分光光度法测定火龙果茎中的植物甾醇

建立了Liebennann-Burchard显色法测定火龙果茎中植物甾醇含量的方法.以豆甾醇为标样,植物甾醇含量在0.02～0.20 mg/mL范围内,服从比耳定律,回归方程为A=4.489σ+0.0339,相关系数R=0.9997,方法的回收率为98.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)为3.8%(n=5).     

混合植物甾醇乙酰化物的反相高效液相色谱分析

应用高效液相色谱对豆甾醇乙酸酯、β_谷甾醇乙酸酯和混合甾醇乙酸酯进行了分析测定 ;实验采用的色谱柱为HypersilODS反相柱(4.6mm×150mm ,5μm) ,流动相为色谱纯甲醇 ,紫外检测波长为210nm ,恒溶剂洗脱 ;实验结果表明 ,混合植物甾醇及其乙酸酯的响应时间在25min以内 ,且各种甾醇及其酯的分离效果较好 ,采用峰面积归一法能够快速准确地测定混合甾醇中豆甾醇乙酸酯和 β_谷甾醇乙酸酯的含量。     

含脂肪食品中植物甾醇含量的气相色谱法测定

建立了一种利用气相色谱测定含脂肪食品中植物甾醇含量的方法。样品加入β－胆固醇作内标,70℃下在KOH－EtOH溶液中皂化1h,用正己烷萃取,采用毛细管气相色谱法测定甾醇含量。该法具有良好的准确度和精确度。     

混合植物甾醇中豆甾醇和β-谷甾醇的高效液相色谱分析

应用高效液相色谱对豆甾醇、β_谷甾醇和重结晶法分离精制的混合甾醇进行了分析测定 ;实验采用的色谱柱为HypersilODS反相柱(4.6×150mm ,5μm) ,流动相为甲醇 ,紫外检测波长为210nm ,恒溶剂洗脱 ,混合植物甾醇在10min内得到了很好的分离 ;实验结果表明 ,采用液相色谱法能够快速准确地测定混合甾醇中豆甾醇和 β_谷甾醇的含量。     

有机相中固定化脂肪酶催化合成植物甾醇酯

酶法合成植物甾醇酯具有反应条件温和、产物纯度和产量高等优点,但非水相酶催化的活性和稳定性普遍较低.本文以大孔树脂固定化脂肪酶为催化剂,并在催化过程中添加乳糖的类似物,构建了有机相高效合成植物甾醇酯的工艺过程.以酯化率为考察指标,对脂肪酶和反应溶剂进行筛选,对酯化条件进行优化,同时考察了糖的种类及添加量对酶催化性能的影响.结果表明,大孔树脂NKA吸附固定化的褶皱假丝酵母(Candida rugosa)脂肪酶(NKA-CRL)为最适宜的催化剂,以正己烷为反应介质,在酸醇摩尔比为2和添加酶蛋白质量7.5%的海藻糖的条件下,40°C反应10 h,酯化率达到96.6%.连续6次催化后,植物甾醇的酯化率仍维持在85.0%以上.     

烟草中植物甾醇的GC-MS分析

建立了一种GC-MS同时测定烟草中胆甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇及β-谷甾醇的分析方法。结果表明:胆甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇及β-谷甾醇回收率在95.94～102.41%之间,RSD<6.01%。在所测定的烟草样品中,豆甾醇的含量较高。所检测的烟草样品中,均未检测出糖苷态胆甾醇。     

衍生化气相色谱-质谱法测定植物油中植物甾醇

植物油样品经氢氧化钾甲醇溶液皂化后,硅烷化衍生,采用气相色谱-质谱(GC-MS)法建立了植物油中菜籽甾醇、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇4种植物甾醇含量的分析方法,研究了各植物甾醇衍生物的质谱特征和断裂机理。该方法方便快捷、准确可靠,检出限为0.01 g/kg,用于植物油样品中植物甾醇的组成和含量测定,结果满意。     

新型植物生长激素油菜甾醇内酯的合成

本文综述了新型植物生长激素油菜甾醇内酯及其类似物的合成,并简要地讨论了它们的结构与生物活性的关系。     

液相色谱-掺杂辅助大气压光电离质谱测定海洋沉积物中的植物甾醇

海洋沉积物中的植物甾醇生物标志物常被用于指示海洋沉积有机物的来源、反演海洋生态和环境演变过程.本研究采用非水反相液相色谱-大气压光电离质谱联用技术(LC-APPI-MS),建立了一种同步测定海洋沉积物中多种常见植物甾醇类化合物的新方法.首先,阐明了植物甾类化合物的APPI一级质谱分析特征,在正离子模式下,植物甾醇类化合...     

