蓄冷罐式冷板冷藏车厢设计及温度场分析

针对机械式冷藏车和传统冷板冷藏车的缺点,设计蓄冷罐式冷板冷藏车厢,以提高蓄冷式冷藏车的蓄冷量,延长冷藏运输时间。通过计算冷藏车厢运载时的冷负荷,确定冷板尺寸及蓄冷罐容积等参数;建立蓄冷罐式冷板冷藏车厢模型,通过模拟得到冷藏车厢内温度场分布。结果表明,车厢底面隔热层厚度为90 mm时,车厢内货物温度可维持在281.15 K以内,车厢底部温度随运输时间增加逐渐升高,10 h时车厢底面货物温度升至283.75 K;当隔热层厚度增加至150 mm时,车厢底部温度随运输时间增加变化较小,10 h时车厢底面货物温度升至282.58 K。     

蓄冷板冻结过程的数值模拟与实验研究

文中对蓄冷板内共晶液的热力学特性进行了分析。运用数值方法对不同温度下的NaCl蓄冷板冻结过程进行模拟研究,并实验验证了模拟的准确性。研究结果表明:当环境温度低于共晶液的共晶温度-21.2℃时,蓄冷板内共晶液开始相变所需的冷冻时间与环境温度有较大影响;蓄冷板出现结晶后直至共晶液完全冻结的相变过程受环境温度的影响较小。     

球形堆积床蓄冷空调系统实验性能研究

文中对球形堆积床蓄冷空调系统的蓄冷和放冷特性进行实验研究。在实验过程中,测量堆积床内流体温度、蓄冷时蒸发器进出口温度、放冷时换热器进出口温度以及室内机组进风和出风温度。通过测量的数据,得出蓄冷和放冷过程中的蓄冷、放冷速率和蓄冷、放冷量随时间的变化。在放冷时,出风温度稳定在16℃。因此,该系统可以用于空调系统的蓄冷和放冷过程,既有利于电力负荷"移峰填谷",又能满足室内温度调节的需求。     

蓄冷球堆积床动态充冷性能模拟

根据蓄冷球和载冷剂之间的能量平衡,建立了蓄冷球堆积床充冷过程的数理模型。该模型考虑了载冷剂与蓄冷球之间的换热系数变化、载冷剂的导热、相变蓄冷材料的过冷度以及蓄冷球堆积床热损失的影响。采用数值计算方法模拟了蓄冷球堆积床的充冷过程,讨论了载冷剂入口温度、初始温度和流速对充冷过程蓄冷材料温度、载冷剂温度和蓄冰率的影响。     

冷藏陈列柜相变蓄冷搁架的强化传热特性研究

为了降低冷藏陈列柜在融霜过程中食品温度的上升和改善柜内温度场分布,设计了带有相变蓄冷材料的热管型搁架,研究其传热性能。结果发现:热管改善了蓄冷搁架前后方向的传热性能,但左右两侧温度分布不均匀。针对此问题提出了在蓄冷搁架内添加肋片进行强化传热,研究结果表明:在蓄冷搁架中添加肋片可以使搁架温度场均匀性得到改善,显著提高蓄冷搁架的蓄冷速率。     

不同小分子醇类对聚合物蓄冷剂影响的分子动力学模拟

聚合物蓄冷剂是一种新型蓄冷材料，目前对于其性质尤其是微观机理研究较少。本文在等温-等压系综下采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了不同小分子醇类(乙二醇、甘油、丙二醇)对聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)、聚乙二醇(PEG)两种聚合物水溶液蓄冷剂在不同温度下的动力学特性，并从氢键分布与体系平衡态、径向分布函数、扩散系数等角度进行了分析。结果表明：温度对于蓄冷剂影响较大，温度越低，分子动能越小，分子运动越平缓，氢键结合力越大，体系黏度增大，扩散系数减小，有序性增强，进而完成由液相到固相的转变；在PEG-甘油–水体系中模拟相变温度为253.15 K附近，与实验值255.6 K吻合良好，当温度从293.15 K降至243.15 K时，PEG-乙二醇/甘油/丙二醇–水三种体系扩散系数分别降低了67.7%、69.1%、73.8%。研究结果对于筛选和制备高性能的复合蓄冷材料具有一定的参考价值和指导意义。     

微重力下套管式蓄冰器的充释冷特性分析

提出了一种可用于航天器热控系统的套管式蓄冰装置,采用热焓法对蓄冷装置的充释冷特性进行了数值模拟,给出了蓄冰装置在充释冷过程中蓄冷介质温度、结融冰厚度和对应充释冷功率随时间的变化,并对不同参数下的计算结果进行了分析比较,可为蓄冷装置的优化设计提供参考。     

低于13K的单级脉管制冷机性能研究

回热器是脉管制冷机的关键部件之一,其效率对脉管制冷机性能有很大影响。铅丸是常见的蓄冷材料,通常用于回热器的低温端。本文测试和分析了不同品质的国产铅丸和进口铅丸对单级G-M型脉管制冷机性能的影响。采用额定功率为6．0 kW的压缩机驱动,使用进口铅丸脉管制冷机最低制冷温度达12．9 K,这是当前单级脉管制冷机达到的最低制冷温度;40 K时的最大制冷量为57．4 W。使用国产铅丸最低制冷温度为13．6 K,40 K时的最大制冷量为55．9 W。本文对低温制冷机蓄冷材料选择具有一定的参考价值。     

