物理量与热力学过程关系的探讨

理想气体状态方程描述了T、P、V、n四个物理量的关系,而这种关系奠定了整个热力学的基础,是物理学实验联系热力学理论的基础.从理想气体状态方程入手,首先系统讨论了四个物理量之间的关系,引入了“理想气体的过程指数”等几个新的概念,其次用Graphing Calculator 3D软件绘制了理想气体的状态图,以三维立体图示的方式系统地阐述了T、P、V、n四个物理量的关系及其在不同热力学过程中的变化规律,以便在热力学教学中给学生更为精确、严格、完整的热力学过程的概念图像.     

恒温恒压下勒夏特列原理的应用

探讨了恒温恒压条件下浓度对化学平衡的影响,归纳出勒夏特列原理的应用规律。     

从双多阶程升保留时间预测恒温保留指数可行性研究

由于程序升温保留值受多种操作条件的影响，缺乏数据的共用性，作者提出了根据组分双多阶程序升温保留时间预测其恒温保留指数的方法。以烃类化合物对象，从理论和实验两方面论证了该法的可行性。     

物理化学中功是过程函数的数学推导

利用p-V图解法阐明功是过程函数是课堂教学通用的手段,在此基础上,通过数学推导进一步证明了功作为系统与环境间传递的能量,是与途径有关的过程函数,这对于深入理解过程函数与状态函数的概念及其2者之间的辩证关系具有重要意义。     

等规聚丙烯自成核的等温结晶动力学

近年来 ,有关等规聚丙烯 (i PP)的自成核研究已引起了人们的关注 [1 ] ,但有关其结晶动力学的报道并不多见 .Carfagna等 [2 ]用膨胀计法研究了 i PP在未完全熔融重结晶情况下的等温结晶动力学 ,得到的 Avrami指数远远小于 3 .张新远等[3 ] 研究了 i PP未完全熔融情况下的非等温结晶动力学 .到目前为止 ,i PP自成核的熔体降温等温结晶动力学尚未见报道 .本文在 i PP自成核研究的基础上 [4] ,用 DSC方法研究了 i PP自成核在较高温度下的等温结晶动力学 ,讨论了结晶机理 .结果表明 ,在本实验的自成核条件下 ,i PP依然是三维球晶生长 ,…     

关于等温循环方法推导开尔文公式的讨论

等温循环方法是物理化学教材中推导开尔文公式的一个经典方法。本文从热力学基本原理出发,明确指出其中小液滴可逆相变为气体的吉布斯自由能变化值应由吉布斯自由能判据求解,并对温度恒定、两相压强分别恒定时的判据进行了重新推导。同时,本文还提出了一种对推导开尔文公式的等温循环法的新理解方式,该方式在建立的"箱管模型"辅助下,意义明确,便于理解,更适宜教学使用。     

Isothermal curing of an epoxy resin by alternating differential scanning calorimetry

The quasi-isothermal curing of a diepoxide resin with a triamine of polyoxypropylene was studied by alternating differential scanning calorimetry (ADSC), which is a temperature modulated DSC technique. The complex heat capacity measurements allows to analyse the vitrification process at curing temperatures (T_c) below the maximum glass transition of the fully cured epoxy (T_g∞=85.8°C). Initially, the modulus of the complex heat capacity, |C^*_p|, increases until a maximum (conversion between 0.42 and 0.56) and then decreases. This step is followed by an abrupt decay of |C^*_p|, due to the vitrification of the system, which allows the determination of the vitrification time. This value agrees well with that determined by the partial curing method. The phase angle and out-of-phase heat capacity show an asymmetric wide peak during the vitrification process. The change in |C^*_p| at vitrification decreases with the increase of T_c becoming zero at temperature T_g∞. This epoxy-triamine system shows a delay of the vitrification process respect to other model epoxy systems probably due to the presence of polyoxypropylene chains in the network.

The decay of |C^*_p| during vitrification may be normalised between unity and zero by defining a mobility factor. This mobility factor has been used to simulate the reaction rate during the stage where the reaction is controlled by diffusion. The observed reaction rate is simulated by the product of the kinetic reaction rate, determined by the autocatalytic model, and the mobility factor.     