一种测定植物甾醇的高灵敏度衍生化HPLC-MS/MS方法

建立以丹磺酰肼为柱前衍生试剂,采用Agilent Poroshell 120 EC-C18(50 mm×3.0 mm,2.7μm)反相色谱柱,甲醇-水(体积比为99∶1)为流动相,流速为0.3 m L/min,进样量为10μL,电喷雾电离源,选择反应监测(SRM)方式正离子检测,测定豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇、岩藻甾醇、麦角甾醇的柱前衍生化高效液相色谱串联质谱法.同时分析测定羊栖菜、海带、紫菜中的甾醇种类及含量.以胆固醇为内标物,采用内标工作曲线法定量,各甾醇线性范围在0.05~100μg/m L之间,相关系数在0.990 3~0.998 1之间,检出限(LODs)在0.2~20 ng/m L之间,定量限(LOQs)在0.667~66.7 ng/m L之间,甾醇类物质灵敏度比高效液相色谱法提高25~500倍.     

The Bioavailability and Biological Activities of Phytosterols as Modulators of Cholesterol Metabolism

Phytosterols are natural sterols widely found in plants that have a variety of physiological functions, and their role in reducing cholesterol absorption has garnered much attention. Although the bioavailability of phytosterols is only 0.5–2%, they can still promote cholesterol balance in the body. A mechanism of phytosterols for lowering cholesterol has now been proposed. They not only reduce the uptake of cholesterol in the intestinal lumen and affect its transport, but also regulate the metabolism of cholesterol in the liver. In addition, phytosterols can significantly reduce the plasma concentration of total cholesterol, triglycerides, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), with a dose-response relationship. Ingestion of 3 g of phytosterols per day can reach the platform period, and this dose can reduce LDL-C by about 10.7%. On the other hand, phytosterols can also activate the liver X receptor α-CPY7A1 mediated bile acids excretion pathway and accelerate the transformation and metabolism of cholesterol. This article reviews the research progress of phytosterols as a molecular regulator of cholesterol and the mechanism of action for this pharmacological effect.     

A Comprehensive Review on Therapeutic Perspectives of Phytosterols in Insulin Resistance: A Mechanistic Approach

Natural products in the form of functional foods have become increasingly popular due to their protective effects against life-threatening diseases, low risk of adverse effects, affordability, and accessibility. Plant components such as phytosterol, in particular, have drawn a lot of press recently due to a link between their consumption and a modest incidence of global problems, such as Type 2 Diabetes mellitus (T2DM), cancer, and cardiovascular disease. In the management of diet-related metabolic diseases, such as T2DM and cardiovascular disorders, these plant-based functional foods and nutritional supplements have unquestionably led the market in terms of cost-effectiveness, therapeutic efficacy, and safety. Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic disorder categoriszed by high blood sugar and insulin resistance, which influence major metabolic organs, such as the liver, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle. These chronic hyperglycemia fallouts result in decreased glucose consumption by body cells, increased fat mobilisation from fat storage cells, and protein depletion in human tissues, keeping the tissues in a state of crisis. In addition, functional foods such as phytosterols improve the body’s healing process from these crises by promoting a proper physiological metabolism and cellular activities. They are plant-derived steroid molecules having structure and function similar to cholesterol, which is found in vegetables, grains, nuts, olive oil, wood pulp, legumes, cereals, and leaves, and are abundant in nature, along with phytosterol derivatives. The most copious phytosterols seen in the human diet are sitosterol, stigmasterol, and campesterol, which can be found in free form, as fatty acid/cinnamic acid esters or as glycosides processed by pancreatic enzymes. Accumulating evidence reveals that phytosterols and diets enriched with them can control glucose and lipid metabolism, as well as insulin resistance. Despite this, few studies on the advantages of sterol control in diabetes care have been published. As a basis, the primary objective of this review is to convey extensive updated information on the possibility of managing diabetes and associated complications with sterol-rich foods in molecular aspects.     

Synthesis and gelation behaviors of five new dimeric cholesteryl derivatives

Five new diacid amides of di-cholesteryl L-glycinates were designed and prepared.The compounds with linkers containing 0,1, 2,3,or 4 methylene units are denoted as 1,2,3,4,and 5,respectively.Their gelation behaviors in 25 solvents were tested as novel low-molecular-mass organic gelators(LMOGs).It was shown that the length of the linker connecting the two-cholesteryl residues in a gelator plays a crucial role in the gelation behavior of the compound.1 gels 11 of the 25 solvents tested at a concentration lowe...     

Influence of excluded volume on the conformational property of tail-like chain on the simple cubic lattice

The influence of excluded volume on the conformational property of linear tail-like chain with one end attached to a flat surface is investigated by means of dynamic Monte Carlo method. Conformational properties such as mean-square end-to-end distance 〈R²〉, mean-square radius of gyration 〈S²〉 and mean asphericity parameter 〈A〉 are calculated for random walking (RW) and self-avoiding walking (SAW) tail-like chains on the simple cubic lattice. We find that the EV has nearly the same effect on 〈R²〉 as on 〈S²〉: (1) 〈R²〉_SAW/〈R²〉_RW≈〈S²〉_SAW/〈S²〉_RW∝n^0.204±0.05, where n is the chain length, and (2) the limiting value of 〈R²〉/〈S²〉≈7.7 for both chains. The distribution P(R) of the SAW tail-like chain can be expressed as a R⁴ correction of that of the RW one. We find that the value 〈A〉 of the SAW tail-like chain is bigger than that of the RW tail-like chain for all chain lengths, and the limiting values are 0.446±0.006 and 0.403±0.005 respectively.     