4W/10K两级G-M制冷机性能的试验研究

详细介绍了两级G-M制冷机的试验系统和测试方法,测得两级G-M制冷机性能指标为:一级最低温度32.9K,二级最低温度7.2K,降温时间约60min,且二级制冷量达到4.8W/10K;试验进一步研究了不同蓄冷材料对制冷机性能的影响,结果表明,采用磁性蓄冷材料Ho Cu2填充的两级G-M制冷机二级最低温度可达到2.9K,并可获得1.5W/4.2K制冷量,即使用磁性蓄冷材料可提高制冷机性能。     

低温真空泵用紧凑型两级G-M制冷机实验研究

文章详细描述了针对低温真空泵用的紧凑型两级G-M制冷机的实验系统和测试方法;试验测试了不同的蓄冷材料,尤其是磁性蓄冷材料来提高制冷机性能;在一种结构十分紧凑的两级G-M制冷机上,在12K获得了4W的制冷量,最低制冷温度为7.3K。文中还对该制冷机在没有吸附装置的情况下做了对比实验研究,有利于扩展G-M制冷机的用途。     

Linear temperature dependence of low temperature pyroelectric coefficient

Due to the deformation of electronic charge clouds, the Dick-Overhauser exchange charge in ionic materials is shown to have quadratic temperature dependence as T tends to zero in non-centrosymmetric crystals. It follows that the pyroelectric coefficient π has a linear temperature dependence in the same low temperature limit. The order of magnitude of π obtained theoretically by a simple model at T = 5 K is 2 × 10^?7 μC cm^?2 K^?1, which is in fairly good agreement with that obtained experimentally on LiTaO₃ by Lines.     

Relativistic temperature

A measurement theory for the temperature of relativistic systems is developed. The resulting operational approach is shown to be quasi-local and therefore may be applicable in general Riemannian manifolds even when there are temperature gradients which induce heat flows. The surprising feature of our analysis is that it leads to a bifurcation of the temperature concept into two distinctly different measurable quantities: one a frame invariant scalar field which a local co-moving observer would tend to identify with the local temperature and employ in the definition of entropy, the other a frame dependent, but nevertheless locally determinable quantity which governs the flow of heat and the ability to extract work. The two quantities differ by the bookkeeping methodology employed to calibrate the thermometer. A simple relationship between the two temperatures can be established if a preferred Killing vector field is available in the Riemannian manifold.     

Estimation of Kauzmann temperature and isenthalpic temperature of metallic glasses

We propose expressions for the estimation of the isenthalpic temperature T ₀ (T ₀ = αT _m , α is a semi-empirical parameter and 0 ⩽ α < 1, T _m is the solidus temperature) and the Kauzmann temperature T _k (T _k = T _m exp(α−1)) for glass forming alloys. It is found that T _k estimated by T _k = T _m exp(α−1) is in agreement with that directly calculated from the heat capacity data, indicating that T _k = T _m exp(α − 1) can be used to estimate T _k of glass forming alloys. T ₀ estimated by T ₀ = αT _m , on the other hand, widely deviates from that of directly calculated from the heat capacity data. This suggests that the enthalpy difference of the under-cooled liquid and the crystal might be a nonlinear function of the temperature below T _k . Moreover, the Gibbs free energy difference ΔG is not sensitive to the deviation of α.     

Dependence of hot carriers temperature on lattice temperature in CdS

Non-equilibrium carrier distributions were obtained in CdS at various temperatures from 77 to 400K. A study is made of the influence of the lattice temperature on the carrier temperature. It is found that the higher the lattice temperature the lower is the difference between carrier and lattice temperatures, though carriers are always thermalized among themselves. The results can be accounted for by carrier relaxation through optical polar phonon emission.     

Nonequilibrium temperature and fluctuation–dissipation temperature in flowing gases

The expressions for the nonequilibrium temperature derived from the fluctuation–dissipation theorem and from the differential of the informational nonequilibrium entropy for ideal gases under shear flow are compared. Both temperatures are different, in particular, the thermodynamic temperature derived from the entropy is lower than the local-equilibrium temperature, whereas the effective temperature defined from the fluctuation–dissipation expression is higher than the local-equilibrium temperature.     

Brightness temperature emitted by layered media with nonuniform temperature profile

Based on the transmission-line theory, this paper describes a new procedure to calculate the radiation from layered media with nonuniform temperature profile. The result is compared with those obtained through the incoherent method and the analysis of the electromagnetic fields.     

Low temperature elastic constants and Debye temperature of NbO2

The transit times of ultrasonic waves have been measured in single crystal NbO₂ from 295 K down to 1.5 K for quasilongitudinal and shear waves propagating in the [100] direction and down to 160 K for eight other waves. Values are obtained for the C₄₄ elastic constant and for an elastic constant combination which is approximately equal to C₁₁ for temperatures down to 1.5 K and for C₁₁, C₁₂, C₁₃, C₁₆, C₃₃, and C₆₆ down to 160 K. These results are used to deduce 0 K values for the elastic constants and an elastic Debye temperature of 596 ± 7 K at 1.5 K. The acoustic mode heat capacity calculated from the latter is significantly smaller than the heat capacity measured by Wenger and Keesom at low temperatures. Following Wenger and Keesom, the difference is attributed to phasons (excitations involving the phase modulation of charge density waves). An average velocity is deduced for the phasons.