等温微量热法在生命科学研究中的应用

简要介绍了等温微量热法的原理、典型的仪器及其在生命科学研究中应用所具有的特点。通过它可获得完整的细胞代谢过程产热曲线及其热动力学方程；可以研究细胞器的代谢规律；可以获取生物大分子与小分子相互作用的热动力学特征。     

Heat of hydration of high reactive pozzolans in blended cements: Isothermal conduction calorimetry

A study was carried out comparing silica fume (SF) and dealuminated kaolin (DK) as pozzolanic materials in blended cements. Ten, 20 or 30 wt% of SF or DK were substituted for Portland cement. The kinetics of hydration up to 45 h were studied using isothermal conduction calorimetry. Blends containing pozzolanic materials usually have decreased heats of hydration compared to pure cement during the period of C₃S hydration, i.e. during the main hydration peak. Depending on the chemical composition and the activity of the pozzolan, the reaction taking place with the lime typically contributes to the heat output after the main hydration peak.The pozzolanic activity of DK is the principal factor and heat evolution increases with respect to pure PC mortar, during the first 15 h. The presence of hydrated silica (silanol groups) in DK increases the pozzolanic activity especially before and during induction period. The acidic silanol sites are capable of a fast acid-base reaction with the alkalis and with any Ca(OH)₂ present in cement during the induction period.     

Isothermal thermogravimetric studies of molten diacetate terminated polyoxymethylene in nitrogen and air

Thermogravimetric studies of diacetate terminated polyoxymethylene in its molten state were made in nitrogen and air atmosphere. They also allow the determination of changes in the thermal stability of the polymer in the course of decomposition. Oxygen has an accelerating effect on the decomposition of the polyoxymethylene. The beginning of the weight loss in air occurs at lower temperatures and its rate increases. The activation energies of the degradation in air and in nitrogen are not very different as compared to the preexponential factors and reaction orders whose values vary considerably.     

苯乙烯-丙烯嵌段共聚物等温结晶动力学的研究

用DSC法研究苯乙烯-丙烯嵌段共聚物(iPS-b-iPP)的等温结晶动力学。结果表明,在所选择的结晶温度(127～132℃)范围内,共聚物很好地符合Avrami动力学方程;共聚物结晶温度、结晶速率、结晶成核和生长方式都与共聚物结构和组成比有关,随着嵌段共聚物中iPS段含量的增加,结晶速率和Avranu指数(n)明显降低。     

Heat Transfer Performance of Milk Pasteurization Plate Heat Exchangers Using MWCNT/Water Nanofluid

Increasing efficacy of plate heat exchanger (PHE) is a method of reducing energy consumption of milk pasteurization and sterilization in dairy industries. In order to enhance heat transfer capability of water as a hot stream in PHEs, multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT) were added to water. An experimental setup was designed and manufactured to measure heat transfer coefficient and Nusselt number (Nu) as two key parameters for convective heat transfer. This system had two individual loops for hot and cold fluids. The experimental results clearly indicated that heat transfer coefficient and Nu number of pure water increased by adding MWCNT with weight concentration of less than 1 wt%. With increasing weight concentration of the nanoparticles, heat transfer coefficient and Nu number increased. This augmentation was intensified at higher Peclet numbers which showed more effective presence of them at high flow rates of nanofluids. Moreover, at constant weight concentration, both heat transfer coefficient and Nu number increased. Augmentation of heat transfer capability resulted in more heat exchange with milk fluid in a short time; thus, before occurrence of fouling in plates of exchanger, pasteurization of milk and production of the products would be easier.      

Isothermal crystallization kinetics and thermal behavior of poly(?-caprolactone)/multi-walled carbon nanotube composites

This study describes the preparation of poly(?-caprolactone) (PCL)/multi-walled carbon nanotube (MWCNT) composites by ultrasonically mixing the PCL and as-fabricated MWCNT in a tetrahydrofuran solution. The TEM images show that the MWCNT is well separated and uniformly distributed in the PCL matrix. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and polarized optical microscopy (POM) were used to investigate the isothermal crystallization kinetics, crystalline structure and thermal behavior of PCL and PCL/MWCNT nanocomposites. DSC isothermal results revealed that the activation energy of PCL extensively decreases with increasing MWCNT contents, suggesting that the loading of MWCNT into PCL matrix probably induced heterogeneous nucleation during crystallization processes. From TGA data, the addition of small amount of MWCNT into PCL matrix can improve the thermal stability of PCL matrix. TGA isothermal degradation data illustrate that the activation energy E_d of the composites is smaller than that of PCL. This phenomenon can be attributed to the incorporation of more MWCNT loading into PCL caused a decrease in the degradation rate and an increase in the residual weight for PCL/MWCNT nanocomposites.