24-Thiacycloartanol, a potent mechanism-based inactivator of plant sterol methyltransferase

The rationally designed substrate mimic of cycloartenol, 24-thiacycloartanol (24-TC) 4A, and its corresponding sulfonium salt 5A were tested against the recombinant sterol methyltransferase (SMT) from Glycine max (soybean). Analog 4A was found to irreversibly inactivate the enzyme generating competitive- and time-dependent inhibition of activity accompanied by a K_i value of 2 μM and k_inact of 0.3 min⁻¹. Analog 5A, a presumptive high-energy intermediate of the SMT catalyzed reaction, was found to be a reversible, non-competitive-type inhibitor generating a K_i value of 55 nM.     

Biotransformation of Phytosterols into Androstenedione—A Technological Prospecting Study

Androstenedione (AD) is a key intermediate in the body’s steroid metabolism, used as a precursor for several steroid substances, such as testosterone, estradiol, ethinyl estradiol, testolactone, progesterone, cortisone, cortisol, prednisone, and prednisolone. The world market for AD and ADD (androstadienedione) exceeds 1000 tons per year, which stimulates the pharmaceutical industry’s search for newer and cheaper raw materials to produce steroidal compounds. In light of this interest, we aimed to investigate the progress of AD biosynthesis from phytosterols by prospecting scientific articles (Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar databases) and patents (USPTO database). A wide variety of articles and patents involving AD and phytosterol were found in the last few decades, resulting in 108 relevant articles (from January 2000 to December 2021) and 23 patents of interest (from January 1976 to December 2021). The separation of these documents into macro, meso, and micro categories revealed that most studies (articles) are performed in China (54.8%) and in universities (76%), while patents are mostly granted to United States companies. It also highlights the fact that AD production studies are focused on “process improvement” techniques and on possible modifications of the “microorganism” involved in biosynthesis (64 and 62 documents, respectively). The most-reported “process improvement” technique is “chemical addition” (40%), which means that the addition of solvents, surfactants, cofactors, inducers, ionic liquids, etc., can significantly increase AD production. Microbial genetic modifications stand out in the “microorganism” category because this strategy improves AD yield considerably. These documents also revealed the main aspects of AD and ADD biosynthesis: Mycolicibacterium sp. (basonym: Mycobacterium sp.) (40%) and Mycolicibacterium neoaurum (known previously as Mycobacterium neoaurum) (32%) are the most recurrent species studied. Microbial incubation temperatures can vary from 29 °C to 37 °C; incubation can last from 72 h to 14 days; the mixture is agitated at 140 to 220 rpm; vegetable oils, mainly soybean, can be used as the source of a mixture of phytosterols. In general, the results obtained in the present technological prospecting study are fundamental to mapping the possibilities of AD biosynthesis process optimization, as well as to identifying emerging technologies and methodologies in this scenario.     

Improved sensitivity of headspace gas chromatography for organic aromatic compounds

Summary The effect of adding an electrolyte and increasing the temperature on the preconcentration of volatile compounds in headspace analysis has been investigated. Quantification of the interactive effects of temperature and addition of salt on the vapor concentration is of interest for the determination of trace organic impurities in pharmaceutical base materials. This study was undertaken to investigate the quantitative effects of the addition of salts alcohols, and acetone, and of increasing the temperature on the vapor concentrations and distribution coefficients of volatile aromatic compounds (benzene, toluene, ando-xylene). It was found that the concentration of aromatic compound residues in the headspace could be increased by adding an inert salt to the water, but this effect was not very significant because of the low orginal solubility of the aromatic compounds in water. The reverse effect can be achieved by use of polar organic additives; this can be explained by the high polarizability of aromatic compounds and their greater solubility in the presence of these solvents. Presented at Balaton Symposium on High-Performance Separation Methods, Siófok, Hungary, September 1–3, 1999.     

基于分布链修正的磁流变弹性体的物理模型

On the basis of distributed chains, the model of MR elastomer was revised. After the potential energy of a chain was analyzed using the local field method, a special function was used to describe the distribution of chains. Then the MR effect of distributed chains as well as the overall MR effect were studied. Concurrently, the effects of the curing magnetic field and the matrix were incorporated into the model of MR elastomer.     

Distribution of mercury in lichens across St. Charles, St. James, and St. John Parishes, Louisiana

Concentrations of mercury in the lichens Ramalina stenospora and Parmotrema praesorediosum were determined using a Bacharach Model 50B analyzer system employing the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) cold vapor atomic absorption method. Samples were collected from the limbs of live oak trees in a three-parish area in south-east Louisiana. The highest concentrations detected were above 0.8 ppm (μg/ml) and fell off rapidly with increasing distance from possible sources of trace metals. The spatial distribution of mercury concentrations correlated with predominant wind patterns for the region.